Histopathological Exam Research Articles

A rare case of extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma

Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) is a rare and highly aggressive tumour of neuroectodermal origin. Primary pulmonary ES is extremely rare and difficult to distinguish from other lung tumours due to its similar presentation and nonspecific symptoms. It requires a deliberate interplay of imaging, histopathological exam, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and genetic analysis to confirm the diagnosis. Here we present a rare case of extra osseus ES.

Heavy metals and metalloids in wild boars (Sus Scrofa) - a silent but serious public health hazard.

Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are part of the hunting economy and are highly consumed in the Iberian Peninsula, including in the Castile and Leon regions. As zoonotic diseases, chemical pollutants in wild boars' internal tissues should be interpreted as evidence of environmental contamination and a matter of concern for animal, human and ecosystem health; in other words, a One Health concern. Twenty-eight wild boars' livers and kidneys (n = 28) from Castile and Leon were submitted to metal(loid) determination (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS) and histopathological exam. Cd levels, especially in the kidneys (7.063 ± 7.271mg/kg dw), were the most concerning results, considering the calculated maximum values for consumption (EC No. 915/2023) (2.491mg/kg dw or 1.0mg/kg ww). Wild boars with hydropic changes in the liver presented higher concentrations of Ni. Thus, the metal(loid) contamination of wild boar carcasses seems to be a "no trace" but very relevant problem that should raise awareness of a more accurate monitoring program and other strategies to avoid public health consequences.

ANTICALCIURIA EFFECT OF METHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA (L). PERS (LYTHRACEAE) AGAINST HIGH PROTEIN DIET INGESTED IN ALBINO RATS

Nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stone disease or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy in which a solid mass forms in the urinary tract. The aim of the present research is to evaluate the way that albino rats administered with a high-protein diet, react to methanolic root extracts of Lagerstroemia speciosa anticalciuric properties. Medicinal plants are frequently utilised in folk medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses. Banaba is the common name for L. speciosa, a member of the Lythraceae family; Poomaruthu is its Tamil name. The test animals were given a diet high in protein and low in protein as well as 45 days of treatment with methanolic root extracts of L. speciosa. The experiment was scheduled with a sample collection, biochemical inquiries, and histopathological exams. The experiment had been scheduled with a sample collection, biochemical investigations, and histopathological evaluations. The biochemical data reveal that as compared to the control, III, and V groups, the low-protein diet groups II and IV had greater blood urea concentrations. The low-protein diet groups II and IV exhibited an increased blood creatinine concentration in contrast to the control, III, and V groups, while group V (H.P+MRE 500 mg/kg) demonstrated a nearly identical outcome to that of the control groups. L. speciosa root extracts in methanol are given to groups to control creatinine concentration. The normal control group's histopathological analysis revealed tubules with a single epithelial lining along the outermost layer that were normal in size.

Inhalable chitosan-based hydrogel as a mucosal adjuvant for hydroxychloroquine in the treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hamster model.

Effective therapy for COVID-19 remains limited. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been considered, but safety and efficacy concerns remain. Chitosan exhibits antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, yet how the combination of HCQ and chitosan performs in treating COVID-19 is unknown. Male Syrian hamsters were inoculated intranasally with standardized stocks of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Hamsters were allocated to saline (PBS), chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), HCQ, or COS+HCQ groups and received corresponding drugs. On days 1, 7, and 14 post-infection, two animals from each group were euthanized for sample collection. Viral loads were measured in lung homogenates. Biochemistry markers, cytokines, and immunoglobulins were analyzed from hamster sera. HCQ concentrations were compared between the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung tissues. All groups underwent histopathology exams of the lungs. Additional hamsters were treated with the same drugs to assess for toxicities to the heart and liver. Among all groups, viral loads in the COS+HCQ group were the lowest by day 8. The COS+HCQ group produced the highest interleukin (IL)-6 levels on day 4, and the highest IL-10, IgA and IgG levels on day 8. HCQ concentrations were higher in the COS+HCQ group's lungs than the HCQ group, despite having received half the dose of HCQ. Histopathology demonstrated earlier inflammation resolution and swifter viral clearance in the COS+HCQ group. There was no evidence of cardiac or hepatic injury in hamsters that received HCQ. In hamsters infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the combination of intranasal COS and HCQ was associated with increased HCQ absorption in the lungs, more effective immune responses, without increasing the risk of hepatic or cardiac injuries.

