Comparative Historical Analysis Research Articles

ОБОРОННА СТРАТЕГІЯ США ТА ПАРТНЕРІВ ПО НАТО У ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОМУ РЕГІОНІ ПІВНІЧНОАТЛАНТИЧНОГО АЛЬЯНСУ (1949 – 1969 рр.)

This article delves into the crucial issue of the formation and evolution of the defense strategy of the Central region of the Alliance from 1949 to 1968. This region, being one of the most priority areas of NATO’s defense throughout the Cold War, holds significant importance for understanding the overall defense strategy. The article aims to evaluate the North Atlantic Alliance’s defense strategy in relation to its eastern borders, trace its evolution during the first decades, and discuss the means used to increase its effectiveness. The scientific novelty of the study lies in creating a holistic picture of the evolution of NATO’s defense strategy in relation to the Central region of a certain period of the Cold War, its components, and methods of strengthening. The article’s methodological basis is general scientific (logical, synthesis, and analysis) and special historical (comparative-historical, chronological, periodization) methods. The following general scientific methods of research were used: historical analysis, comparative analysis, complex analysis, generalization, and systematization. Conclusions. Over twenty years, the defense strategy of the Central region has undergone a significant transformation. At first, in the early 1950s, it relied exclusively on conventional forces, which had the task of delaying the invasion troops at the line of enormous water obstacles. But later, at the end of the decade, the strategy evolved to rely on nuclear forces, which were supposed to cause irreparable damage to the enemy. Which, as it became known later, did not live up to expectations. This factor forced the military leadership of the Alliance to balance both components of defense and change the strategy to be able to respond to a wide range of threats, from regional crises to military invasions. These threats could be solved by a large arsenal of means, starting with conventional defense forces and ending with strategic nuclear weapons.

ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ФИЛОСОФИЯ И ОНТОЛОГИЯ АВТОНОМНЫХ ЗОН

The article reveals the content of the Temporary Autonomous Zones’ conception (TAZ), proposed by the American anarchist thinker and poet Hakim Bey (real name – Peter Lamborn Wilson, 1945–2022) and rather poorly represented in Russian-language scientific publications. The political and intellectual contexts within which this concept was formed and formulated, as well as its ontological roots, theorized by Hakim Bey himself, are highlighted. A brief overview of the main provisions of this concept, a critical reaction to it from other anarchist authors (M. Bookchin), as well as counterarguments by post-anarchist theorists R. F. Day and S. Newman are presented. The relevance of this work is due to the fact that the trends of instability and non-linearity, fixed both in the modern post-non-classical world picture (reflected in philosophy) and in current global politics, though not identical, but in a certain way correlate with anarchist approaches to understanding reality in general and political reality in particular. The purpose of this articleis attempt to incorporate the concepts of ontological anarchy and autonomous zones, developed by Bey in the 80s of the 20th century, into the context of the latest theoretical approaches in ontology, namely those presented by Q. Meillassoux’s speculative materialism, L. R. Brynt’s object-oriented ontology (onticology) and B. Latour’s actor-network theory. This also determines the scientific novelty of this work, achieved by methods of historical and philosophical description and comparative analysis and also thanks to the involvement of a number of rare English-language sources devoted to the scientific consideration of the work of Hakim Bey. The results of the work include the detection of theoretical approaches to the development and articulation of an anarchist political ontology, which may be associated with further areas of scientific research. In addition, as a conclusion, those nuances of the concept of autonomous zones that seem to be the most relevant today are outlined.

LEGISLATIVE REGuLATION OF THE LIST OF EXPENSES RELATED TO PROCEDuRAL COSTS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

The use of the institute of procedural costs is one of the tools that ensure the participation in criminal proceedings of both its participants and other persons in-volved in criminal proceedings. This determines the importance of legislative regulation on the attribution of certain expenses of these persons to those that are subject to reim-bursement by the state. At the same time, unreasonable restrictions should not be allowed in the reimbursement of those expenses that are really necessary for the performance of the procedural duties assigned to these persons. Methodologically, the approach to the regulation of the list of procedural costs can be presented in two types: exhaustive or open, assuming an expansive interpretation. Currently, the legislator has established an open list of costs, indicating in paragraph 9 of Part 2 of Article 131 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation “other expenses incurred during the criminal proceed-ings”. A comparative historical analysis of approaches to the regulation of types of costs used at different times in the Russian criminal process, as well as a study of the attitude to the currently established open list of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Fed-eration from the doctrine and law enforcement allowed us to conclude that the existing approach is ineffective and suggest in the future a transition to the establishment of a list of specific procedural costs, which will make the practice more stable and predictable.

