Historical Peninsula Research Articles

Resident well-being and perceptions of World Heritage Site management: divide between urban and rural WHSs

ABSTRACT This comparative case study focuses on residents’ subjective well-being (SWB) and their perceptions of conservation and tourism in two prominent World Heritage Sites (WHSs) in Turkey, i.e. (rural) Cappadocia and (urban) Istanbul’s Historical Peninsula, to evaluate them in tandem with their governance frameworks. A modified SWB survey instrument is administered to residents in both WHSs. The most notable differences in SWB surface in community, environment, and standard of living domains favouring Cappadocia – underlining tourism’s varied influence on SWB domains in rural and urban settings. While the perceived association between conservation and tourism is stronger in Cappadocia, Istanbul’s residents view conservation more positively. These differences point towards conservation’s perceived instrumental role in facilitating tourism development in rural WHSs and the disconnection of urban WHS residents from conservation efforts and tourism management. Our findings suggest SWB may complement tourism impact analysis and build a bridge between residents, policymakers, and administrators. Addressing the disconnection between residents and tourism and conservation-related frameworks and initiatives to increase resident awareness of heritage value are suggested as potential contributors to the long-term viability of WHSs as heritage tourism destinations.

Suggestions and Comparisons of Two Algorithms for the Simplification of Bluetooth Sensor Data in Traffic Cordons.

Bluetooth sensors in intelligent transportation systems possess extensive coverage and access to a large number of identity (ID) data, but they cannot distinguish between vehicles and persons. This study aims to classify and differentiate raw data collected from Bluetooth sensors positioned between various origin-destination (i-j) points into vehicles and persons and to determine their distribution ratios. To reduce data noise, two different filtering algorithms are proposed. The first algorithm employs time series simplification based on Simple Moving Average (SMA) and threshold models, which are tools of statistical analysis. The second algorithm is rule-based, using speed data of Bluetooth devices derived from sensor data to provide a simplification algorithm. The study area was the Historic Peninsula Traffic Cord Region of Istanbul, utilizing data from 39 sensors in the region. As a result of time-based filtering, the ratio of person ID addresses for Bluetooth devices participating in circulation in the region was found to be 65.57% (397,799 person IDs), while the ratio of vehicle ID addresses was 34.43% (208,941 vehicle IDs). In contrast, the rule-based algorithm based on speed data found that the ratio of vehicle ID addresses was 35.82% (389,392 vehicle IDs), while the ratio of person ID addresses was 64.17% (217,348 person IDs). The Jaccard similarity coefficient was utilized to identify similarities in the data obtained from the applied filtering approaches, yielding a coefficient (J) of 0.628. The identity addresses of the vehicles common throughout the two date sets which are obtained represent the sampling size for traffic measurements.

The Last Grand Külliye of Istanbul: The Yeni Valide Mosque Complex and the Little Ice Age

The construction of the Yeni Valide Mosque complex, located on the northern edge of Istanbul’s historical peninsula in the district of Eminönü, began in 1597 under the patronage of Sultan Mehmed III’s mother Safiye Sultan. The project was halted abruptly in 1603 at the foundation phase and stood dormant for almost six decades. Between 1661 and 1663, another royal woman patron, Valide Hatice Turhan, supported the revision and completion of the project. Although scholars have long examined the construction process, architecture, and decoration of the project in detail, I reevaluate our knowledge of the monument based on recent scientific discoveries regarding the climate change phenomenon known as the ‘Little Ice Age’, which reached its peak in the seventeenth century. As we address another major climate change event today, this study provides insight into our understanding of the social, cultural, and historical impacts of such dramatic changes to climate conditions on architectural projects and urban dynamics in the Ottoman Empire.

