Historical References Research Articles

HF01-15 THE ILEAL URETER: OVER A CENTURY OF UROLOGIC INNOVATION

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023HF01-15 THE ILEAL URETER: OVER A CENTURY OF UROLOGIC INNOVATION Mark Ninomiya, Linda Hasman, Ronald Rabinowitz, and Divya Ajay Mark NinomiyaMark Ninomiya More articles by this author , Linda HasmanLinda Hasman More articles by this author , Ronald RabinowitzRonald Rabinowitz More articles by this author , and Divya AjayDivya Ajay More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003243.15AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Early descriptions of the ileal ureter date back to the late 19th century. While this was an innovative technique to address ureteral substitution, multiple complications were reported, and novel methods to address them continue to be studied today. We review the history and evolution of the ileal ureter and subsequent surgical advancements. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was performed in conjunction with our University’s librarian (LH). We used PubMed to identify contemporary medical literature, ILLiad to access archived texts and old surgical and urological textbooks to obtain additional historical information and references. RESULTS: The first use of ileum to replace ureter was described in 1888 by Tizzoni and Foggi in a canine model. Fenger, in 1893, proposed the concept in humans. The first successful in vivo procedure was reported by Shoemaker in 1909 in a two-stage model. The patient was a young woman suffering from tuberculosis who had a solitary kidney. Her strictured ureter was replaced with ileum which was brought to the skin much like an ileal conduit initially. Subsequently, it was anastomosed to the bladder. This was the basis for modern ileal ureter. In 1940, Nissen reported a similar case and in 1950, Muller attached the ureters to a loop of ileum that was anastomosed to the bladder in a woman with bilateral iatrogenic ureteral injuries due to gynecologic surgery for uterine malignancy. For a case of bilateral stenosis, Foret and Heugshem replaced both ureters with a single segment of ileum in 1953. In 1959, Goodwin reported a case series of various configurations of ileal ureters. As experience with bowel reconstruction for ureters increased through the 1960s and 1970s, complications became more apparent and resulted in refinements including metabolic, reflux, and minimally invasive techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Though the complications associated with this procedure have led to novel surgical advances, the modern ileal ureter utilizes the same method as first described more than a century ago. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e261 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Mark Ninomiya More articles by this author Linda Hasman More articles by this author Ronald Rabinowitz More articles by this author Divya Ajay More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Creation of an interactive map of the disappeared settlements of the Omsk region through the use of GIS technologies

The article is devoted to the study of the possibilities of using geographical information systems to study the process of forming a rural settlement network of the territory. The object of the study is the formation of a map of rural settlements of the Omsk region. The subjects of study are the disappeared villages of the Omsk region. The purpose of the study is to show the possibilities of geographical information systems for visualizing the map of disappeared villages. In the course of the work, the authors collected and digitized significant cartographic material reflecting the territory of the Omsk region within modern borders. This made it possible to study and analyze the historical traces of the disappeared villages on maps and plans. The authors consider in detail such issues as the development of an electronic map of rural settlements and an interactive map of disappeared villages, which allows to accumulate information collected from various sources, including non-traditional ones for historical science. On the basis of digitized materials using GIS technologies, a vector electronic map of the Omsk region was formed, on which the historical picture of the formation of the rural settlement network of the territory is reflected in layers. In the course of the study, the authors established the possibilities of systematization and registration of these cartographic materials into a single interactive map of the region with embedded attributive (semantic) data in the form of historical references and photographic materials. The novelty of the research lies in its interdisciplinarity: the use of modern information systems when working with traditional historical sources (cartographic materials) opens up new opportunities for researchers. The experience of developing an interactive map of disappeared villages using geographic information systems is necessary to summarize information and form a general picture of the development of the territory in certain periods of time. The practical significance of the research lies in the fact that the created interactive map allows you to preserve the history of the disappeared villages in a single systematized space, demonstrates new possibilities of historical research. The results of the work will be useful not only to the scientific community, but also to practical teachers who will be able to use the map in their professional activities and involve schoolchildren in work to refine and supplement the map data.

