This paper reviews the development of theoretical and experimental studies of low-energy QCD parameters starting from early investigations at the JINR Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and ending with modern measurements at CERN. We summarize the historical background and the pioneering theoretical approaches used at JINR to calculate meson parameters in various hadronic models which have laid the foundation for the experimental proposal to investigate the pion polarizability via radiative scattering off nuclei. The first observation of the Compton effect on the pion and the first measurements of the charged pion polarizability and the γ → 3π constant performed with the U-70 accelerator are discussed as key milestones enabling quantitative studies of the meson structure and highlighting their impact on the low-energy QCD phenomenology. Continued advances in theoretical predictions have underscored the need for higher-precision experimental data and motivated new measurements carried out with pion beams in the COMPASS experiment at CERN. Finally, we outline the prospects for future studies within the AMBER experiment where kaon beams will enable a precision determination of kaon polarizabilities and related low-energy constants further advancing our understanding of dynamics of the strong interaction.

Introduction/Main Objectives: This study comprehensively examines Ki Hadjar Dewantara's educational philosophy as an Eastern educational figure who made fundamental contributions to the Indonesian education system. Background Problems: The Indonesian education system has experienced infiltration of Western philosophical determination and value degradation due to emphasis on knowledge transfer over value cultivation, necessitating strengthening of national educational philosophical foundations based on humanization. Novelty: This research integrates literature review from 2015-2025 to holistically map historical background and key philosophical concepts that have not been systematically analyzed, as well as identifying connections with modern educational philosophy streams, particularly essentialism. Research Methods: Systematic literature review method was employed by analyzing 9 selected articles from indexed journals through stages of identification, selection, data extraction, findings synthesis, and critical analysis. Finding/Results: Ki Hadjar Dewantara's educational philosophy is grounded in the concept of independent education emphasizing balance of physical, intellectual, spiritual, and social aspects based on Panca Dharma and Tripusat Pendidikan. The concepts of Trikon, Tri Rahayu, and Among System with the motto “ing ngarsa sung tulada, ing madya mangun karsa, tut wuri handayani” form a practical framework for student-centered education that shares similarities with essentialism yet remains dynamic. Conclusion: Ki Hadjar Dewantara's educational philosophy remains relevant as the foundation of national education in shaping the character of independent, intelligent, and morally noble generations, with implications for the necessity of revitalizing its philosophical values in educational policies to strengthen national educational identity based on local wisdom.

Bone is a multifunctional organ that provides structural support and hosts the bone marrow, a key site for hematopoiesis and systemic homeostasis. These dual features have long attracted the attention of both bone biologists and hematologists. Each field has pursued the identification of stem-like cells responsible for hard tissue formation and the regulatory microenvironment/niche that supports hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which give rise to all blood cell lineages. Converging advances in bone and hematopoietic biology have led to the identification of skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs), a multifunctional population that gives rise to osteolineage cells and serves as a principal component of the HSC niche. This landmark discovery was largely enabled by Cre/loxP-based genetic mouse models. Among them, the leptin receptor (LepR)-Cre system has become one of the most widely used tools in skeletal stem cell research worldwide. In this review, we summarize the historical background and recent advances in SSPC research, specificallyLepR+ SSPCs, highlighting their function and lineage plasticity during development, adolescence, aging, and fracture healing. Advanced genetic labeling-based studies and single-cell transcriptomics unveiled the fate, dynamics and indispensible roles ofLepR⁺ SSPCs under both homeostatic and pathological conditions.

Arab-Muslim scholars had come up with a well-developed system of classification of sciences (from the Middle Ages and Abu Nasr al-Farabi and to Hajji Khalifa in 17 c. in the Ottoman Turkey). Later attempts have been made to create bio-bibliographic collections of Muslim scholars in Russia, primarily in the Volga region and Dagestan (by Sh. Marjani, R. Fakhreddin, Nadir al-Durgeli). Recently, the process of cataloguing the rich manuscript heritage kept in state and private collections in our country has accelerated significantly. Despite the fact that this cataloging and the accompanying digitization process are still far from complete, it is possible to see a unified space of Muslim culture in our country’s history. Such unity, manifested in a shared, close written culture, has not been fully appreciated. This is due to the fragmentation of materials: texts copied by one person can be found in repositories in several cities in the Russia and other countries. The same applies to many prominent authors. The “Thesaurus of Islamic Literacy and Scribes of Russia: electronic version” (work on the project is currently underway) in the form of an electronic database, will compile data on numerous monuments, collections, scribes, madrasas, authors of original works and translations, as well as on major centers of manuscript production in Dagestan, Crimea, the Volga-Ural region, Siberia. The Thesaurus will reflect the dynamic exchange of knowledge and texts between the Russian Empire, neighboring Islamic regions, and countries, emphasizing the cultural and religious unity of Russia’s Muslim communities through the interconnection between the written cultures.

The purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the work of famous directors-theorists in order to identify the features of the reflection of the author’s image by artists who have achieved success in screen and theatrical activities. Research methodology. In developing the topic, a corpus of theoretical methods was used, such as: induction, deduction, identification, complex art historical and cultural analysis, synthesis. The use of these methods made it possible to thoroughly study the historical and cultural background and a significant factual basis of the problem under study and to outline the methods and forms of depicting the image by screen and stage means. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the work proposes an original approach to studying the author’s image as a reflection in a performance, film or television film of the author’s personality, the manifestation of which is realised in the worldview model of the author-director, according to which everything presented in a screen or stage work is connected with the artist’s expression (according to their worldview) of an individual concept of the image of the world and man in it. Conclusions. The researcher proposes to consider the concept of “author’s image” based on the positions of philosophy and aesthetics, theory and practice of art, as well as in the context of literature and related types of art: stage, screen, music.

Korean is the native language of the Korean people and the official language of Korea. Its script, Hangeul (한글), was created in the 15th century by King Sejong the Great and was originally named Hunminjeongeum (訓民正音), meaning “correct sounds for the instruction of the people.” This paper examines the historical background of Hunminjeongeum’s creation and reviews documentary records related to its invention. It further analyzes the historical, social, and cultural significance of Hunminjeongeum, compiled by scholars of the Jiphyeonjeon (Hall of Worthies). The study also explores the complex process of its promulgation and the challenges it faced before becoming known as Hangeul. The paper aims to provide essential historical and socio-political context for understanding the development of Hangeul.

The study examines the history of the development of the 1979 Moon Agreement within the framework of the United Nations, while paying attention not only to its content, but also to the historical background, political and legal context, as well as the reasons why it has not received widespread support from the leading space powers. A special place is occupied by the analysis of the significance of this agreement in the system of legal regulation of space activities, given that it stands out among the five key UN treaties due to its attempt to consolidate the principle of the common heritage of mankind in relation to the natural resources of the Moon and other celestial bodies. In the context of increased interest in the exploration of the Moon and the development of its natural resources, the author raises the question of whether it is possible to integrate certain provisions of the Agreement into future international legal mechanisms that would take into account modern technological capabilities and the economic interests of mankind in the exploration of outer space and celestial bodies.

ABSTRACT Drawing upon the book Birds of Passage: Henrietta Clive's travels in South India 1798–1801, a compilation of travel accounts Henrietta Clive penned during her journey in the Southern part of India, this study explores the socio-political and historical background of her travel during the late eighteenth century. The study highlights the turbulent background of the fall of Tipu Sultan as perceived and documented by a female traveller whose loyalties lie solely with the empire. The paper argues that for a female traveller like Clive, upholding English domesticity in a colonised setting proved profoundly political. Furthermore, the study concludes that Clive upheld a subservient self-fashioning shaped by her class, education and ideology, which unquestioningly extended her subject position as a facilitator of the imperial agenda by representing the authority of the colonial masters even in private spheres.

Accera Kalompoang is a royal ceremonial tradition held at Balla Lompoa, Gowa, South Sulawesi, as a form of respect toward the sacred royal heirlooms (kalompoang) of the Kingdom of Gowa. The ritual reflects historical memory, political legitimacy, and spiritual beliefs inherited from the Gowa kingdom era and preserved by the local community. This study aims to analyze the historical background, ritual procession, symbolic meanings, socio-religious functions, and the dynamics of preservation of the Accera Kalompoang tradition. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach through literature review and analysis of previous ethnographic studies and cultural documentation. The findings show that Accera Kalompoang functions not only as a ceremonial cleansing of royal heirlooms but also as a medium of collective identity, cultural continuity, and social integration between traditional authorities and society. Despite modernization and changing social structures, the tradition continues to be maintained as a symbol of historical legitimacy and cultural pride of the Gowa people. Therefore, Accera Kalompoang represents a living heritage that adapts to contemporary contexts while preserving the values of the Gowa Kingdom’s cultural legacy.