Landmark Base Point Approach to Positional and Coastal Accuracy Analysis for Historical Map Before WWI: A Case Study 1836 Moltke and 1914 German Blue about in Historical Peninsula of İstanbul

AbstractCartography, unquestionably one of the world’s oldest disciplines of scientific study, is among the fields that have been most influenced by technological improvements. These improvements have enhanced interest in historical maps while also paving the way for modern mapping. All of this process has created new topics of study for cartographers. It is possible to examine old maps using software such as MapAnalyst which can enable the investigation of time-dependent changes. In this study, two historical maps, namely, Moltke and German Blue, were analyzed in the study area including the Historical Peninsula, Golden Horn, some part of Bosphorus, and the Marmara Sea in İstanbul, Türkiye, employing Helmert, Affine, and Huber loss robust estimation methods. It was revealed that the region with the highest deterioration on both maps is between Beşiktaş and Üsküdar. The coastline change analysis was also performed. According to the results, it was observed that the regions with the most coastal change are located on the southern and eastern coasts of the Historical Peninsula.

Re-Assessing Hagia Sophia and Istanbul Land Walls through the Lens of Cultural Landscape Concept

Istanbul Historic Peninsula hosts diverse cultural heritage values that represent overlapping cultural layers lasting from the Ancient Greek city of Byzantion to the present city. This study examines the contribution of cultural landscape and historic urban landscape approaches to the conservation of heritage values in the Istanbul Historic Peninsula. Two of four UNESCO World Heritage sites, Hagia Sophia and Istanbul Land Walls are selected as case studies that are the architectural and urban scale components of the city’s image. This study aims to attribute to the world heritage sites of Hagia Sophia and Land Walls, which face the risk of loss of authenticity, integrity and outstanding universal value, the concept of cultural landscape, which enables the holistic and sustainable protection of the values and components of these sites. This study reveals the changing and continuing values of which are overlapped on a monument and a site.

Digital Participatory Model as Part of a Data-Driven Decision Support System for Urban Vibrancy

Digital participation relies on computational systems as the instruments for expert engagement, data-driven insight, and informed decision-making. This study aims to increase expert engagement with the Bayesian-based decision support model in evaluating urban vibrancy decisions. In this study, urban vibrancy parameters are defined using “economic, use, and image value” measures. This article focuses on the visual aspect of vibrancy, defined as the image value of place. The image value is evaluated through likability and likability features. The case study area is the Eminönü Central Business District in the Istanbul Historic Peninsula due to its distinctive urban dynamics derived from the duality of being a cultural and cosmopolitan city center. This research presents a method as a decision support system (DSS) model based on the Bayesian belief network (BBN) and spatial BBN for supporting urban vibrancy decisions. The spatial BBNs monitor spatial outcomes of variables’ dependencies that form through the BBN relationship network. Spatial BBN tools monitors the spatial impact of decisions for informed urban interventions. The results demonstrate that urban greening, pedestrianization, and human-scaled streetscapes should be prioritized to make streets more likable. The most significant intervention areas are Tahtakale for signboard regulation, Sultanahmet and Vefa for cultural landscape improvement, and Vefa and Mahmutpaşa for planning building enclosures. The participation is achieved by evaluating urban vibrancy with what-if scenarios using BBN. The developed DSS model addresses which parameters should be prioritized, and what are their spatial consequences. The use of spatial BBN tools presents certain limitations in terms of interoperability and user interaction. Overall, this research contributes to participatory urban planning by incorporating both conditional and spatial dependencies. This unique approach not only promotes a more holistic understanding of urban vibrancy but also contributes to the advancement of digital participation in urban planning decisions.

