Migration History Research Articles

Preserving Cultural Identity and Promoting Sustainable Tourism: A Case Study of the Mazu (Thiên Hậu) Festival in Hội An, Quang Nam Province, Vietnam

In Hội An (Hoi An), there are currently five Chinese assembly halls, three of which are dedicated to the worship of Thiên Hậu. Annually, multiple ceremonial rituals are held, with the most significant events being the Mazu (Thiên Hậu) Festival on the 23rd day of the third lunar month and the day of her apotheosis on the 9th day of the ninth lunar month. Among these, the Mazu (Thiên Hậu) Festival is the most important. This celebration honors Thiên Hậu Thánh Mẫu—the sea goddess revered as the guardian of merchants and seafarers. The festival serves as a vivid expression of the intangible cultural heritage of the Chinese community. Originating from the history of Chinese migration and maritime trade, the festival has evolved beyond its religious origins to become a meaningful sociocultural event, evolving alongside the growth of tourism in Hội An. This study examines the characteristics and values of the Mazu (Thiên Hậu) Festival and explores its transformations within the context of urbanization and tourism development. Based on archaeological, ethnographic, and historical data, combined with a synthesis of prior research, this article demonstrates that the festival has retained its core values through traditional rituals. It both reinforces the cultural identity of the Chinese community and contributes to the local economy through cultural tourism. However, urban and economic development presents challenges to the festival’s authenticity. This study proposes a sustainable development approach to preserve its ritual values. Recommendations include the official recognition of the festival as intangible cultural heritage, promoting community-based management models, integrating education and tourism, and developing multilingual interpretive materials. The Mazu (Thiên Hậu) Festival in Hội An serves as a prime model of integrating cultural heritage into sustainable urban tourism development.

Linguistic Contact, Transcoding and Performativity: Linguistic and Cultural Integration of Italian Immigrants in the Río de la Plata

From the late 19th to the early 20th century, Argentina experienced a wave of mass migration due to political, economic, and social instability in Europe. This study examines how idiomatic expressions in Argentine Spanish incorporate Italianisms and Rioplatense slang (lunfardismos), focusing on linguistic contact, transcoding, and performativity. The integration of these lexical and phraseological elements occurred through direct borrowings, phraseological calques, and neological formations influenced by both languages, shaped by continuous interactions between immigrant and local communities. Based on a corpus of 179 phraseological units (PUs) from the Diccionario fraseológico del habla argentina. Frases, dichos y locuciones (DiFHA), compiled by Barcia and Pauer, the study analyzes semantic and structural changes resulting from this exchange. The findings highlight linguistic contact, reflecting the interaction between Italian and Rioplatense Spanish; transcoding, illustrating the adaptation of linguistic elements to a new sociocultural context; and performativity, demonstrating how these expressions acquire distinct meanings in daily communication. By examining these phraseological units, the research reveals how language embodies Argentina’s migratory and cultural history, showing how linguistic contact enriches communication and identity through the interaction of different communities.

The magnitude of climate change-induced migration: an overview of projections and a case for attribution

Many studies now provide evidence of weather and climate effects on human migration, but only few have attempted to project the impact of future climate change, or attribute the impact of past climate change, on global migration patterns. Here we compare the existing projections, and find that for international migration from African countries, they differ by about two orders of magnitude, while for internal migration even the sign is uncertain. None of the various models used have been shown to explain historical migration changes, limiting the confidence one may have in their projections. We then discuss prospects for two types of models. Econometric models have been used to identify the marginal effects of climate on migration. Their utility for projections is limited, but they may lend themselves to specific questions of attributing current migration patterns to climate change, which has rarely been done so far. On the other hand, models of total migration can better account for the complex dynamics likely important for long-term projections, but constraining them is a challenge given the current understanding of these dynamics. Improvements may come from closer investigation of potential nonlinearities in the response to increasingly extreme climatic conditions.

The History of The Vietnamese Community in Africa and the Middle East

The Vietnamese diaspora in Africa and the Middle East is a lesser known yet significant aspect of global migration patterns. This paper explores the historical migration of the Vietnamese community to these regions, driven by factors such as labor contracts, political alignments, and economic opportunities. The study examines their cultural integration, economic contributions, and challenges, offering a comprehensive analysis of their historical evolution. By employing a mixed-methods approach, including archival research and interviews, this paper contributes to the literature on global diasporas and South-South migration.