This article examines the historical background of domestic slavery in Ethiopia, offering a reconstruction of enslaved domestic life within the regional and local— history of Shäwa. Centering on the practice of renaming the enslaved individuals, the study explores the social implications of this phenomenon, and its significance within Ethiopia’s broader historical context. The integration of oral narratives to achieve a nuanced analysis sheds light on how slave-naming practices have been preserved, transmitted, and embedded within the wider Ethiopian memory and the evolving field of slavery studies. Drawing on historical accounts from European travelers, oral testimonies from central and North-eastern Shawa particularly those of formerly enslaved such as Ato Zäwde Näsibu of Ankobär and the domestic slave life witness, Ǝmmǝḥoy Bǝzunäš Tǝʾǝzazu of Addis Aläm—the article illuminates key dimensions of domestic slavery. The 1830s are selected as a focal period because the available sources vividly reflect the lived realities of domestic slavery in the study area. Likewise, 1943 marks a critical point of reference, as it was the year in which the 1942 Imperial edict abolishing slavery began to be implemented across Ethiopia, including in the region understudy. Through this approach, the article aims to deepen understanding of Ethiopia’s complex history of slavery and the long-term effects on the social dynamics of Ethiopia.

Abstract Tannic acid (TA) is a widely available plant-derived polyphenol with a long history of use in the leather industry due to its strong affinity for collagen. This long-standing application stems from the ability of TA to form stable complexes with collagen and gelatin via multiple interactions, making it not only a natural tanning agent but also a valuable crosslinker in modern biomaterials. In recent years, TA has garnered increasing attention in wound healing applications because of its multifunctional bioactivities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hemostatic effects. The abundant phenolic hydroxyl groups enable various covalent and noncovalent interactions (such as hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, π–π stacking, and oxidative coupling) with biomacromolecules and inorganic components, thereby enhancing the mechanical properties and biological functions of the hydrogel. This review summarizes the historical background and physicochemical properties of TA, introduces current hydrogel construction strategies (e.g., polymer blending and postfabrication immersion), and highlights the roles of TA in modulating the wound microenvironment by combating infection, scavenging reactive oxygen species, regulating inflammation, and promoting tissue regeneration. Advances in the use of TA-based hydrogels for treating acute, infected, and chronic wounds and other types of tissue injury are discussed. Furthermore, this review addresses the significant challenges—namely, stability, mechanistic understanding, and biosafety—in the clinical translation of TA-based hydrogels and discusses potential strategies for future development. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Climate change is one of the most prominent challenges facing countries and societies in the contemporary world, because of its profound environmental, economic and social effects. This article seeks to shed light on the environmental and climate crisis that Iraq is witnessing, by tracing its historical roots over the past five decades, and analyzing its ongoing repercussions on society and the environment. Iraq is working in cooperation with international organizations such as the United Nations and some major countries to make bilateral and multilateral agreements aimed at protecting biodiversity, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancing diplomatic cooperation at the regional and international levels to address worsening climate challenges. The article is based on several topics and themes which are: the historical background of the climate crisis and its roots in Iraq, and the most prominent environmental and climate challenges facing the country at the moment; the concept of environmental diplomacy, its development, and its various dimensions, and Iraqi environmental diplomacy efforts, through government policies aimed at addressing the climate crisis, stopping environmental degradation, and promoting the concepts of sustainable development. The conclusions and recommendations are aimed at supporting, and developing the Iraqi path forward in the field of environmental diplomacy, to ensure its effectiveness in facing future challenges.