Rumeli Railway estates in the historical peninsula in the light of archival documents; Sirkeci example

Rumeli Railway estates in the historical peninsula in the light of archival documents; Sirkeci example

Investigation Of Reconstruction Applications Of Monumental Structures And The Example Of Hagia Sophia Fatih Madrasah

It is focused on the examination of reconstruction practices in historic architecture and the reconstruction of Hagia Sophia Fatih Madrasah. It is usually defined as the reconstruction of a building of historical value that has been lost, damaged or demolished over time by remaining faithful to its original state. Here the importance of history and aims of reconstruction are discussed in detail.. The history, development, methods, criteria and standards of reconstruction are emphasised. Reconstruction practices in the World and in Turkey are analyzed. As a result of this examination, the benefits and problems of reconstruction and the effect of these practices on the protection of cultural heritage are discussed.A detailed examination of construction of the Hagia Sophia Fatih Madrasah is tried to be studied. The building is located in the Historical Peninsula of Istanbul and focuses on the reconstruction of an important historical building, one of the oldest educational structures of the Ottoman period. The history, architectural features, building materials and construction techniques of the madrasah are investigated. In addition, the reconstruction processes of the madrasah are analyzed in detail. Opinions on the reconstruction of Hagia Sophia Fatih Madrasah are discussed. The difficulties encountered in the reconstruction process,The decisions which were taken and the changes which were made are analyzed. In addition, the direct and indirect effects of the reconstruction of the madrasah are emphasised.In conclusion, it has taken notice the importance of reconstruction practices in the process of conservation and reconstruction of cultural heritage. It is analyzed examples of reconstruction in the world and in Turkey and presented the advantages and disadvantages of these practices.

Analysis of Potential Disruptions From Earthquakes in Istanbul and 3D Model Based Risk Communication

Making cities disaster resilient is important as proven by the increased number of city networks such as 100 Resilient Cities. The major difficulty on this trajectory is the interrelated components in urban systems that influence each other and increase uncertainty in risk assessment and management. Therefore, this study analyses the potential road blockages that impact traffic control using a multi-hazard risk assessment for the historical peninsula of Istanbul, Turkey. To support the communication of the causes of such potential disruptions, a 3D city model is created for the visualisation and analysis of the consequences from a disaster. For the socioeconomic, physical and systemic vulnerability and risk assessments, the additive normalization indicator-based approach is used. Besides, to determine the building vulnerability and damage grades, the EMS-98 Macroseismic method is applied. This study found that the socioeconomic vulnerability is high to very high which could contribute to emergent behaviour causing traffic congestions and communication issues. In addition, most buildings have been determined to be ‘very heavily damaged’. Consequently, there is high risk for road blockages in the narrow streets within the case study area, while the roads themselves have low risk to damage. The usage of 3D modelling techniques for visualisation and analysis improves understandability, visual problem identification and support decision making for mitigation strategies in case of road blockages.

İstanbul’un Deniz Kıyısından Kaybolmak: Sarayburnu Tıbbiye-Yedekçiler Mescidi/Değirmen Ocağı Camii

Located on the outer part of the seawalls of the Topkapı Palace, the area around Sarayburnu was permanently changed with a new development plan implemented in Istanbul between 1956 and 1960. Urban practices in this period aimed to modernize urban space but resulted in a permanent transformation of the city’s shoreline. In order to ensure the continuity of cultural transmission, this research aims to remind historical places that disappeared as a result of the demolitions under the development plan and discusses the exploration of the buildings that disappeared from the shoreline of Sarayburnu by utilizing visual archive sources. This case study uses a selection of historical photographs as research material for areas outside seawalls that form the border between the Historic Peninsula and the sea. Document analysis of historical photographs revealed the photographs of the Sarayburnu Tıbbiye-Yedekciler Masjid/Degirmen Ocagi Mosque that does not exist today. Case study research, one of the qualitative research methods, was preferred to examine this building. The research findings provide information about history, location and construction of the building as well as its traces in the contemporary urban space. In the context of the relationship between architecture, city and history, one of the forgotten memory places that are important for cultural transmission has been explored.