Challenges and obstacles to recognizing Artificial Intelligence as a new economic actor

The article offers an in-depth analysis of the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in terms of the development of a new Economic Formation. Amid the transformation of classical economic-political systems, a new acting image of the modern formation of digitalism - its new economic actor - Artificial Intellect - emerges. The term “economic agent” is defined, and a comparative historical analysis of applicants for the role of the second economic agent in the history of mankind is made. The author, for the first time relying on the comparative and deductive method of research, provides arguments for the possible emergence of a new economic actor on Earth. And again, for the first time, four main groups of Problems and Obstacles from the Human Community on the path to the recognition of AI as a new economic actor are classified and described. Along with classifying and describing the issues, the author also identifies possible ways to overcome the obstacles and recognize AI as a new economic actor. A wide range of sciences, from economics to philosophy, are involved in solving these problems. Special attention is paid to the elements of psychological and emotional perception of Artificial Intelligence by society.

Graham Greene: His Faith, Civic Position and His ‘Quiet’ Americans

Graham Green is regarded as the greatest figure in the history of the 20th century British novel, a master of psychological portrait and unforgettable plot. The Catholicism he declared contradicted the dogmas of official church Catholicism, because it was always a complex fusion of belief in God, ideological and political aspirations, and real psychological states of people in certain social situations. Green’s creative and journalistic heritage is huge and worthy of the largest volume of research. The purpose of this anniversary article is to characterise the main stages of Green’s spiritual and creative evolution as a novelist during the most fruitful decades of his life (1930–1960s), to highlight those of his works that most clearly express his civic position, the study of which, especially in terms of his attitude to the United States, seems so relevant today. The author’s task is to analyse the evolution of the hero of Green’s novels from “England Made Me” to “The Comedians” against the background of contemporary socio-political changes on the planet. Elements of the method of historical-comparative analysis are used, as well as the memoirs of the author of the article.

The national idea in the works of turkic writers (Yusuf Balasaguni, Abai Qunanbaiuly, Aleksey Kulakovsky)

The article aims to reveal the peculiarities of the national idea in the works of Turkic writers Yusuf Balasaguni, Abai Qunanbaiuly and Aleksey Kulakovsky. The relevance of the article is connected with the value-based and common cultural understanding of literary texts in Turkic languages created in different periods of history. For the first time the works of named authors are comparatively examined by revealing the notion of national idea in their writings. Historical-typological and comparativehistorical research methods have been used to compare the works of the writers. The most acclaimed works of aforementioned Turkic writers were chosen as the subject of analysis: “Blessed Knowledge” (1069–1070) by Yusuf Balasaguni, “Words of Edification” (1890–1898) by Abai Qunanbaiuly and “The Dream of a Shaman” (1910) by Aleksey Kulakovsky. All three writers were versatile personalities with a special way of thinking, an active attitude to life, and patriotic aspirations, who occupied a special place in the history of their peoples as spiritual leaders. As translators of traditional spiritual and moral values, they raised the issue of the preservation and development of their native culture in works. The article suggests that the typological similarity of the works is caused by the cultural and historical similarity of their regions and their belonging to the same language family. It is suggested that the idea of unity and preservation of the people, which is expressed in ancient Turkic monuments, has been imprinted in the genetic memory of the Turkic-speaking peoples. Genetic-typological similarities can also be seen in the genre of the works, which are all recipient-oriented and are written in the form of an appeal to the people. The works are also similar in their narrative style: the authors address their listeners directly, appealing to their feelings with the help of various rhetorical figures, which also has its genetic roots in the Orkhon-Yenisei monuments, written on behalf of the ancient Turkic rulers who called on their people to unite. The enlighteners, being highly educated people, understood that socio-cultural transformation and development of the society were based on the acquisition of knowledge and scientific foundations, and therefore they promoted the idea of national revival along the civilisational and progressive path of development of the society. Abai Qunanbaiuly and Aleksey Kulakovsky, realising that the union of cultures could only contribute to the progress of society, called for the acceptance of the achievements of Russian culture and the learning of the Russian language.

