Muslim History Research Articles

Model Pembacaan Basmalah pada Surah al-Fâtih?ah dalam Shalat; Kajian Hadis Tah?lîlîy

This hadith through two chain lines; Anas and Mughaffal. For the history of Anas, there is no diversity in his lafadz, except in muwaththa’ having the difference of lafadz because of the other likelihood and the possibility of tanawwu’ in this hadith. While the history of Mughaffal is the diversity of lafadz. This history of Muslim is of shahih and muttashil. There are three versions of basmalah reading model on jahriyah prayer; Shafi’iyyah argues basmalah sunnah read aloud (jahr). With the basis of the argument stating basmalah is the part of al-fatihah that must be read jahr; Some scholars believe basmalah sunnah is read softly (sirr). This is the opinion of al-Bukhari, Muslim, al-Zaila’i, Ibnul Qayyim, Hanafiyyah, and Hanabilah with the basis of absence of the shahih and sharih that the Prophet hardened basmalah reading; and Malikiyyah argues that reading is jahr. Ibn Taymiyah explains that none of the hadith expressly basmalah reading jahr, but there is a history that the Prophet had hardened basmalah readings, so the right is the Prophet sometimes basmalah and sometimes breaks it, but most often it is toss it down so that’s more important. Basmalah is read by jahr because of the existence of a great ally to achieve.

DAKWAH PRA KENABIAN: Reorientasi Dakwah melalui Pendekatan Historis

Nowadays, dakwah is perceived merely as a process of communicating Islamic teachings. If we take a closer look into the life of the Prophet Muhammad, we can safely assume that dakwah is more than just a process of communicating Islamic teachings from some person to others. Prophet Muhammad dedicated most of his life preparing for da’wa even though the moral state of his people at that time, the Arabs of Mecca was in dire need of guidance. This paper talks about several pre-prophethood events as narrated by many Muslim historians. Through historical approach and inductive reasoning, such events are analysed to reveal their relation with dakwah of the prophet. Findings in this paper reveal that the life of the prophet Muhammad before he became prophet constituted vital role for the dakwah he undertook later on. Prophet’s dakwah also focused more on issues of hereafter and less on issues of halal and haram. Keywords: Arabs, Da’wa, Pre-prophethood

The Crisis of Madrasa Graduates: A Search for Identity in the Pakistani Society

Madrasah had remained the traditional institution of education in the Muslim history and remained functional in the pre-British era in the sub-continent. Historically, there had been no distinction between the religious and secular education in the madrasahs, but after the arrivalof British imperialism which led to the subjugation and oppression of existing institutions which also affectedthe Madrasah curriculum leading to a gradualdecay in Madrasah to play any role in the society. This existential crisis faced by the madrasah—both as an institution and by its graduates—was expected to end with the inception of Pakistan with the support of religious Ulema and the Muslim masses however the adaptation of the modern education system in Pakistan only added more to the existing problem. The current research employed a survey method to explore the professions graduates from madrasahs are adapting in order to play a contributing role for the welfare of the state and society. Results are indicative that a large number of graduates are forced to take up petty professions whose pay is even less than the minimum wage criteria set by the state of Pakistan and the world bank. Analysis of the data indicated that these professions include: madrasah teachers, imams, clerks at madrasahs, writers in low-rated newspapers, small shopkeepers. A large number of graduates join voluntary missionary organizations and religious political parties. Research also showsthat few of the graduates indulge in militant organizations.

Chinese Muslims in Transregional Spaces of Mainland China, Taiwan, and Beyond in the Twentieth Century

This article examines the modern social history of Chinese Hui Muslims in the context of transregional connections within and beyond the borders of the two modern Chinese nation-states, the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of China on Taiwan. The article applies Engseng Ho’s concepts for the study of Inter-Asia to the biographical study of several prominent Hui religious professionals and intellectuals. The experiences and personal contributions to the development of modern Chinese Muslim culture of people like Imam Ma Songting are scrutinized, along with political and ideological conflicts over different visions of Chineseness and “Huiness” during the turbulent twentieth century. It is argued that when studying the social history of Chinese Muslims, researchers should not limit themselves to the religious activities of Hui elites that occurred within the confines of the two Chinese nation-states, but should also take into consideration the expansion of those elites’ religious activities abroad and the intensive circulation of knowledge across Inter-Asian spaces in which they participated.

Scrutinizer Curriculum in Fatouh Khorasan book and his place between the books of Fatouh

Al-Mada'ini's method in his book "Futouh Khorasan"
 The book "Futouh Khorasan" for the great historian Ali bin Mohammed bin Abi Saif Al-Mada'ini (died 225AH/840AD) is regarded as one of the oldest books of conquers (Futouh) in Arabic, and the most important document talks about the history of Muslims at that early period. Despite the importance of its history in view that it is interested in military, administrative and political conditions, yet the book is one of the missing books from our lost heritage, and some of its texts remained within the folds of the late historical sources. We will study in this research the book "Futouh Khorasan" in terms of Al-Mada'ini's methodology in it as well as his style and his most important resources he relied on in his book. We divided this research into three sections, the first section dealt with Al-Mada'ini's method in his book "Futouh Khorasan", while the second section addressed the content of the book and the last section discussed the status of the book "Futouh Khorasan" among the books of conquers "Fotouh".