Nineteenth-Century Conservation of Byzantine Heritage in the Ottoman Empire: The Significance of the 1893 Istanbul Historic Peninsula Fortification Map

ABSTRACT City walls are essential urban elements contributing to the identity of historical cities. Their significance as a component of a city’s image is reflected on historical city maps, revealing the physical traces of urban history. The Istanbul Historic Peninsula, a multi-layered historical city centre surrounded by Byzantine-period walls, has been represented on different maps and drawings by Ottoman and foreign experts ever since the fifteenth century. One of the first architectural documentation studies focusing on these city walls is the Historic Peninsula Fortification (HPF) Map, dated 1893. Archival and literature research shows that the map is a copy of the Nineteenth-Century Istanbul Map, also called the Ayverdi Map. In this paper, we discuss the value of the 1893 Istanbul HPF Map as a historical document, its properties, and its historical and cultural significance for documenting the city walls for conservation purposes in the Ottoman period.

Exploring Daily Tour Routes in Historical Peninsula by Using Generative Design

Exploring Daily Tour Routes in Historical Peninsula by Using Generative Design

Unsustainable Tourism Approaches in Touristic Destinations: A Case Study in Turkey

Large investments made because of high tourism revenues in touristic destinations can threaten balanced growth, ecological sensitivity and sustainable tourism principles. To raise awareness of this situation and draw attention to unsustainable tourism approaches, this study is presented with the situation approach method. The main purpose of this research is to determine the negative effects of unsustainable tourism approaches in tourist destinations. In this context, case studies are frequently used and are the preferred qualitative research method. The Historical Peninsula of Istanbul, Bodrum, Uzungöl and Hasankeyf, which will be examined in line with the principles of sustainable tourism, are understood to be damaged in four basic categories: unplanned construction, sound pollution, exposure to environmental destruction and overtourism pressure. The results of unsustainable tourism approaches are seen in these regions, which are more and more negatively affected by the increasing number of tourists and unconscious tourism policies. Contrary to scientific studies that generally focus on sustainable tourism policies, this study reveals the mistakes made with case approach evidence and develops some ideas for the solution to the problem. It also has remarkable results in terms of showing the obstacles in front of sustainability.

Conservação e transformação na prática de planejamento: o método de regionalização morfológica

Abstract Balancing conservation and change of the physical form of cities is a key challenge for planning. Supported on a thorough understanding of the main socioeconomic and environmental needs and aspirations of a city and on the fundamental characteristics of its physical form, spatial planning should offer a framework to promote the conservation of structural physical elements while allowing change of less persistent elements. In many cases, planning fails to provide such framework. The paper addresses this major problem. It is argued that one of the main reasons for failure is the lack of scientific support to planning practice. To address this weakness, the paper proposes a revised version of the method of morphological regionalization. The method was designed by M.R.G. Conzen in the early 1960s and subsequently applied over the next decades by several academics in different geographical and cultural settings. This revised version of the method offers a systematic definition of procedural options and steps, a clear usage of terminology, and a strong linkage to the historico-geographical approach, supporting the creation of a new framework to understand conservation and change. The method is applied into a city with a unique urban history, Istanbul, focusing particularly on Fatih (historical peninsula).

ASSESSING POTENTIAL DISRUPTIONS FROM EARTHQUAKES IN THE HISTORICAL PENINSULA IN ISTANBUL USING 3D MODELLING

Abstract. The increased number of city networks such as 100 Resilient Cities, proves the importance of making cities disaster resilient. The major difficulty on this trajectory is the interrelated components in urban systems that influence each other and increase uncertainty in the risk assessment and management. This study analyses the potential disruptions that impact traffic control with the help of multi-hazard risk assessment for the historical peninsula of the city of Istanbul. 3D model is created for the visualisation of disaster risk to support the communication of the causes of such potential disruptions. The additive normalization indicator-based approach is used to assess the socioeconomic, road and systemic vulnerability and risk. Besides, the EMS-98 Macroseismic method is applied to determine the building vulnerability and damage grades. The results show that the socioeconomic vulnerability is high to very high which is likely to contribute to traffic congestions and communication issues. In addition, most of the buildings are expected to be ‘very heavily damaged’. So, while roads have low risk to damage, there is high risk for road blockages in the narrow streets of the case study area. The application of 3D models improves the recognition of buildings and the identification of the causes of road blockages.