FORFEITURE IN POLISH CRIMINAL LAW AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION OF PROPERTY SELECTED ISSUES

The article contains selected issues concerning the institution of forfeiture in Polish criminal law and its compatibility with the constitutional protection of property. The nature of compensatory measures as a special type of criminal measures is discussed. The above-mentioned issues remain a prelude to those discussed in the following parts of this article and form the foundation of the conclusions, providing a view of the legal order with the historical context and references to constitutional law. The institution of forfeiture is also discussed along with showing the characteristics of corporate forfeiture. Analysing the institution of forfeiture in the Polish criminal law, the prerequisites of its adjudication provided by the legislator in the penal code in force have been indicated. Selected issues concerning the consequences of imposing the forfeiture on the basis of legal regulations and doctrine are also presented. The culmination of considerations undertaken in this article is the juxtaposition of the institution of forfeiture with the provisions concerning the constitutional protection of the right to property. The comments from the doctrine and jurisprudence on the nature of this right, as well as the conclusions, inferences and arguments confirming the fulfilment of the aim of this article are included here. An assessment of the compliance of the substantive criminal law provisions concerning the adjudication of forfeiture with the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland relating to the protection of the right to property has been indicated, as well as conclusions concerning the intention and expected effectiveness of the institution of forfeiture by the legislator. The article has been developed through the use of the historical-legal and dogmatic-legal method. The aim of this article is to present the discussed measure of criminal reaction in Polish criminal law juxtaposing this issue to the essence of the right to property and its constitutional protection. The existence of the institution of forfeiture is significant in terms of both substantive and procedural criminal law. The present considerations lead to an answer to the question whether the current provisions on forfeiture do not constitute a violation of the constitutional right to property and whether they are compatible with it.

Extremism, Its Causes, and Its Negative Consequences for Society

ABSTRACT Researching, scrutinizing and revealing the roots of extremism, terrorism and violence in historical and religious sources and references are among the thorny, complex and important issues today, because they have become a serious issue of great importance in life, of Muslims. Extremism and the accompanying violence and terrorism can be attributed to several internal and external factors. The internal factors related to the lives of Muslims can be attributed to the exaggeration in the interpretation of the texts contained in the Qur’an and the Sunnah, and the lack of understanding of the reality of sciences and their applications. This exaggerated and extremist approach of some Islamic sects has reappeared today in a new dress, perhaps with an external motive to seduce Muslims, divide them, weaken their status, and make them into different sects conflicting among themselves. What helped the emergence of extremism, terrorism and the politics of violence is the wrong call that some sects are promoting today to return Islam to the religion (the predecessor) without to the truth of moderate Islam, the middle nation, Thus, the media difference became mouthpieces calling for the blasphemy of the violators, and even murder, and contributed to the media of the modern era of satellite channels, means of communication and publications, and it became easy for some ignorant people to see them, which contributed to the emergence of ISIS (external) extremism again.

How Teachers Adapt Nine Kinds of Literary Language for Second-Language Learners

English literature is taught around the world. Most teachers of English in China are non-native English users. Most adapt literary texts for their second-language classrooms. Little research explores their processes of modifying texts. This study analysed data from 202 in-service and intending teachers, over four years. Teachers were asked first to adapt Jebb’s translation of Antigone, and then to adapt a second play text, either a Shakespeare or a 20th century play. The time taken to adapt Antigone was assessed, yielding a time estimate for adapting a full-length play text, as well as per page of literary language. Likert-scale survey data was taken for 9 different kinds of difficult language found in literary texts. Results indicated that NNESTs require about 40 minutes per page when adapting modern literary language. The find retaining poetic qualities while reducing text length, that is, moving between lexicogrammatical and discourse levels of the text, the greatest challenge in adapting literary language. They find texts with contemporary lexis and grammar are easier, where classical and historical references, subplots and details are difficult to handle. They find the task satisfying, pleasurable and interesting.