Persian Poetry, Sufism and Ismailism: The Testimony of Khwājah Qāsim Tushtarī’sRecognizing God

AbstractKhwājah Qāsim Tushtarī’s recently discovered Recognizing God (Maʿrifat-i Khudāy taʿālā) is one of the only texts known to have survived from the early Alamūt period of Ismaili Muslim history. This article analyses the work in the context of the “new Invitation” (daʿwat-i jadīd) to the Ismaili faith that al-Shahrastānī (d. 548/1153) tells us was inaugurated by the Fāṭimid Imam al-Mustanṣir billāh (d. 487/1094) and championed by Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ (d. 518/1124). The text emphasises that the ultimate purpose of human existence is to know God, and that the path to this knowledge is through the Imam of the Time. The concepts of the ‘true teacher’ (muʿallim-i ṣādiq) and ‘sage’ (ḥakīm) are examined and the literary culture fostered at the Ismaili fortresses, particularly Girdkūh, is explored. Significantly, the article draws attention to the position of Sanāʾī Ghaznawī (d.circa525/1131) in Persian Ismaili literature and to the very early development of pious, devotional and homiletic poetry as well as the “mathnawīmetre” in Ismaili environments, which may have helped set the stage for some of the most significant poetic achievements of mystical Islam: the writings of Farīd al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār (d.circa618/1221) and Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (d. 672/1273).

Pilgrimage in Islam: Traditional and Modern Practices

Pilgrimage in Islam: Traditional and Modern Practices

KEPEMIMPINAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM AL-QURAN (Studi Pustaka Kisah-kisah dalam al-Quran)

Al-Quran is the main source of Islamic educational concept. The Quranic text is constant, while its contextualization and its implementation are dynamic throughout Muslim history. Therefore its verses could be interpreted as the answer to the problems of Islamic education nowadays. One of the Educational problems within Islamic education is the problem of leadership. At least, there are seven stories of leadership within the Quran. The lesson learned from these stories of leadership can be concluded as follows; there are four leadership competencies, i.e: moral, professional, social, and intellectual competencies. These competencies are equivalent to the prophetic qualities: Siddiq, Amanah, Tabligh, and Fatanah.

Feminisme Indonesia dalam Lintasan Sejarah

This article studies the opinion of Muslim feminists on Islam and women empowerment. Using Indonesian history as the reference of being colonized, analytically the writer shows how these cultural and political problems placed Indonesian Muslim women into a kind of continuing struggle of independence. Having a careful consideration of Indonesian history and culture, the writer’s final idea was that Islam has a meeting point with feminism. It is suggested, then, that based on Indonesian Muslim history it should be acknowledged that Islam is compatible with the idea of progress for women.

Early Nizari Ismailism: A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation of Khwajah Qasim Tushtari’s Recognizing God

ABSTRACTKhwajah Qasim Tushtari’s recently discovered Recognizing God (Maʿrifat-i Khuday taʿala) is one of the only texts known to have survived from the early Alamut period of Ismaili Muslim history. It preserves evidence of the “new Invitation” (daʿwat-i jadid) to the Ismaili faith that al-Shahrastani (d. 548/1153) tells us was inaugurated by the Fatimid Imam al-Mustansir billah (d. 487/1094) and championed by Hasan-i Sabbah (d. 518/1124). The text emphasises that the ultimate purpose of human existence is to know God, and that the path to this knowledge is through the Imam of the Time. Likely composed between 525/1131 and 533/1139, the text contains near-contemporary references to Sanaʾi Ghaznawi (d. ca. 525/1131) and points to the very early development of Persian pious, devotional and homiletic poetry as well as the “mathnawi metre” in Ismaili environments. This metre was later famously used by Farid al-Din ʿAttar (d. ca. 618/1221) and Jalal al-Din Rumi (d. 672/1273) in their mystical compositions. The article includes an introduction, critical edition and annotated translation to Qasim Tushtari’s Recognizing God.

Historiografía medieval copto-árabe (siglos XIII-XIV)

Recientemente, han aparecido un buen número de estudios sobre historiografía copto-árabe que han ofrecido nuevos descubrimientos o nuevos conocimientos, pero también algunas ediciones de textos o meras traducciones. Nos parece, pues, oportuno proporcionar información exhaustiva sobre esta literatura, incluyendo una breve reseña de la producción de los primeros autores melquitas de los siglos X-XI, la cual tuvo un impacto real en la historiografía copta posterior y que los historiadores musulmanes apreciaron con acierto. Por cierto, registraremos la traducción etíope de algunos de esos textos entre los siglos XIV y XVI y el impacto ejercido sobre la producción historiográfica local.