Novel genetic association with migratory diapause in Australian monarch butterflies

BackgroundMonarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are a charismatic and culturally important North American butterfly species famous for their unique, dramatic migratory life history. While non-migratory populations of the species are widespread and apparently stable, migratory populations in North America have recently seen declines, prompting concern that the migratory phenomenon in North America may be at risk of disappearing. In contrast, a relatively recently-established monarch population in Australia has rapidly re-acquired a migratory life history following hundreds of generations of residency and successive bottlenecks as the species island-hopped across the Pacific during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The process by which migration re-emerged in Australian monarchs is not currently known.ResultsWe raised and sequenced individuals from Queensland, Australia under environmental conditions associated with migration initiation and found strong variance in reproductive diapause, a key migratory trait, between families which was associated with variation at the spectrin beta chain protein Karst. This protein is known to be involved in diapause termination in monarchs but has not previously been identified as associated with migratory life history variance. The most strongly associated migratory SNPs are also present at a low frequency in North America, suggesting that the Australian population is leveraging standing variation which persisted across repeated bottlenecks as Monarchs spread across the Pacific.ConclusionsOur results provide an intriguing example of how the temporary loss of migration—in this case likely over hundreds of generations—may not entail the loss of genetic variation associated with this complex life history strategy.

“Demand for Scheduled Tribe status for Adivasis in Assam, India”

ABSTRACT The demand for Scheduled Tribe (ST) recognition by Assam’s Adivasi community highlights deeper questions of identity, marginalization, and indigeneity in Northeast India. This paper explores how the Adivasis – descendants of tribal laborers brought from Central India during colonial times – remain excluded from ST lists in Assam despite being recognized as such in their places of origin. Using qualitative data drawn from field interviews and official documents, the study identifies three core dynamics in the Adivasi movement: the contradiction between their indigenous identity and their colonial migration history; the ambiguous and shifting stance of the Indian state; and the tensions with other tribal communities who oppose the inclusion of Adivasis. The paper argues that the Adivasis’ movement goes beyond affirmative action, representing a wider struggle for dignity, justice, and political voice. It concludes that their quest exposes the limits of current frameworks of recognition and belonging in Assam’s complex ethnic landscape.

Forgone and delayed care in Germany– inequalities and perceived health risk of unmet need

BackgroundSubjective unmet need is an established indicator of unequal access to medical care and is often measured by delaying and forgoing medically necessary treatment. Research on delayed and forgone care among the general population in Germany including different reasons, social deprivation measures, and the perceived health risk of unmet need is sparse. This study aims to examine reasons, inequalities, and health-related consequences of unmet need in terms of delayed and forgone care.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was carried out based on a randomly drawn sample of the German adult population in December 2022 (N = 2,201). Respondents were asked whether medical treatments were delayed or forgone in the past 12 months due to different reasons (waiting time, travel distance, financial costs). If unmet need was indicated, the respondents were subsequently asked about their perception of related health risks. Associations with individual social (sex, age, migration history, education, income) and regional factors (social deprivation) as well as insurance status were examined using multilevel logistic regressions analyses.ResultsAmong N = 1,955 respondents who indicated need for medical care, 30% reported at least one reason for forgone care (waiting time 23%, financial costs 11%, travel distance 9%). In terms of delayed care, highest rate was found for waiting time (34%). Multilevel analyses revealed significant associations of unmet need with female sex, younger age, lower education, lower income, and statutory health insurance. Associations varied depending on the reason for unmet need. Differences in regional social deprivation were particularly found for forgone care due to distance. Between half and nearly two-thirds of the participants reported worsening of symptoms in case of unmet need. Associations with social characteristics were inconsistent.DiscussionUnmet need is a prevailing issue in Germany and associated with perceived worsening of health, various indicators of social inequality, and health insurance. Reducing waiting times (e.g. through the further development of appointment service centres) and private co-payments as well as ensuring health care provision in deprived areas can contribute to a decrease of barrier-related unmet need and health risks. However, more in-depth studies are required to account for the complex nature of health care access.