Seismic performance assessment of a historical masonry-infilled RC building located in the historical peninsula of Istanbul (1940s)

The current paper presents a seismic performance evaluation methodology for masonry-infilled RC buildings based on nonlinear analyses. The entire process is illustrated using a case study of a university building constructed in the 1940s. Firstly, a finite element model of the building representing its existing state was prepared based on the current seismic codes. In the second stage, the seismic performance of the building was determined by pushover analysis. Since the seismic performance of the current building was found to be inadequate, a retrofitting proposal was prepared. The model of the retrofitted building was then examined to determine the effectiveness of the proposed retrofitting techniques. The methodology presented in the study is important in seismic analysis of RC + masonry dual system buildings before and after the retrofitting practice.

Evaluation of Spatial Quality Differences in Historical Peninsula in District Park Examples Based on PPS Place Diagram

Dünya nüfusunun %56'dan fazlası kentsel alanlarda yaşamakta olup bu nüfus günden güne artmaya devam etmektedir (Urban Population, 2020). Hızla artan kentleşme eğilimi şehirlerde ve çevresindeki yeşil alanlar ile doğal alanlarda kolayca tahribata neden olmakta, söz konusu alanların korunmasıyla ilgili birçok zorluğu da beraberinde getirmektedir. Kentlerde yaşayan insanların günlük yaşamlarında yer alan çalışma, eğitim, alışveriş gibi eylemlerin dışında boş vakitlerini geçirdikleri, mental ve fiziksel olarak rahatladıkları kentsel açık alanlar ve yeşil alanların bu nedenle mekânsal planlamada ve kentsel tasarımda önemli bir yeri bulunmaktadır. Kentsel açık ve yeşil alanların kentlilere sunduğu aktif kullanım alanı olarak parklar; kentlilere çeşitli sosyal, kültürel ve fiziksel aktivite olanaklarını da beraberinde sunmaktadır. Parkların mekansal düzenlemeleri ile bakımı ve yönetiminin sonucunda kişilerde bıraktığı algının temelinde ise, parkların mekan kalitesinin değişimleri yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada Tarihi Yarımadanın farklı mahallelerinde yer alan 3 adet parkta kullanıcıların mekan ile ilişkileri gözlemlenerek, “PPS’in (Public Project For Spaces)” tanımladığı mekan kalitesi diyagramı “The Place Diagram (Mekan Diyagramı)” ve kaliteli park standartlarından faydalanılarak somut mekansal kalite değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Analizlerden ortaya çıkan sonuçlara göre semt parklarının kalite yükseltilmesine yönelik önerilerin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

İstanbul’da özel konumlarda yer alan bazı son dönem yapıları üzerinden Sinan’ın mimarlığını anlamak

Sinan's last works, which include the designs after the Selimiye Mosque design; while being fed by Sinan's past works, the past has brought a new horizon to the foundation with different design experiments. In this period, some of the buildings outside of Istanbul were built by their assistants; Although there were deviations from the basic principles, Sinan, who took part in the construction processes of the last period buildings in Istanbul with his assistants, brought the structures of special importance to the city in this period. Within the scope of the research, the four structures that Sinan built on the coast of Istanbul, which are considered important in the last periods of his life, and which are at the forefront of the city silhouette; Azapkapı Sokullu Mehmet Pasha Mosque, Şemsi Ahmet Pasha Mosque, Kılıç Ali Pasha Mosque and Molla Çelebi Mosque, and the Messiah Mehmet Pasha Mosque and Nişancı Mehmet Pasha Mosque in the historical peninsula will be examined. The fact that the mentioned mosques are located on the coastline and/or on the historical peninsula; It will be observed what kind of effects and orientations it causes in the plan plane and in the context of height; At the same time, the structure of the structural system used by Sinan in these last period mosques and the differences in the layout will be examined comparatively. In the conclusion section; The innovations and developments that Sinan brought to the classical period architecture in his last period will be revealed through the design decisions applied in mosques and complexes in important urban points, which were examined in detail throughout the study.