TOXICITY TEST OF CHANNA MICROPELTES EXTRACT BETWEEN NORMAL WISTAR RATS AND DIABETES MODEL BASED ON CARDIAC HISTOPATHOLOGY

Background: DM is metabolic disease can prolong wound healing phase and cause oxidative stress that can affect cardiac damage such as degeneration, hypertrophy, and necrosis. They can be inhibited by the effect of 16 ml/kg BW CM containing palmitic acid (18.30%), albumin (3.6147g/dl), and amino acids are leucine (1.58%) and valine (0.97%). It's proven to accelerate wound healing in normal Wistar rats and DM. However, CM extract on the cardiac is unknown, so an acute toxicity test was carried out for 14 days. Purpose: To analyze the effect of oral administration of CM extract at an effective dose of 16 ml/kg BW on the histopathological exam of degeneration, hypertrophy, and cardiac necrosis of normal Wistar rats and diabetic models. Method: This study is true experimental study with a post-test only control group design which is divided into 4 groups are 2 groups of Wistar rats normal and diabetic models who were given CM extract at an effective dose of 16 ml/kg BW, 2 groups consisted of normal Wistar rats and diabetic models which were only given BR2 feed. Results: T-Independent test and the Mann-Whitney test showed that there was a significant difference between degeneration and hypertrophy (p<0.05) and necrosis. There was no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: The effective dose of CM extract 16 ml/kg BW had an effect on the cardiac of normal Wistar rats and diabetic models in the form of a decrease in the level of damage to degeneration, hypertrophy, and cardiac necrosis. Keywords: Cardiac, Channa micropeltes, Degeneration, Hypertrophy, Necrosis.Background: DM is metabolic disease can prolong wound healing phase and cause oxidative stress that can affect cardiac damage such as degeneration, hypertrophy, and necrosis. They can be inhibited by the effect of 16 ml/kg BW CM containing palmitic acid (18.30%), albumin (3.6147g/dl), and amino acids are leucine (1.58%) and valine (0.97%). It's proven to accelerate wound healing in normal Wistar rats and DM. However, CM extract on the cardiac is unknown, so an acute toxicity test was carried out for 14 days. Purpose: To analyze the effect of oral administration of CM extract at an effective dose of 16 ml/kg BW on the histopathological exam of degeneration, hypertrophy, and cardiac necrosis of normal Wistar rats and diabetic models. Method: This study is true experimental study with a post-test only control group design which is divided into 4 groups are 2 groups of Wistar rats normal and diabetic models who were given CM extract at an effective dose of 16 ml/kg BW, 2 groups consisted of normal Wistar rats and diabetic models which were only given BR2 feed. Results: T-Independent test and the Mann-Whitney test showed that there was a significant difference between degeneration and hypertrophy (p<0.05) and necrosis. There was no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: The effective dose of CM extract 16 ml/kg BW had an effect on the cardiac of normal Wistar rats and diabetic models in the form of a decrease in the level of damage to degeneration, hypertrophy, and cardiac necrosis. Keywords: Cardiac, Channa micropeltes, Degeneration, Hypertrophy, Necrosis.

Cutaneous mycobacteriosis in a dog

Mycobacteriosis is a skin disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Mycobacterium. Although prevalent, the infection has a difficult diagnosis, and its occurrence is underestimated in veterinary medicine. The disease presents firm, painless and non-pruritic nodules, mainly in the extremities of the body. The diagnosis can be confirmed by performing the histopathological exam in Ziehl-Nielsen stain to observe the bacilli. The purpose of this report was to describe a case of canine cutaneous mycobacteriosis in a mixed-breed dog, approximately 10 years old, with clinical signs of alopecia and hyperkeratosis in the lumbar region and pelvic area, and later developing nodules in the muzzle, ears, lips and scrotum, confirmed by histopathological examination. Antemortem diagnosis is laborious because it has a nonspecific clinical presentation, in addition to little knowledge about the pathogen. Based on the histopathology associated with the presence of acid-alcohol resistant bacilli in the macrophage cytoplasm, the diagnosis of cutaneous mycobacteriosis was established.

Giant Hydatic Cyst in a 2-Year-Old Infant

Background: Infantile cerebral hydatidosis is a serious infection and represents a major problem of public health that threatens the economy of countries in which it is endemic. It imposes a large-scale prophylaxis based on the interruption of the parasite cycle. Case description: We present a case of a 2-year-old girl with no medical history living in a rural region (Sidi Ifni), where contact with dogs, sheep, and cattle is not uncommon. One month before her admission, increased intracranial pressure (ICP) symptoms appeared made of headaches, vomiting, and visual disturbances. 15 days later, motor deficits and impaired consciousness were installed. The clinical examination found a sleepy infant with a Glascow Coma Scale at 14, left hemiparesis at 2/5 (Medical Research Council score), and bilateral 6th nerve palsy, A brain CT scan was performed, showing a round hypodense intraparenchymal lesion at the right frontal lobe. The intervention was performed to remove the gliant hydatic cyst according to the Dowling-Orlando technique. Postoperatively the patient had no motor deficit. The histopathological exam confirmed the diagnosis of an echinococcus granulosis cyst. Conclusion: Presentation of such a giant cyst in a 2-year-old infant is very rare. In such cases, genotype analysis of the parasite should be performed. The surveillance of dogs and periodic testing of their stools, with treatment if they are found to be infected, and preventing their access to raw offal at slaughterhouses and farms, will be effective in controlling the menace of hydatidosis.

Esophageal squamous papilloma: Literature review and case-control retrospective study with histopathological exam of human papillomavirus.