HTLV-1 Japanese subgroup in Brazil: phylogenetic and migratory history

BackgroundThe retrovirus Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 is classified into different subtypes, and due to its low evolutionary rates, it can be used to explore geographic patterns of origin and dispersion of human populations. In Brazil, Transcontinental and Japanese subgroups, from the Cosmopolitan subtype, are the more common lineages, with prevalence rates notably higher among Japanese immigrants and their descendants. The study aimed to trace the history and circulation of the Japanese subgroup in Brazil using phylogenetic and populational analyses.MethodsA total of 381 HTLV-1 long terminal repeat region sequences were retrieved from the GenBank database. Phylogenetic and molecular clock analysis were performed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods. A median-joining network was constructed to assess the relationships among the haplotypes of the Japanese subgroup.ResultsThis study found that the HTLV-1 LTR sequences from Japanese immigrants and their descendants in Brazil formed two major clades, Transcontinental (HTLV-1aTC) and Japanese (HTLV-1aJpn). Seventy-four haplotypes were identified in the haplotype network and the estimate of Japanese clade divergence dates 18,748 years ago (95% CI13,348 to 24,767 years).ConclusionOur study corroborates the recent migratory movements as the potential mechanism for HTLV-1aJpn introduction in Brazil.

How migration and its types affect mental health in later life: a cross-sectional study among the older adults in India

BackgroundMigration has extensive consequences on socioeconomic and health status among older adults at the place of destination; various factors in the migration process affect mental health, a prominent social determinant of health. However, no evidence exists of migration and health outcomes among India’s older adults. Thus, the current study investigates the association of individual migration history with depressive symptoms among older Indian adults.MethodsThis study used information on 64,340 older adults aged 45 and above from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave-1, 2017–18. Migration history was calculated, and categories were based on boundary, duration, stream, and age at migration in this study. The depressive symptoms were calculated using both the CES-D and CIDI-SF scores. Using logistic regression models, the association of selected covariates and domains of migration on depressive symptoms was estimated to assess the links between migration and depressive symptoms.ResultsMore than half of the older adults (56.3%) had migrant status in India. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was significantly higher among migrants compared to non-migrants, as measured by both CES-D (30.6% vs. 25.2%) and CIDI-SF (9.3% vs. 6.5%). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that intra-state migrants had significantly higher odds of depression (AOR: 1.08 for CES-D; 1.40 for CIDI-SF) compared to non-migrants. Inter-state migrants also had elevated odds, particularly for CIDI-SF based depression (AOR: 1.38). Among migration streams, rural–to–rural migrants showed the highest odds of depression (AOR: 1.12 for CES-D; 1.39 for CIDI-SF). Duration of migration also influenced mental health: migrants with 25 + years of stay had significantly higher odds (AOR: 1.10 for CES-D; 1.36 for CIDI-SF). Regarding age at migration, individuals who migrated at age 60 or older had the highest odds of depression (AOR: 1.22 for CES-D; 1.42 for CIDI-SF), followed by those who migrated in early life (0–14 years). These findings underscore a strong association between migration history and late-life depression.ConclusionsThis study’s findings shed light on migration and its association with depression symptoms among older Indians. Older healthcare services should be expanded in breadth while also addressing migration, resulting in considerable improvements in older individuals’ mental health.

Ketchup: The Transnational Creation of a Global Condiment, c. 1700–1920

The history of ketchup began in rural and port-areas of Vietnam and China, with British explorers, and, via the history of the tomato, with Italian explorers and agents of the Spanish Empire. By the 1800s, French migrants, global trade, and translated cookbooks equipped central European household workers with the tools to make a long-shelf-life sauce in bottles in the Atlantic space of mobile populations between Europe, the United States, and Canada. Building on global histories of trade, migration, and translation, on transnational approaches to food studies, and on the examination of so-called objects of lower aesthetic value, this article combines structural explanations of food change (empire, political power, medical authority, migration) with subaltern innovation (household experimentation, consumption) to explore the centralization of food trends in central Europe and expound this understudied region’s high impact across the globe in the modern era.