The culture of Kazakhstan of the Soviet period in the English historiography of the second half of the XX -early XXI centuries

The article provides an analysis of the work of English scientists who tell about the history of Kazakhstan in the Soviet period of the second half of the XX-early XXI centuries, the history of the local population, econ-omy, culture, traditions, religious beliefs. We consider historiography as a special historical discipline that studies the history of the accumulation of historical knowledge, the development of historical thought and re-search methodology, the history of the creation of historical works and biographies of scientists, the history of scientific institutions, the organization of historical education and the spread of historical knowledge. The main purpose of writing the article was to introduce researchers to the scientific environment, the modern community of readers. The article conducted a scientific analysis of the works of European and English re-searchers who wrote about the culture, traditions, and religious beliefs of Kazakhs in the period from the XXcentury to the beginning of the XXI century. According to the theory and methodology of scientific research, the methods of historicism, objectivity, historical comparative analysis and historical regularity were mainly used. In the post-war years, Anglo-American Sovietology proved its right to take a worthy place in World historiography, and was in demand not only in Western countries, but also in the countries of the for-mer Soviet Union. The most accurate and deep analysis was distinguished by the works of Jeffrey Wheeler, Walter Kolartz, Shirin Akiner, Sevket Akıldız, Richard Carlson, Violet Connolli, Sarah Cameron, Harun Yilmaz, Rico Isaacs. At the beginning of writing the article, the books and articles of these researchers of the Soviet history, including Kazakhstan, were taken as a basis

ГОРСКИЕ СЛОВЕСНЫЕ СУДЫ КУБАНСКОЙ И ТЕРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТЕЙ (1871–1918): ОСНОВНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ СРАВНИТЕЛЬНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

The article considers the main directions and prospects of comparative historical research of the activities of the mountain verbal courts of the Kuban and Tersk regions in 1871-1917. It is noted that the specifics of their activities were determined to a certain extent by the peculiarities of their territorial jurisdiction. In this regard, the extraterritorial principle of their activities is character-ized, when their territorial jurisdiction coincided with the ethnic territory of a particular people and sometimes went beyond the boundaries of the political and legal entity within which they were created and functioned. It has been established that the main directions of comparative his-torical research of their activities may be related to the study of the features of their territorial or-ganization and the identification of local features of functioning, analysis of the range of disputes and conflicts under consideration (murders, injuries, theft, property and inheritance disputes) and other issues they resolve (related to the establishment of guardianship and guardianship, religion) and etc. Attention is drawn to the interaction of the mountain verbal courts with government insti-tutions, institutions of self-government and people's justice (mediation/mediation courts). It is concluded that a comparative historical study of the activities of these institutions will signifi-cantly expand the understanding of them as an important mechanism for the incorporation of the indigenous peoples of the Kuban and Tersk regions into the political and legal space of Russia.

Pedagogical approaches in modern geodesy and integrating earth measurement techniques into STEM education

Relevance. In the context of an increasingly dynamic and interconnected world, the integration of geodesy into STEM education has emerged as a crucial domain for nurturing a comprehensive understanding of Earth�s intricate spatial dynamics. Purpose. The purpose of this research is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of pedagogical approaches in modern geodesy and to investigate the process of integrating advanced land surveying methods into the educational structure of Kosovo. Methodology. The study utilizes content analysis, functional and historical approaches, induction, and comparative analysis to examine Kosovo's higher geodesical education, focusing on the University of Prishtina's Geodesy Department from 2003 to 2023. Results. This study highlighted the significance of cultivating a robust geospatial skill set among students to address pressing global challenges and promote sustainable development. This research highlighted the key role of innovative learning strategies and experimental learning methods in improving the landscape of geodesy education. This paper offered a blueprint for designing an inclusive and dynamic curriculum that fostered a profound understanding of geospatial concepts while fostering a culture of scientific inquiry and critical thinking. Conclusions. The research presents the changes in the Department of Geodesy over the years, both in terms of study program accreditation and curriculum adjustments to align with labor market needs. It also highlights the department's participation in European Union projects, which has significantly elevated the quality of education. Keywords: accreditation; curriculum; study program; European projects; students