Special anatomy series: understanding fascicular anatomy of the brachial plexus: reverse mouse in maze game

The objective of this paper is to teach the physician fascicular anatomy of the brachial plexus. To achieve this, we will reach back to historical references that researched brachial plexus fascicular anatomy. An applied anatomy system was created by which the lesion in the brachial plexus can rapidly be localized. This system is called the “reverse mouse in maze” game, which is a teaching tool created at this institution for resident physicians. Color coding helps localize the lesion rapidly. Black indicates where the lesion is not. Overlap of other colors points to where the lesion likely is. Finally, if the colors do not overlap, there could be 2 lesions. Example hypothetical cases are reviewed as part of this manuscript. Fascicular anatomy can be dizzying to learn and difficult to memorize for the novice physician. To localize the lesion rapidly in the clinical setting and for real-time oral board exams, we found this technique to be useful. Conclusion: Awareness that fascicular anatomy of the brachial plexus exists helps localize and explain needle findings on electromyography that may be confusing. The “reverse mouse in maze” localization strategy helps rapidly localize the lesion(s) and also hopefully prevents unnecessary needle testing sampling during the electromyography test.

True Life: Poems by Adam Zagajewski

Reviewed by: True Life: Poems by Adam Zagajewski Magdalena Kay (bio) ADAM ZAGAJEWSKI True Life: Poems Trans. Clare Cavanagh. New York. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2023. 80 pages. THERE IS SOMETHING MAGICAL about receiving a new book by an author who is no longer living. It is an unexpected gift, bringing with it a sense of excess or what Seamus Heaney called overlife, something over and above our expectations. Although it was inevitable that Adam Zagajewski's last volume in Polish, Prawdziwe życie (2019), would be translated into English, the poet's sudden death in 2021 created a deafening silence. Zagajewski represented something more than just a talented writer—he wrote with a voice that was, and is, inimitable and enigmatic. There is nobody who sounds like Zagajewski. The curious mixture of melancholy and gratitude, of mingled horror at history and celebration of beauty, was always infused by a tenderness that was his only. Something about his voice made us readers feel as if we were speaking with a dear friend, someone with whom we had moved past awkwardness, posturing, and drama for drama's sake. His ability to create such an impression in thousands of readers and in a variety of languages is truly a feat. This is not the sort of achievement that one encounters often. The fact that Clare Cavanagh manages to translate this indefinable quality of voice from Polish into English testifies to her skill. Her work has helped earn Zagajewski a large audience in English-speaking countries; indeed, the poet states that he has come to feel as if her translations were poetic originals. If there are occasional turns of phrase that will seem more familiar in Polish than in English (such as glancing historical references that depend on shared cultural freight), they are never alienating. Such gestures have been earned by a writer who is too often seen as a historical poet pure and simple. Zagajewski will always be associated with the anti-Communist resistance that remains an integral part of his legacy, but the mature poet who continued writing after the fall of communism in eastern Europe employed a different style and tackled different subjects than the young dissident of the 1970s. Today, Zagajewski is known for his everyday subjects, his aestheticism, his tender melancholy, and his indefinable spirituality—we may call it a type of mysticism. The poet's personal history claims as great a share of our attention as the public history that he is associated with. True Life retains the same ordering of poems as its Polish predecessor, which usefully allows readers to experience Zagajewski's range: rather than clustering poems that treat similar topics, the volume is organized according to the principle of variety and surprise. It opens with "The Twentieth Century in Retirement," thus summoning the historical awareness of what Czesław Miłosz dubbed the Polish School of Poetry, yet continues with an evocation of the poet's parents, of other poets, of bygone acquaintances, of the poet's travels, and, eventually, intensely personal anecdotes. Zagajewski has asserted that his poetry is more autobiographical than that associated with the Polish School. Readers of Miłosz, however, may counter that the difference between the two is not so much in the eschewal or embrace of autobiography as in the approach taken toward it. Zagajewski's tone is strikingly modest; his emphasis is often on belonging to a humbled collective ("Rain in Lvov") or an individual self that admits its capacity for error and for growth ("Enlightenment"). His poetic self that does not cover up its vulnerability, and the unguarded quality of his poetry, are among its most welcoming qualities. Such qualities breed both tenderness and humor: as the poet is tempted to stretch out a conceit (say, the practice of noting errata, or misprints, in books as a practice that begs to be applied to life itself), so he realizes the humor this may entail. It is both self-deprecating—he can feel the ponderousness of his own metaphor—and deftly ironic, as the poet concludes that errors may be incorrigible, and the urge to correct should be treated with gentle irony rather than moralistic zeal. Click for...