Invasion dynamics and ecological impacts of Anisakis typica in commercial fish from the Western Pacific Ocean

Background and Aim: The Western Pacific Ocean hosts rich marine biodiversity, yet the parasitic infections affecting its commercial fish species remain underexplored. This study investigated the prevalence, intensity, morphological characteristics, molecular identity, and ecological impacts of Anisakis typica infection in commercial fish from this region. Materials and Methods: Between January and April 2024, 178 fish samples from 12 commercial species were collected across three geographical clusters: Sangihe Island, Kahakitang Island, and Marore Island. Fish specimens were morphologically identified and dissected for parasite detection. Morphological identification of larvae was complemented by molecular characterization through polymerase chain reaction amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1–5.8S–ITS2 rDNA region, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: A. typica infection was observed in 10.7% of the fish sampled, with moderate infection intensity. Euthynnus affinis exhibited the highest prevalence (41.2%) and intensity (15.4). The intestinal wall was the dominant predilection site (96.3%). Molecular analyses confirmed A. typica infection in E. affinis, Katsuwonus pelamis, Decapterus kurroides, and Variola louti, with high genetic similarity (93.38%–100%) to isolates previously reported from China. Notably, this study provides the first documentation of A. typica infection in D. kurroides and V. louti. Conclusion: This study highlights the ecological and zoonotic significance of A. typica infection in commercially important fish from the Western Pacific Ocean. The findings underscore the potential threats to marine ecosystem stability, fishery sustainability, and public health. High genetic proximity between A. typica isolates from Indonesia and China suggests historical host migrations, emphasizing the need for regional surveillance and integrated management strategies. Enhanced inspection practices and public awareness initiatives are crucial to mitigate the zoonotic risks posed by consuming infected fish. Keywords: Anisakis typica, fisheries sustainability, marine fish, parasitology, Western Pacific Ocean, zoonosis.

Colonial Prostitution in Burma: Inter-Asian Perspectives on Gender, Sex, and Sexuality

ABSTRACT Histories of prostitution in colonial Burma have long centered on the colonial discourse of the debauched “native” prostitute, borrowing from racial categories in British India that classified them as sexually promiscuous and ignorant. The myopia of colonial archives and the state’s limited knowledge of migrant communities have thus under-documented the presence of foreign Asian women and sources in Burma’s history of colonial prostitution. This article examines the significance of using inter-Asian sources to glean new perspectives on colonial prostitution, gender, and sexuality in Burma and its divergence from colonial tropes of native sexuality and prostitution over the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Chinese and Burmese sources differ from imperial interpretations of the conventional trope of the sexually free and promiscuous Southeast Asian women, offering a rare insight into how racialized populations dismissed by the colonial state viewed prostitution. As a starting point for more inclusive minority migrant histories, this article bridges conversations about sexuality, colonial prostitution, and Asian migration in Southeast Asia by looking at how the inclusion of inter-Asian voices complicated imperial aspirations to make race and sexual morality enforceable qualities across the British empire.

Migration and Inter-ethnic Relations in India: A Review of Communal Harmony and Conflict

Migration has played a central role in shaping the ethnic and cultural fabric of India. This review-based research paper explores the complex relationship between migration and inter-ethnic relations in India, focusing on how migration fosters both communal harmony and conflict. Drawing upon interdisciplinary literature from sociology, anthropology, and political science, the paper reviews historical and contemporary migration patterns, inter-group interactions, and state responses. It evaluates the sociological mechanisms that lead to cultural integration as well as those that incite ethnic tensions. The review reveals that while migration has contributed to economic dynamism and cultural pluralism, it has also been implicated in identity politics and communal violence. The paper concludes by suggesting inclusive policy approaches and community-based strategies to strengthen inter-ethnic understanding and mitigate conflict.

Uncovering the complexities of cultural identity: explicit vs. implicit measures of cultural preferences among refugee and immigrant adolescents in Germany

Abstract Studying cultural preferences can provide valuable insights into individuals’ cultural identity, as it provides information on the degree to which they define themselves and their sense of belonging to a culture or ethnic group. Assuming that cultural identity has an explicit and implicit facet, this study aimed to investigate the quality of and relation between explicit and implicit measures of cultural preferences in different migration contexts. Middle Eastern young males aged between 14 and 22 years with different migration histories (75 refugees, 60 first or second-generation immigrants) and 60 young German native peers answered acculturation and mental health questionnaires (explicit measure) and responded to an adapted Implicit Association Test (IAT), which assesses implicit attitudes and preferences through reaction times to paired concepts. Despite being well-established in cross-cultural research, the explicit measure did not show sufficient measurement invariance when comparing the refugee and immigrant groups. For immigrant adolescents, the explicit and implicit measures showed a high degree of convergent validity. For refugee adolescents, a discrepancy was found between the implicit and explicit measures. These findings suggest qualitative differences in facets of cultural identity between refugee and immigrant youth and warn against a general and unspecific use of measurement methods across different migration contexts.