Comparative and Historical Analysis of the Principles of Stimulating the Economy during the Crisis Period (Middle Bronze and Modern Times)

Introduction. The comparative analysis contained in the work is devoted to the limitations of the dependence of socio-political processes and economic conditions on historical and anthropogenic factors. Now we witness the instability of the global system, overheated by specific contradictions, phobias and crises. Falling stock indices, the threat of default, growing international problems, climate oscillations – all this forces society to look for a way out of the crisis. Purpose. Only at the level of transdisciplinary approaches can one calculate accurate and consistent data that allows one to develop fundamental knowledge of the subject in order to implement a predictive function for choosing a development concept and determining a management strategy. Materials and Methods. This study, carried out with the requirements of a retrospective analysis, draws attention to the most striking aspects of the economic policies of the Roosevelt administration in the 1930s, past experience and similar principles created from the sources of the era of the III Dynasty of Ur. Results. A real historical comparative analysis of various socio-economic models depending on natural and climatic changes. Methods for overcoming the crisis in the most difficult period of the Bronze Age (III Dynasty of Ur), caused by fluctuations in the Bond cycle, have been identified. Comparisons of the administrative forms regulating the national economy of the Third Dynasty of Ur and the state-monopoly capitalism of F. Roosevelt’s New Deal. Discussion and Conclusion. The author knows the meaning of the saying “Omne simile claudicat”. Despite the same nature of the crisis trends that led to an unexpected turn, in which the role of the government in the economic activity of society is manifested, the concept of stimulating the national economy in these two cases is equally similar. And if they are truly intended and repeated, then there are opportunities to consider them in the present or future as a leading concept for economic development.

Судебный прецедент как элемент современной правовой системы российского государства: возможность и последствия признания в качестве официального источника права

The article examines the possibility and consequences of recognizing a judicial precedent as a source of law in Russia by means of a comparative legal method, forecast and historical analysis. The purpose of the work is to identify at the conceptual level whether the recognition of judicial precedent as an official source of law contributes to the improvement of the domestic judicial system, to increase its effectiveness, and if it does, how its implementation should be carried out in the already established system of sources of Russian law. It is concluded that, depending on the chosen regulatory model, the recognition of a precedent as an official source of law will either lead to the need to make minor adjustments to the current legislation, or to a radical transformation of the entire legal system of Russia.

Наставничество в органах внутренних дел: правовое регулирование на отдельных этапах развития и пути совершенствования

Introduction. The article presents a historical retrospective of the development of mentoring in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation. The author has carried out a comparative analysis of regulatory legal acts regulating various aspects of mentoring, including requirements for mentors, functions and tasks of this institute, from the Soviet period to the present. The continuity of individual elements of the mentoring institute and the place of this institute in the existing system of service in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation are noted.
 Research methods. In the process of work, a systematic method was used, as well as methods of comparative legal, historical and legal analysis and formal logic. In order to study the issue posed, legislative and departmental regulatory legal acts of the USSR and the Russian Federation (since 1971) were analyzed. Scientific works devoted to the formation and functioning of the institution of mentoring in the civil service and in internal affairs bodies have also been studied.
 Results. A conclusion is formulated about the possibility of using previously used mechanisms of the mentoring institution as part of its further improvement at the present stage, for example, within the framework of organizing a competition for the professional skills of mentors in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation. A number of innovations are proposed that provide financial incentives for mentoring in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation. There is a need to organize training for employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation, who are involved as mentors.