EXPERIENCIA Y NEUROCIENCIA: APUNTES SOBRE DOS ESTRATEGIAS DRAMATÚRGICAS EN TRES OBRAS TECNOMEDIADAS DE PERÚ Y COLOMBIA

This work explores through the comparison the dramaturgical strategies that its creators have used to compose three different shows, two from Colombia and one from Peru, which were offered as techno-mediated theater during the quarantine and social isolation measures in both countries. The three works analyzed have a direct connection with historical references of their countries. With episodes of violence and death. How can anecdotes loaded with so much historical information be staged in just 60 minutes? The answer would be in the activation of the neural circuits of memory and the construction of meaning. In the ignition of the processes of emotion, cognition and understanding that I call the Dramatic Imperative and that these works achieve through two strategies: Narrative Transport and Immersion.

Letter from the Editor

Letter from the Editor

Review: Drug Lords, Cowboys, and Desperadoes: Violent Myths of the U.S.-Mexico Frontier, by Rafael Acosta Morales

Review: <i>Drug Lords, Cowboys, and Desperadoes: Violent Myths of the U.S.-Mexico Frontier</i>, by Rafael Acosta Morales

The evolution of Physics textbooks used in Ireland 1860–2022

This paper focuses on the evolution of Physics textbooks used in Ireland from 1860 to 2022, in addition to the Irish influence on early Physics textbooks in the latter part of the 19th century. Both Physics and Physics education are continually evolving and so textbooks change in response to that and to the changing priorities of educators. Physics is both experimental and theoretical and the presentation of it has always been multimodal. Physics textbooks tend to include diagrams, demonstrations, experiments, the use of mathematics and derivations, historical references to people, and applications of Physics, among other features. Our research looks at these various characteristics to discern what has changed and what has not, over the course of time. Twenty-eight textbooks were examined in the course of this study. A Physics concept (refraction) and a Physics instrument (electroscope) were chosen for special attention, so that the findings would be firmly rooted in how Physics has been represented in textbooks rather than general textbook publishing trends. A specific analysis of four textbooks by the same two authors across three syllabi is also presented. Our findings show that a great deal has changed in the realm of Physics textbooks, and given that this is the case, it is remarkable how many things changed very little in 162 years.

A Poetic History of the Oceans. Literature and Maritime Modernity. SørenFrankAmsterdam: Brill, 2022, 447 pp.

A Poetic History of the Oceans. Literature and Maritime Modernity. SørenFrankAmsterdam: Brill, 2022, 447 pp.

Neighborhood level facilitators and barriers to hypertension management: A Native Hawaiian perspective

Native Hawaiians have a disproportionately high prevalence of hypertension, which is an important and modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). To reduce CVD among Native Hawaiians, we must better understand facilitators and barriers to hypertension management (i.e., diet, physical activity, stress reduction) unique to Native Hawaiians. Despite evidence of neighborhood-level facilitators and barriers to hypertension management in other populations, there is limited research in Native Hawaiians. Participants from a randomized controlled trial (n = 40) were recruited for 5 focus groups. All participants were self-reported Native Hawaiians and had uncontrolled hypertension. Discussions elicited experiences and perceptions of neighborhood-level stressors as they relate to participants’ hypertension management efforts. Audio recordings were transcribed and analyzed using ATLAS.ti for emergent themes. Five themes were identified: neighborhood description, community resources, neighborhood change, safety, and social connectedness. Novel barriers to hypertension control included loss of culture and loss of respect for elders, change in community feel, and over-development. Facilitators included social cohesion and collective power. These data provide a deeper understanding of how Native Hawaiians experience neighborhood factors and how those factors impact their efforts to improve their diets, physical activity, and stress management. The findings help to inform the development of multilevel CVD prevention programs. Further research is needed to explore the subtheme of social and emotional stress related to neighborhood change and CVD health risk due to cultural and historic trauma references.