Maritime piracy continues to pose a significant and complex security challenge to Africa, particularly in the Horn of Africa and the Gulf of Guinea, which are vital maritime routes for global trade. Despite the continent’s strategic location and the importance of its shipping lanes, piracy persists, disrupting trade, threatening the safety of seafarers, and causing substantial economic and humanitarian impacts. This enduring problem is rooted in a web of sociology-political and economic factors such as weak governance, political instability, high unemployment, and poverty, which create an environment where piracy can thrive. The study addressed the persistent nature of maritime piracy in African waters, which remains a threat despite various local, regional, and international counter-piracy efforts. It investigated the historical background, root causes, and evolving trends of maritime piracy in Africa, with a focus on the Horn of Africa and the Gulf of Guinea. The study also examined the effectiveness of security measures and the challenges that continue to hinder lasting solutions. The research is anchored in the Pirate Cycle Theory, which explains piracy as a cyclical phenomenon driven by socioeconomic and political grievances, escalating when profitable and subsiding only temporarily with enforcement, but likely to recur if underlying causes remain unaddressed. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative approach, relying on secondary data such as scholarly articles, official reports, and piracy databases, and uses comparative case studies and thematic analysis to draw insights. Findings indicate that while multinational naval patrols and regional cooperation have reduced piracy in some areas, the threat persists due to unresolved structural issues including inadequate maritime governance, fragmented legal systems, and socio-economic marginalisation. The study recommends a comprehensive approach that combines stronger regional and international cooperation, harmonised legal frameworks, improved maritime security capacity, and targeted socio-economic development in coastal communities to sustainably disrupt the cycle of piracy in African waters.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has gained increasing attention as a potential adjunctive treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. This narrative review discusses the historical background, current preclinical and clinical studies, and explores its underlying mechanisms from biomolecular, histological, and clinical perspectives. HBOT promotes neural recovery by improving oxygenation, preserving mitochondrial integrity, enhancing neurotrophic support and synaptic connectivity, mitigating secondary injury pathways (including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis), and promoting angiogenesis and vascular stability. These mechanisms have demonstrated improvements of motor, cognitive, and memory functions both in preclinical and clinical studies, although outcomes and treatment protocols vary. However, challenges remain regarding optimal protocols, patient selection, and adverse effects. Further high-quality clinical trials are required to define the optimal HBOT regimen are required.

Lotus has been a symbol of religious significance in Thai society and culture since ancient times. The inheritance of values and beliefs regarding the lotus reflects its enduring societal importance in Thailand, particularly in areas with local historical ties to lotus cultivation. This study aims to identify the conditions that influence the conservation and inheritance of lotus culture, employing qualitative research methods such as document analysis, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and participatory observation. The study area is Pathum Thani Province, Thailand. Findings reveal that internal conditions influencing lotus culture conservation and inheritance include: (1) local historical background of Pathum Thani Province; (2) awareness of Pathum Thani’s identity and (3) cultural reproduction, and perceptions of the lotus. External conditions include: (1) adaptation necessity; (2) economic conditions, and (3) political conditions. Strategies for lotus culture conservation and inheritance include: (1) promotion and support across the lotus lifecycle; (2) application of technology in conservation efforts; (3) continuous and equitable collaboration among government, private sector, and communities, and (4) establishment of cultural networks both within and beyond community boundaries. The guidelines for the conservation and inheritance of the lotus culture emphasize fostering a collective sense of cultural ownership through the participation of all stakeholders, such as families, educational institutions, and various sectors. Modern technology, including digital platforms, is utilized to promote cultural dissemination. Additionally, collaborative efforts between the community, government, and private sectors are essential to ensure cultural sustainability. Building networks is also crucial to strengthen and drive cultural conservation efforts further.

The issue of non-Muslim leadership has become a problematic discourse in the context of interreligious relations in Indonesia, particularly for Muslims in managing socio-political and religious interactions with non-Muslim communities. This problem arises from the tension between the state constitution, which guarantees equal political rights for all citizens, and certain textual interpretations of the Qur’an that are often understood as prohibiting non-Muslim leadership. As the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, Indonesia faces a unique situation in which Muslims adhere both to the national constitution and to religious principles derived from the Qur’an. This study aims to identify the Qur’anic verses used by M. Quraish Shihab in discussing the issue of non-Muslim leadership, to analyze his interpretation of these verses, and to examine his views on non-Muslim leadership in the contemporary context. The research employs a qualitative approach based on contemporary Qur’anic exegesis, using a descriptive-analytical method to examine primary and secondary sources related to Quraish Shihab’s interpretations. The findings indicate that Quraish Shihab does not view the relevant Qur’anic verses as establishing an absolute and universal prohibition against non-Muslim leadership. Instead, he interprets them contextually, considering their historical background and socio-political circumstances. In the context of modern Indonesia, Quraish Shihab argues that appointing a non-Muslim leader is permissible as long as it brings public benefit (maslahah) and does not result in harm or injustice. However, he maintains that Muslims should ideally prioritize leaders from among the believers, while still acknowledging the legitimacy of non-Muslim leadership under certain conditions in a pluralistic society.