Meşruiyet Arayışından Meşruiyet Kaybına: 1980’den 2000’e DYP-Ordu İlişkileri

This study focuses on the True Path Party-Army relations from the birth of the TPP until the period when Çiller left the Party chairmanship. Thus, it is aimed to reveal how the Party's national popular policies have changed as a result of its relations with the Army. In order to achieve the stated aim, historical comparative research method was used in the study. It is thought that a comparative examination of the period from the founding of the Party to Demirel's Presidency and the period when Çiller was the Chairman of the Party can reveal the discussions, dilemmas and continuities between the two periods in the Party's relations with the Army. As a matter of fact, the TPP's most important national popular move to expand its voter base since its foundation was based on the discourse of democracy. The rhetoric of 'resistance against military tutelage' was placed at the center of the Party's discourse on democracy. The Party's attitude towards the civilian administration's dominance over the Army in the period leading up to Demirel's presidency constitutes an important example of the civilianization efforts in Turkish political life. During the Çiller period, this effort was replaced by an essentialist nationalist understanding adorned with the themes of 'flag, azan and land'. In this period, the Party went from a period in which it strengthened its legitimacy through the Army to a period in which it lost legitimacy through the Army.

EMPTY SPACE CONCEPT IN A MODERN CHINESE POSTER AS A SIGN OF IDENTITY

The purpose of the work is to reveal and substantiate the concept of empty space in modern Chinese posters. The research is aimed at analysing the semantics and aesthetics of empty space in the structure of visual communication and revealing its role in the formation of modern visual forms in the context of preserving national identity and preserving unique aspects of Chinese culture. The research methodology involves the use of general scientific and special methods. A comparative-historical analysis was used to understand the development of traditional Chinese art and its influence on modern design; methods of scientific analysis and synthesis in the process of examining scientific sources; methods of art criticism and content analysis during the study of empirical material and establishing the principles of using empty space in modern posters. The scientific novelty of the work consists in revealing the artistic and philosophical basis of the creation of a modern composition in a Chinese poster. Formal and compositional and figurative means and their role in the formation of modern posters in China are traced and specified. The concept of empty space is substantiated and its role in modern visual forms in the context of establishing national identity and preserving unique aspects of Chinese culture is revealed. Conclusions. It was revealed that today in the context of globalisation trends, the issue of finding and preserving not only traditional elements and styles, but also aesthetic and philosophical approaches formed over several millennia of the country's cultural development, arises in the project activities of Chinese graphic designers. Among such approaches is the special attitude of the artist to the free space of the sheet. Its nature, its presence or absence significantly affects the perception of a graphic work, because it works on an equal footing with visual-figurative elements in conveying a message – it organises them, emphasises attention, arranges them. Accordingly, the graphic composition of the Chinese art poster today is a field of complex interaction of its visible and invisible elements. Visualisation of the content of the message, compositional laws and established visual-communicative design trends that form the external components of the poster organically work with their internal content. This content turns out to be not only aesthetically justified, but also acquires its own spiritual and aesthetic content. Keywords: China, empty space, poster, painting, influence, tradition.

Methods and Means of Developing Academic Talent of Students in Universities of the PRC

In the article, a psychological and pedagogical analysis of the theoretical aspect of the development of academic giftedness of students in universities of the People's Republic of China is carried out. The purpose of the article is to characterize the methods and means of developing students' academic talent in Chinese universities. An extensive list of research methods is used to study this aspect. Some of these methods include the analysis of historical sources, comparative analysis and synthesis. Results. Academic giftedness of students is a high level of intellectual development (ability to quickly and deeply absorb knowledge, ability to analyze information, draw logical conclusions and solve problems, developed memory, attention and imagination); persistent motivation to study (persistent interest in knowledge and new research, desire for independent learning and development, ability to set goals and achieve them); creative abilities (ability to generate new ideas and find non-standard solutions, ability to see a problem from different perspectives, developed creativity and originality of thinking); emotional intelligence (ability to understand and manage one's emotions, ability to establish communication with other people, developed empathy and compassion); leadership qualities (the ability to lead people and organize work; the ability to accept responsibility and take the initiative; developed communication and organizational skills. The structure of academic giftedness of students is a complex and multifaceted system that includes the following components: cognitive (intelligence, cognitive abilities, memory attention, thinking), motivational (cognitive motivation, achievement, interest in learning, dedication), creative (creativity, originality, flexibility of thinking, imagination), emotional (emotional intelligence, self-regulation, empathy, stress resistance), personal (leadership qualities, responsibility, independence, initiative). The Chinese experience shows that it is necessary to continue the development of theoretical foundations, as well as practical approaches to the creation of methods and means of developing the academic giftedness of students in Chinese universities. Conclusions. The education system of academically gifted students in the universities of the PRC includes early identification and support, testing, programs for gifted students, supportive environment, scholarships and grants, mentoring, innovative approaches to learning, cooperation with other countries and development of personal qualities such as creativity, critical thinking and leadership skills. Features of the educational content and teaching methods of gifted students include the introduction of accelerated learning and «expansion» and «enrichment» courses of the program; growing role of effective teaching methods and modern technologies in the development of students' academic abilities. Universities in China take different approaches to teaching students who have academic ability. These include traditional forms of learning such as lectures, seminars and practicals; innovative forms of education, such as problem-based learning, project-based learning, case methods, distance learning; interactive forms of learning such as discussions, role-plays and research. The use of modern information technologies, such as virtual laboratories, online libraries, and social networks, is an important component of the development of academically gifted students in Chinese universities.