The Ileal Ureter: Over a Century of Urologic Innovation

Objectives Surgical techniques to repair a ureteral stricture may depend on the stricture’s etiology, length, and location. Options may range from primary ureteral reimplantation for short, distal strictures, buccal mucosa onlay ureteroplasty for complex proximal or mid ureteral defects, to Boari flap or even autotransplantation for longer mid to distal ureteral defects. Replacement of the entire ureter with a segment of ileum is rare but may provide durable results when indicated. Our objective was to illustrate how the history and evolution of the ileal ureter entered the contemporary surgical armamentarium. Methods A comprehensive literature review was performed in conjunction with library resources in the History of Medicine section at the University of Rochester. We used PubMed to identify contemporary medical literature, ILLiad to access archived texts and historic surgical and urological textbooks to obtain additional historical information and references. Results We documented perhaps the first description of the ileal ureter in a canine model by Guido Tizzoni and Alfonso Foggi in 1888. Adaptations of ileal ureters over the next century, and beyond, have increased the safety, feasibility, and reproducibility of thre procedure for replacement of the ureter rendered unsalvageable by strictural disease, trauma, or malignancy. Conclusions Tizzoni and Foggi described the first ileal ureter in the canine model in 1888.

Historical references and general notions regarding judicial error

Error is the wrong idea we have about a thing, or more precisely the belief in the existence of a quality or a fact, relative to a legal fact, quality or fact that does not exist in reality. Error in criminal law has the comprehensive meaning of mistake and ignorance. So, the mistake or unintentional commission of a crime is always the result of ignorance, either in fact or in law. Error should not be confused with ignorance: the first is the wrong knowledge relative to a deed, while ignorance is the lack of knowledge. But in criminal law they are confused, because the error comes from ignorance. In criminal law, factual error constitutes an excuse. Likewise, in barbarian law it was considered an excuse, and in canon law and the law of the Middle Ages, the factual error constituted an excuse only when it did not come from obvious negligence.

It is a Glorious Cause and I Will Die for It - William Alves

This paper looks at one rather ordinary participant in the 1837 Rebellion in Upper Canada. William Alves was a young carpenter who, caught up in the turmoil of the time, eagerly volunteered and, consequently, suffered severely. Pieced together from many fragments—surviving family letters, assorted contemporary newspapers, hundreds of archived government documents, and various historical references, including the inscriptions on two little boxes—his story can here be told.

Nacionalni identitet iz optike njegovog diskurzivnog konstruisanja

The central interest of this paper is the investigation of the phenomenon of national identity from the point of view of its constructional character. With this aim, a synthetic presentation of key modern and postmodern theoretical starting points and ideas that support this line of his conceptualization is given first. Instrumentalist approaches to national identity are observed, which treat it as historically situated and socially and politically constructed, through connection with the phenomena of modernity and the role played by state political projects and state elites in its formation (Hobsbawm, Gellner). Developed on the same basis, national identities were observed through looking at the building of feelings of belonging, solidarity and togetherness, through collective practices of reception and interpretation of common cultural and historical references (Tijes, Renan). As particularly relevant to the topic of this work, we focused on ideas about the imaginary in identity affirmation in settings (Bajar, Anderson), because we consider that line of conceptualization to be the basis of modern understandings of national identity as a primarily mental construct. As an instrument and medium of the nation's imagination, culture is apostrophized, developed with the emergence of "printed" language. We also find the primacy of culture in Smith's statements of national identity as constructed on ethnic grounds, based on the concept of cultural configuration. We tried to present contemporary approaches to national identity (Hall, Bhabha, Matrin, Vodak) in the light of their basic common features - the operationalization of modernist concepts in a new constructionist and discursive key. By moving the study into the area of discourse and the process of meaning generation, these approaches deconstruct the metanarratives of the nation, through (linguistic) analysis of their constituents, and seek to explain how national identities are socially constructed through discourse, using language in systematic ways. With this presentation of the development of a complex of ideas and analytical positions, we tried to point out the key assumptions for the creation of modern conceptual-analytical models. At the same time, the scientific basis of the model of discursive construction of national identity created within the framework of the contemporary discourse-historical approach, whose presentation is the second thematic centre of this paper, was demonstrated. This threedimensional analytical model (macro-theme content, strategies and linguistic means) offered systematic ways of viewing national identity as a product of specific strategies of expression in specific historical and institutional locations, with specific discursive formations and practices. The fact that it is widely used in contemporary case studies best confirms its analytical productivity and indicates the scientific relevance of its theoretical elaborations.