This research has two objectives. First, it analyzes the meaning of pencug dance in relation to the artists’ history, social background, and cultural context. Second, it explores how functional art theory can be applied to study pencug performances. Pencug dance is an improvisational form performed in Karawang-style Jaipongan. It is unique because, although performed by female dancers, it exhibits a masculine character, unlike Bandung-style Jaipongan, which typically reflects feminine traits. The study employs a historical method combined with Erwin Panofsky’s iconographic-iconological approach, including field and library research (heuristics), criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The research was conducted in Karawang, West Java, using the Namin Group as the sample. The findings show that Panofsky’s theory can analyze performing arts through three stages. First, the pre-iconographic description focuses on the textual aspects of pencug dance movements, highlighting the masculine style typical of Karawang performances. Second, iconographic analysis examines themes and concepts, revealing a populist theme and a focus on improvisation and spontaneity. Third, iconological interpretation considers the symbolic meaning of pencug dance, informed by the artists’ experiences and the historical and cultural background of the Karawang community. The study concludes that the masculine character of pencug dance originates from the self-defense practices of the Karawang jawara. Historically, these warriors developed agility, combat skills, and expertise in machetes, martial arts, and Pencak Silat to respond to disturbances during the royal, colonial, and post-independence periods. These self-defense techniques later transformed into pencug dance movements, such as kepret, tajong, gunting, pasang, pukul, tendang, siku, and tangkis, which became integral to Karawang-style Jaipongan.

Analysis of elemental composition using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and artificial intelligence for categorizing archaeological coins.

Solitary pulmonary capillary hemangioma (SPCH) is a rare, benign nodular lesion composed of proliferating capillaries in the lung. While pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis-characterized by diffuse or patchy capillary proliferation in the lung leading to pulmonary hypertension and eventually fatal outcomes-has been recognized since 1978, the concept of solitary capillary hemangioma of the lung began to emerge in 2000 and has been increasingly recognized through subsequent reports. SPCH typically presents as a solitary nodule < 20 mm in diameter, often appearing as a ground-glass nodule on computed tomography. These features can closely mimic early-stage lung adenocarcinoma, posing a diagnostic challenge. In addition, SPCH is often difficult to palpate during surgery, which occasionally complicates intraoperative management. This review outlines the historical background of SPCH and summarizes its clinicoradiological, surgical (including intraoperative diagnosis), pathological (gross appearance and histopathological findings), and molecular characteristics. In particular, a literature review of previous studies, together with our own cases, highlights its distinguishing clinicoradiological features. Furthermore, SPCH is discussed in the broader context of pulmonary vascular tumors, and future directions for research and clinical practice are proposed.

This study, Translatability and Untranslatability (A Historical Background), explores the enduring debate between translatability and untranslatability as central, opposing forces in translation studies. Tracing the evolution of this discourse from antiquity to the contemporary period, the research investigates how different philosophical, linguistic, and functional approaches have shaped our understanding of what it means to translate. The historical overview begins with the Ancient and Classical periods, examining early reflections on translation in Biblical, Mesopotamian, Greek, and Roman contexts. It then considers the Medieval and Early Modern eras, highlighting how translation during the Renaissance, Enlightenment, and Romanticism fostered the emergence of seminal ideas articulated by Friedrich Schleiermacher, Wilhelm von Humboldt, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The 20th-century debates are analyzed through three major frameworks: the formalist, the philosophical, and the functionalist approaches. The philosophical tradition, represented by thinkers such as Walter Benjamin, Antoine Berman, Lawrence Venuti, Jacques Derrida, Umberto Eco, Gayatri Spivak, Barbara Cassin, and Emily Apter, foregrounds the limits of translatability and the ethical and ontological dimensions of translation. These theorists argue that translation inevitably involves loss, transformation, and difference, revealing the unbridgeable gaps between languages and cultures. In contrast, the functionalist school&amp;mdash;including Eugene Nida, Katharina Reiss, Juliane House, Hans Vermeer, Christiane Nord, Mona Baker, and Gideon Toury&amp;mdash;advances the principle of translatability by focusing on communicative purpose, textual function, and cultural adaptability. Together, these contrasting perspectives illuminate the dynamic tension between the impossibility and necessity of translation. The study concludes that translation, situated between fidelity and creativity, remains not merely a linguistic act but a profound cultural and philosophical negotiation between worlds.