What We Have and Have Not Done in Transportation: The Story of Our Major Cities in Last Hundred Years

Farklı yönetimler, rejimler ve durmaksızın değişmekte olan bir dünya ortamını kapsayan yüz yıllık bir sürenin tümünün bir yazı çerçevesinde incelenmesi fazla iddialı gelebilir. Hele konu, bazen birkaç yılda bir değişen büyük şehirlerimizin ulaşım politikaları olursa… Bu nedenle yazı, İstanbul’un Aksaray semtinin ulaşım tarihine odaklanarak başlamakta, ilk olarak 20. Yüzyılın başlarından 1970’lere kadarki gelişmeler özetlenmektedir. Bu çerçeve içinde, Tarihi Yarımada’da çoğu bilinçsizce hayata geçirilen yol projelerinin yıkıcı sonuçları da göz önüne serilmektedir. Bu yıllardan itibaren dünyada ulaşım politikalarında ortaya çıkan çağdaş anlayışların kısa bir özetinin ardından, Ankara ve İzmir de dahil, Türkiye’nin üç büyük kentinde yürütülen ulaşım politikaları incelenmektedir. Bu dönemde birkaç yerel çağdaş uygulama dışında, büyük kentlerde eski anlayışın sürdüğü görülmektedir. Devamında, bu şehirlerde 1990’lardan günümüze kadar uygulanmış olan ulaşım proje ve önlemlerinin, dünyada kabul görmüş genel ölçütler çerçevesinde değerlendirmesi yapılmaktadır. Makale, pandemi koşulları sona erdiğinde, çağdaş ulaşım politikalarını oluşturan nedenlerin hala geçerliğini sürdüreceğini ve bunlara her zamankinden daha fazla ihtiyaç duyulacağı görüşü ile sona ermektedir.

THE EFFECT OF AN MEMORABLE TOURISM EXPERIENCE ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND INTENTION TO REVISIT

Hızla gelişen ve değişen turizm sektöründe son yıllarda turistlerin istek ve beklentilerinde tatilleri süresince bulundukları destinasyona ait yerel toplumla etkileşim sağlama, yerel kültürü, yaşam şeklini tanıma, eşsiz ve unutulmaz deneyimler yaşama isteği gibi birtakım değişikler yaşanmaktadır. Turist memnuniyeti sağlamanın, işletmelerin tekrar tercih edilmesini veya destinasyonların tekrar ziyaret edilmesini sağlamada önemli bir belirleyici olduğu bilincinde olan turizm işletmeleri için turistlere benzersiz ve unutulmaz deneyimler sunmaya çalışmak oldukça önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı unutulmaz turizm deneyimlerinin, müşteri memnuniyetine ve tekrar ziyaret etme niyetine etkisini kültür turizmi bağlamında belirlemektir. Bu doğrultuda İstanbul ilinde yer alan Tarihi Yarımada’yı ziyaret eden yerli kültür turistleri araştırmanın evrenini temsil etmektedir. Araştırmada nicel yöntem benimsenmiş olup veri toplama yöntemi olarak anket tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini belirlemede kolayda örnekleme yönteminden faydalanılmıştır. Toplam 385 adet anket araştırmaya dahil olan katılımcılardan sağlanmıştır. Toplanan veriler; güvenilirlik, faktör analizi ve regresyon analizleri yapılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen analizler sonucu unutulmaz turizm deneyiminin, müşteri memnuniyetini ve tekrar ziyaret etme niyetini olumlu yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Yine analizler sonucu müşteri memnuniyetinin tekrar ziyaret etme niyetini olumlu yönde etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları alanyazını destekler niteliktedir. Araştırma sonuçları doğrultusunda destinasyon yöneticilerine, turizm işletmelerine ve bu konuyla ilgili çalışan araştırmacılara faydalı olabileceği düşünülen birtakım öneriler sunulmuştur.