The Role of the Symbol in the Work of the Bronte Sisters (Based On the Novels «Jane Eyre» and «Wuthering Heights»)

The article focuses on the analysis of symbolism reflected in two striking works of the Victorian era: Emily Bronte's «Wuthering Heights» and Charlotte Bronte's «Jane Eyre». The work compares the symbols used by the specified authors (etymology of names and surnames, the image of nature, plots and images appearing in fairy-tale and mythological plots), search for images common to them. The relevance of the study is due to the increased interest of philologists in the work of the Bronte sisters, the desire of researchers to highlight the features that unite the works of both Charlotte and Emily Bronte. To achieve this goal, a comparative historical research method is used. The result of the study is a conclusion about the general fabulous and mythological sources in the symbolism of the fiction of the Brontë sisters, which characterize the individuality of each author, the specifics of each of the two analyzed works, but also allow determining their common origins. Both Bronte sisters, when creating their novels, somehow turned to various fairy-tale plots, mythological images appearing in Celtic legends and legends. The originality of the data obtained lies in the motivic organization and comparative analysis of the texts of the two sisters. The practical significance of the work consists in the possibility of using the research results in the formation of programs on the “History of foreign literature of the XIX century”, as well as in special courses on the work of the Bronte sisters. In addition, the results of the study will serve as a guideline for scientific research. The further direction of research involves the continuation of the study of the Bronte sisters' creativity, the reflection of the fairy-tale and mythological context in it from the point of view of comparative analysis.

Ойратский текст дхарани-сутры Ганапати

Introduction. The tradition of worshiping Ganapati in Buddhism, including in religious traditions of Mongols, is an interesting — though understudied — issue. In Hinduism, this ancient deity was believed an evil demon (Vinayaka) inclined to create obstacles. Subsequently, when included in the Buddhist pantheon, its tantric forms became widespread enough in Tibet and Mongolia. In Buddhist teachings, Ganapati is seen as an emanation of Avalokiteshvara, and in some of its forms is associated with Chakrasamvara and Tara, hence having little in common with the Hindu Ganesha, the son of Parvati and Shiva, the Lord of the Ganas. The cult of Ganapati in Buddhist countries shows how the ancient deity of Hinduism had lost its original essence — to become an organic part of the Buddhist tantric tradition. Goals. The paper aims to introduce Oirat texts of the Ganapati Dharani Sutra. Materials and methods. Collections of Mongolian manuscripts in Russia and other countries contain a total of seven dharani sutras in the Oirat Clear Script. The study focuses on a Kalmyk manuscript from the Saxon State and University Library Dresden (Mongolian Collection) and a manuscript from the Mongolian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Language and Literature, Oirat Collection). The work employs textual research methods and tools of comparative historical analysis. Results. Some manuscripts in the Clear Script are literary works of minimal size that include two parts — Dharani Sutra of Lord Ganapati (Oir. Xutuqtu čuulγani ezen kemēküyin toqtōl) and Collected Dharanis of the Five Chapters of Pancharaksha (Oir. Pañcaragšyin tabun bölögiyin xurangyui). The combination of the two texts in a single work makes it possible to assume the worshipping practice of Ganapati be somewhat tied to that of the five Pancharaksha protector goddesses. In Buddhism, the Ganapati Dharani Sutra is recited for various purposes, such as welfare, virtuous reincarnation, new knowledge, and spiritual progress. Conclusions. Texts of the Ganapati Dharani Sutra and various iconographic images (forms) are integral to tantric practices believed instrumental in acquiring, cognizing and organizing new knowledge, thus forming milestone spiritual experiences on the path towards the ultimate goal of Buddhists.