Lexical Variations in Northern and Southern British English

Northern and Southern British English exhibit different lexical variations that have historical origins tracing back to the Anglo-Saxon era, along with influences from the Vikings, indicating that Old Norse and German played distinct roles in the development of dialects. Each variation possesses specific pronunciation characteristics and phonological configurations shaped by vowel constructions. This article examines the lexical differences between Northern and Southern British English, focusing on the historical, social, and cultural influences that have shaped regional vocabulary. Although British English is often perceived as a unified linguistic system, notable lexical differences exist between the North and South, influenced by historical migrations, trade, and the development of local dialects. The investigation looks at variations in word usage, pronunciation, and meanings, utilizing corpus data and sociolinguistic research. Important lexical discrepancies include terms for common items (e.g., “bread roll" versus “bap"), ways of expressing politeness, and idiomatic expressions that are distinct to each region. Furthermore, the study explores how media, education, and mobility contribute to either the gradual merging or the continued existence of regional vocabularies. Results indicate that although some lexical characteristics remain firmly rooted in regional identities, others are evolving due to enhanced communication and social integration. Grasping these differences not only deepens the understanding of British English dialectology but also sheds light on broader linguistic transformations in modern English.

Neoliberal Policy and Iraqi Theatre Makers in Australia: The Tension of Homemaking and Playmaking

ABSTRACT This article argues that the Australian neoliberal multicultural theatre policy (1990s) curtailed the artistic self-value of the first generation of Iraqi migrants-theatre makers who landed in Australia in the mid-1990s, shaping their homemaking process. By weaving Rimi Khan's model of the multicultural artist as a provisional citizen (2015) and Paolo Boccagni's concept of migratory homemaking process (2016), this article postulates that making Australia a home for this class of Iraqi seasoned artists-migrants has been informed by their experience in playmaking. The array of multicultural strategies fashions a marginalised ethnic-migrant artistic subjectivity by restricting its everyday cultural practices. Thus orbiting around multicultural policy not only created a sidelined Iraqi émigré-artist subject. Rather, it shaped the understanding of home among Iraqi theatre makers. I came to this conclusion through conducting semi-structured interviews with a cohort of Iraqi theatre makers who are based in Australia and whose works I archived in the Australian Live Performance Database (AusStage). The interviewees provided personal experiences of artistic belonging that are missing from the Australian modern migration history.

Plastome phylogenomics unravels the evolutionary relationships and biogeographic history of Chloranthaceae

BackgroundChloranthaceae is a pantropical family of flowering plants distributed mainly across Central and South America, East Asia, and the Pacific, encompassing approximately 73 species belonging to four extant genera—Ascarina, Chloranthus, Hedyosmum, and Sarcandra. As one of the most ancient lineages of extant angiosperms, Chloranthaceae holds substantial value in traditional medicine globally and offers major insights into the evolutionary history of flowering plants. However, phylogenetic relationships within this family remain partially resolved, and its origin continues to be debated. We here sequenced, assembled, annotated, and compared the chloroplast genomes (plastomes) of 22 Chloranthaceae species to investigate their plastome evolution and reconstructed the family’s phylogeny by using both plastome and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA). Additionally, we employed the divergence-extinction-cladogenesis model to infer the ancestral area and historical migration patterns of Chloranthaceae.ResultsResults The plastomes of Chloranthaceae exhibit a typical quadripartite structure, with genome sizes ranging from 157,449 bp to 159,218 bp and encoding 113 unique genes, including 17–18 genes duplicated in inverted repeat (IR) regions. Interestingly, the genus Hedyosmum demonstrated notable IR expansions, resulting in trnHGUG duplication in five species. A comparative analysis unveiled substantial variations in simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and tandem repeats across different species, whereas interspersed repeats remained relatively stable. Correlation analyses revealed positive correlations between plastome size and both IR length and SSR count. Furthermore, our phylogenetic reconstruction based on plastome and nrDNA (18 S-ITS1-5.8 S-ITS2-26 S) data provided robust support for the intergeneric relationships, confirming the monophyly of each genus and resolving long-standing uncertainties in the intrageneric relationships of Chloranthus and Hedyosmum. Notably, H. orientale, the sole Hedyosmum species found in Asia, was phylogenetically embedded within the genus, rather than occupying a basal position contrary to previous results. Our biogeographical reconstruction, incorporating both extant and fossil evidence, supports a Laurasian origin of Chloranthaceae and its subsequent dispersal to the tropics.ConclusionConclusions This study provides the most comprehensive plastome-based phylogenomic analysis of Chloranthaceae to date, offering novel insights into its plastome evolution, resolving long-standing ambiguities in interspecific and phylogenetic relationships and reconstructing the probable biogeographic origin and historical migrations of this family. The proposed resources establish a robust framework for future evolutionary investigations within the realm of Chloranthaceae.