The Practice of Islam in America: An Introduction

The Practice of Islam in America: An Introduction

The Practice of Islam in America: An Introduction

The Practice of Islam in America: An Introduction

VIEWS OF KATIB CELEBI ON STATE AND SOCIETY

The present article is devoted to the study of famous Ottoman historian Kâtip Celebi’s views in the context of Ibn Khaldūn’s teaching. The prominent Muslim historian Ibn Khaldūn (1332–1406) adheres to a scientific method in the fi eld of historical studies and gives economic priority over religious in the formation and development of the state and civilization. The political changes in the Islamic world in 15th century (the territorial expansion and culmination of Ottoman Empire) were of the utmost signifi cance to the development of Ottoman historiographical tradition. Ibn Khaldūn’s dominate infl uence on Ottoman intellectual thought remained until 20th century; hence the modern Turkish scientists designate this centuries-old tradition as “Ibn Khaldūnizm” (Ibn Haldunculuk). Kâtip Celebi shared Ibn Khaldūn’s method of historical criticism. The author considers that Katib Celebi should be viewed not only as historian, but also as an important representative of the Islamic sociological tradition established by Ibn Khaldūn. Kâtip Celebi rethought and developed Ibn Khaldūn’s views on state.

A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East. By Heather J. Sharkey

A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East. By Heather J. Sharkey

The Organization of "Nafhut Tayyib min Ghusn al Andalus al Rutayyib” by Allama al-Maqr’ri

“Allama al-Maqr’ri” was a great scholar and author of many books. He wrote a valuable and informative book on Spain. Muslims ruled over Spain for a long period of time. Allama al-Maqr’ri compiled Spain’s history, geographical status, conspicuous personalities as well as unique aspects of that time. This Arabic book named "Nafhut Tayyib min Ghusn al Andulus al Rutayyib”" consists on ten volumes and divided in two major parts. The first one consists of Spain’s history and the other part is about Lisin ud Din al-Khateeb. This article will provide a comprehensive overview of this precious book, its division, major parts and contents and provide the knowledge of the splendor history of Muslims in Europe. Keywords: Andalus, Maq’rri, History, Lisan ud Din

Muslims in Ethiopia: History and identity

ABSTRACTMuslims are among the marginalised groups that had no direct access to land until the 1974 revolution which brought important and far-reaching changes to the socio-political and religious position of Ethiopian Muslims. Although research on Islam and Muslims in Ethiopia shows impressive progress, focusing on regional and contemporary Islam and marginalised groups over the last 30 years, the historical dimension has yet to appear. This research, based on authoritative published and unpublished sources, examines the history and situation of Muslims before and during imperial and immediate post-revolutionary Ethiopia. It also analyses multi-dimensional issues including exclusion, perception, religion, majority, minority, power relations, groups and state.

HEALTHY LIFESTYLE EDUCATION FROM HALAL NUTRACEUTICAL CONCEPT

The world is witnessing a return to what is natural, both environmentally and back to fitrah, our innate nature. This does not apply to food, and cosmetic sector only, but also the health and nutraceutical sectors. One of the evidences is the fastest growing sectors in the global personal care market and nutraceutical market as dictated by consumer lifestyle and awareness. This article aims to explore on the healthy lifestyle education contained in nutraceutical concept based on Islamic perspectives. This study used document analysis on primary and secondary documents as methodological approach. This study found that Arab-Islamic medicine or Greco-Arab refers to medicine developed in the Golden Age of the Islamic Civilization. It is extended from Spain in the west to Central Asia and India in the East. ‘Prophetic Medicine’ although popular amongst the masses of Muslims because of its doctrinal and theological contents was considered by most Muslim historians and physicians as distinct from scientific and analytical Islamic Medicine. Medicine of the Prophet is a combination of religious and medical information, providing advice and guidance on the two aims of medicine. First the preservation of health and second the restoration of health based on the Qur’anic guidance and the Prophetic traditions.

Metode Penulisan Sejarah al-Thabari Kasus Peristiwa Fath Makkah

Mecca occupation (Fath Makkah) on 8 H/ January 630 M was a phenomenal and historical moment in islamic history. many muslim historians studied this event such as al-Thabari through his masterpiece, Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk or Tarikh al-Rasul wa al-Muluk. Al-Thabari analysed this event by applying the "isnad" method and wrote it cronologically. he used kitab al-mabda, Sirah nabawiyah and Maghazi as his sources.

Muslim Literature in the Atheist State

This article explores the revitalization of interest in Islamic literature in the post-Stalinist Soviet Union. A broad picture of the preservation and transmission of religious knowledge in atheistic society appears in the biography of Zainap Maksudova (1897–1980), a scholar of Tatar manuscripts who spent her life collecting and interpreting the written legacy of Muslim intellectuals from the Volga-Urals region. Considering Maksudova’s experiences in religious and academic studies, this article draws attention to a cohort of specialists with similar interests and life experiences. Maksudova was at the forefront of this cohort and produced major works on the intellectual history of Muslims in Inner Russia. Muslim Soviet scholars navigated the difficult terrain between the study of the Islamic past and the ideological structures of the Soviet academic establishment. These specialists also served as a bridge between the circles of religious personnel and secularized academics. Such a bridge enabled the exchange of ideas, establishing a common discourse on the shared past.