China and Regional Security in South and Southeast Asia: A Comparative Analysis of ASEAN and SAARC

Asian regionalism is largely represented by economic cooperation at sub-regional levels, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is seen as a prominent example of that. In contrast, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) has failed to take off as a platform for economic cooperation and has been hostage to the India-Pakistan rivalry. While ASEAN was established as a forum to address members’ security apprehensions concerning China, SAARC was created to focus on regional cooperation in non-controversial matters like trade and human security. Hence, ASEAN has engaged more deeply with China through various mechanisms. Conversely, SAARC-China relations remain limited because India, the most dominant actor in the organization and the region, views China as a threat to its security and hegemony in South Asia. The research, therefore, aims to answer the following question: How does one region successfully manage security challenges/threats while the other remains ensnared by them? Resolving this puzzle necessitates a nuanced understanding of the role of regionalism in Southeast Asia, emphasizing the significance of comprehending the process and evolution of regionalism in this context. To address this inquiry, the research employs a comparative-historical analysis grounded in archival data encompassing both primary and secondary sources. The investigation reveals that SAARC’s limited engagement with China is a consequence of India’s opposition, a dynamic absent in ASEAN, where Indonesia actively supports cooperation with China. The research underscores the critical importance of unraveling the complexities of regionalism in Southeast Asia to grasp the underlying factors contributing to divergent outcomes in these regional organizations.

Image of “Fallen Woman” in Novels of G. Fallada’s “Wolf Among Wolves” and F. M. Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment”: Comparative Analysis

The image of the “fallen woman” in the novels of G. Fallada’s “Wolf Among Wolves” and F. M. Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment” is examined. Traces of the literary influence of the Russian classic on the poetics of the German writer’s novel at the thematic and character levels are identified. It is established that the key motif in both works is the theme of moral resurrection of the fallen individual. It is shown that, in addressing the problem of the “humiliated and insulted”, both authors incorporate the image of the “fallen woman” into the system of characters in their novels. It is noted that the writers pay special attention to the reasons for her social downfall. Through the use of comparative-historical analysis, parallels in the images of “fallen” women presented in these works — Petra Ledig and Sonya Marmeladova — are identified. The author of the article concludes that the heroines share a number of common features: Christian semantics of their names, moral purity despite physical vice, a tendency towards selfsacrifice, great inner strength despite outward timidity, a desire to show mercy, the ability to motivate their loved ones towards spiritual rebirth and thereby “rebirth” themselves. The results of the study allow to demonstrate the significance of F. M. Dostoevsky’s humanistic ideas for the aesthetic principles and worldview position of G. Fallada in the novel “Wolf Among Wolves”.

Մերձավոր Արեւելքի ամերիկյան նպաստամատույցի որբանոցներն ըստ Մեծ եղեռնը վերապրածների հուշապատումների

There are a lot of episodes of testimonies about the collection of orphans, orphanages, and guardianship of children in the series of memoirs "Survivors of the Armenian Genocide". Against this background, the lion's share of this evidence relates to Amerkom's trusteeship. In addition to developing long-term activities in the city of Alexandropol, Amerkom created a network of branches of shelters in Western Armenia, where a large number of Armenians lived. One of these orphanages was established in Sivaz and Kajuni Karageozyan writes about this in his memoirs. During the First World War, the Turkish government founded orphanages to appease society. Mihran Ghazaryan, who was deported from Bitlis, lived in the Alexandropol orphanage of Amerkom prior to his adoption. Hovhannes Trchunyan-Hovhannisyan worked in the orphanage at the Cossack post. He had miraculously escaped from the massacre before that and ended up in the Erznga orphanage, and after that - in the Erzrum orphanage. Methods and materials: We have used comparative-historical research, survey, combination, inductive and deductive methods.The article is based on the series of memoirs "Survivors of the Armenian Genocide" and analysis of materials available in the literature.