Varicose Ulcer in Canine Pelvic Limb: Homeopathic Attitude

Although frequent in humans and their historical references are older than those of arterial diseases, in veterinary medicine varicose veins are rarely diagnosed. Descriptively, this article presents a case report of a senile female dog (thirteen years old), with knotty tortuosity in the medial part of the pelvic limbs, licking dermatitis, pruritus and respiratory difficulty. After administration of Phosphorus 200 cH, orally in a single dose, the pruritus, licking and erythema ceased. There was improvement in the respiratory condition. The patient exonerated, evolving to varicose ulcer after medication.

Энциклопедисты петербургской власти. К изданию архивного справочника «Органы власти и управления Санкт-Петербурга. 1775–1993»

The review is devoted to analysis and review of the content of the first two volumes of a large-scale five-volume archival project, which is being carried out by the central city state archives employees under the charge of the Archival Committee of St. Petersburg. The project is to produce a comprehensive reference book on the history of city government and administration and state institutions of St. Petersburg—Petrograd—Leningrad—St. Petersburg. The reference book covers a significant historical period, staring from the moment the city government was established during the gubernia reform of the Empress Catherine the Great and ending with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation B. N. Yeltsin no. 2252 of December 21, 1993, which put an end to the Soviet authorities’ existence in the northern capital. The reference book results from long years of the authors-compilers’ research of pre-revolutionary and Soviet archival fonds and regulatory legal acts concerning creation, reorganization, liquidation of the regional power structures of St. Petersburg—Petrograd—Leningrad—St. Petersburg. On the basis of a representative complex of archival documents, previously unintroduced into scientific use, the first two volumes offer over 130 detailed historical references on the history of state authorities and state institutions. Every article is supplemented with comprehensive references: archival ciphers, sources, detailed bibliography of published works on the history of this particular branch of public administration or city organization. The first volume contains 60 articles and is devoted to the highest city authorities and administration: from the Commander-in-Chief in St. Petersburg (1780–97, 1805–08, 1812–16) to the Leningrad City Committee of the CPSU (1931–90). The second volume includes 78 historical references on the governing bodies of the city economy: from the Petrograd Treasury Chamber (1780–1918) to the Main Directorate for Housing, Civil, and Industrial Construction in the city of Leningrad (1955–89). The reviewed publication permits to study general and particular in the organization of public administration over 200 years of Russian history, without its usual division into pre-revolutionary and Soviet history, in the largest capital city of Russia. The reader obtains informative historical background and all scientific apparatus necessary for the subsequent organization of their own research.

Negation, Truth and Falsity

The present article includes thematically connected questions on negation in the areas of the philosophy of logic, philosophical logic and metaphysics. It highlights a central problem negation poses to a certain area of philosophy. The purpose of the article is also to analyze negation in the areas of the philosophy of logic, philosophical logic and metaphysics. It highlights a central problem negation poses to a certain area of philosophy. It includes historical references, puts the problems discussed into context, and ties together a number of the main themes and problems. The investigation discusses the problem of logical revisionism and whether there is any room for genuine disagreement, and hence shared meaning, between the classicist and deviant’s respective uses of ‘not’. If there is not, revision is impossible. We argue that revision is indeed possible and provide an account of negation as contradictoriness according to which a number of alleged negations are declared genuine. Among them are the negations of FDE (First-Degree Entailment) and a wide family of other relevant logics, LP (Priest’s dialetheic “Logic of Paradox”), Kleene weak and strong 3-valued logics with either “exclusion” or “choice” negation, and intuitionistic logic. We also discuss the problem of furnishing intuitionistic logic with an empirical negation for adequately expressing claims of the form ‘A is undecided at present’ or ‘A may never be decided’ the latter of which has been argued to be intuitionistically inconsistent. We reveal the importance of various notions of consequence-as-s-preservation where s may be falsity (versus untruth), indeterminacy or some other semantic (or “algebraic”) value, in formulating rationality constraints on speech acts and propositional attitudes such as rejection, denial and dubitability. The article provides an account of the nature of truth values regarded as objects. It is argued that only truth exists as the maximal truthmaker. The consequences this has for semantics representationally construed are considered and it is argued that every logic, from classical to non-classical, is gappy. Moreover, a truthmaker theory is developed whereby only positive truths, an account of which is also developed therein, have truthmakers. We investigate the definability of negation as “absolute” impossibility, i.e. where the notion of necessity or possibility in question corresponds to the global modality.