Early German-Aboriginal Encounters at the Central Australian Hermannsburg Mission, 1877–91

This article examines how the German Lutheran origins of the first missionaries at the central Australian Hermannsburg mission shaped the missionary-Aboriginal encounters between 1877 and 1891. An increasing number of studies examine the different ethnographic, linguistic and philosophical traditions that the German Lutheran missionaries brought to Australia. However, few scholars have examined how the Hermannsburg Mission Society’s mission approach was applied in central Australia. I argue that the missionaries were a non-lethal, but still colonial presence in central Australia. While the missionaries imagined that their evangelising work would be largely independent from colonial authorities, this article shows that the missionaries were in various ways entangled in the processes of Australian colonialism. By examining the transnational connections between the German and Australian histories of Hermannsburg, this article brings migration and Indigenous histories together.

Contentious plots: Staking durable claims to ethnic belonging in Nairobi

How are ethnicity, citizenship, and social class articulated spatially in the postcolonial African metropolis over time? In this article, I examine the metamorphosis of the built environment as neighborhood plots of land change hands in the Parklands area of Nairobi: from old South Asian Kenyan bungalows and large family dwellings to newly built forms of apartment urbanism, underwritten by ethnic Somali developers. I propose “contentious plots” as an analytic that illuminates sedimented projects of constructing certainty through the built environment as a form of ethnic territorialization. Drawing on spatial and historical analysis, I argue that these contentious plots are conjunctural forms, where multiple histories and identities coincide and are spatialized. In the neighborhood of Parklands, zoned as “Asian” during the colonial era, such plots condense colonial and postcolonial questions of urban inclusion for older South Asian Kenyan and newer ethnic Somali residents. At the intersection of an Asian colonial-oceanic history of migration and a postcolonial-postconflict conjuncture of ethnic Somali rupture and resettlement, the Asian bungalow, the Somali apartment building, and the contentious plot on which they stand have become politicized forms. These contentious plots hence have deep social histories, revealing larger, unresolved questions of citizenship and belonging after national independence. Going beyond the Black/White binary of colonial and post-independence racial relations, therefore, I point to further axes of splintering that center Asian Kenyans and ethnic Somalis as interstitial spatial subjects of the city—and as communities at the core of accessing and producing urban space over time.

Depressive symptoms, education, gender and history of migration - an intersectional analysis using data from the German National Cohort (NAKO)

BackgroundThe educational gradient in depressive symptoms is well documented. Gender and history of migration have also been found to be associated with depressive symptoms. Intersectional approaches enable the analysis of the interplay of different social factors at a time to gain a deeper understanding of inequalities in depressive symptoms. In this study, intersectional inequalities in depressive symptoms according to education, gender and history of migration are analysed.MethodsThe German National Cohort (NAKO, N = 204,783) collected information on depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), which was used as an outcome variable. Educational attainment (ISCED-97), gender, and history of migration constituted the different social strata in the analyses. The predicted probabilities of depressive symptoms for 30 social strata were calculated. Multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) was applied, using logistic regression and social strata were introduced as higher-level unit interaction terms.ResultsThe analyses revealed an educational gradient in depressive symptoms, with differences within each educational group when gender and history of migration were introduced to the models. The predicted probabilities of depressive symptoms varied between the most advantaged and the most disadvantaged social strata by more than 20% points. Among the three studied variables, education contributed the most to the variance explained by the MAIHDA models. The between-strata differences were largely explained by additive effects.ConclusionsWe observed a robust educational gradient in depressive symptoms, but gender and history of migration had substantial contribution on the magnitude of educational inequalities. An intersectional perspective on inequalities in depressive symptoms enhances current knowledge by showing that different social dimensions may intersect and contribute to inequalities in depressive symptoms. Future studies on inequalities in depression may greatly benefit from an intersectional approach, as it reflects lived inequalities in their diversity.