Esophageal squamous papilloma (ESP) is a benign growth in the esophagus with unknown malignant potential. The mechanism underlying ESP formation is unknown, but human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been proposed as a potential etiology. We sought to investigate the clinical characteristic of ESP in our population, review the current literature, and highlight the role of HPV. This is a retrospective case-control study conducted at two referral centers. We selected the ESP population by free-text search in the pathology department database and selected controls randomly from the general endoscopy population. Immunostains were used to evaluate ESP tissue for HPV. Between January 2016 and December 2021, we identified 66 patients with ESP, with a prevalence of 0.72%. ESP patients were younger, with a median age of 52 years (P = 0.021), and more likely African American (34.4 vs 7.5%, P < 0.001) compared to controls. On endoscopy images, the growth was predominantly solitary (92.5%) in the middle of the esophagus (39.4%), with sizes ranging from 0.2 to 2.3 cm. A total of 62 patients had available tissue for HPV immune staining, and none tested positive for HPV. Eighteen patients had a follow-up endoscopy with an average of 504.5 days follow-up period. One patient developed esophageal squamous cell carcinoma during follow-up. We observed a higher prevalence of ESP compared to previous studies. The formation of ESP is multifactorial and partially explained by HPV infection in selected populations. The malignant potential of ESP is low but not negligible.

Severe gastroenteritis as presentation of a neuroendocrine tumor of pancreas

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are a very rare entity, corresponding to 1-2% of all pancreatic neoplasms, although incidence and prevalence are rising. According to hormonal production, they can be functional or nonfunctional, leading to a subset of symptoms. A 45-year-old man, came to our emergency department complaining of vomiting and profuse non-bloody diarrhea for a week, with asthenia and no improvement with medication. He presented with diminished muscular strength and severe electrolytic changes with electrocardiographic repercussion. Patient was admitted to our intensive care unit (ICU) for hypovolemic and distributive shock due to a severe gastroenteritis. Further research studies were carried out which have shown a nodular structure of 5x4cm in the pancreas tail on computed tomography scan. A biopsy was made, and a histopathological exam revealed a pancreatic well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. Hormonal analysis showed an elevation on vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). On 68Ga-DOTA-NOC PET/CT, there were 2 nodular lesions with anomalous overexpression of somatostatin receptors, one in the pancreatic tail near splenic hilum and another in the pancreatic head. Patient underwent a total pancreaticoduodenectomy with en bloc splenectomy. Postoperative period was uneventful. Mostly, this kind of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are indolent, but till 39% can have an aggressive course, so they have variable prognosis.

Cellular angiofibroma: A rare labia minor tumor

Cellular angiofibroma of the vulva is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor in middle-aged women, first reported in 1997 by Nucci et al. It is important to differentiate cellular angiofibroma from other tumors as these may be more aggressive and recurring. Cellular angiofibroma has a limited potential for local recurrence and is usually treated with complete local excision. A 45-year-old woman was referred to the gynecology appointment with a complaint of a discomfort mass in the right labium minus 1 year before, which has been progressively increasing in size for the past three months up to 6 cm. No change in vulvar skin color, local itching, or bilateral inguinal adenopathy. The tumor was excised, and the histopathological exam revealed a cellular angiofibroma. The patient recovered well and a good aesthetic result was achieved. This is the first case described of the cellular angiofibroma which arises from one of the labia minora. It is bigger in size and growing more rapidly than usual within three months. A simple excision was carried out and until now (12 months after) no recurrence signals.

Bladder cancer immunomodulatory effects of intravesical Nitazoxanide, Rapamycin, Thalidomide and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).

To understand the effect of Nitazoxanide (NTZ), Rapamycin, Thalidomide, alone and in combination with BCG on bladder cancer (BC) histopathology and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) expression. Female Fisher-344 rats underwent intravesical N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) followed by weekly intravesical treatment with saline (controls, n = 10), BCG (n = 10), NTZ (n = 8), BCG plus NTZ (n = 8), Rapamycin (n = 10) BCG plus Rapamycin (n = 10), Thalidomide (n = 10), and BCG plus Thalidomide (n = 10), and euthanized after 8 weeks and their bladders were investigated for BC and PD-L1 and CTLA4 expression. Rapamicyn alone and in combination with BCG had the lowest number of bladder neoplasias in the histopathology exam (1/10). Neoplastic lesions were found in 4/10 BCG recipients, 5/10 Thalidomide recipients, 4/10 Thalidomide plus BCG recipients, 5/8 NTZ and 3/8 NTZ plus BCG recipients. Adding NTZ to BCG increased the expression of PD-L1 and adding Rapamycin or Thalidomide decreased PD-L1 and CTLA4 expression compared to BCG alone. Rapamycin alone significantly increased CTLA4 and slightly increased PD-L1 expression but its combination with BCG significantly decreased both markers. Thalidomide had a similar effect; however, it was only slightly different from the control and BCG alone groups. Intravesical BCG combination treatment seems to effectively prevent BC development in an immunecompetent clinically relevant animal model, introducing Thalidomide, Nitazoxanide, and specially Rapamycin as candidates in the intravesical immunotherapy advancement. Our study contributes in understanding the mechanism of cancer immunotherapy.

Biomarkers related to gas embolism: Gas score, pathology, and gene expression in a gas bubble disease model.

Fish exposed to water supersaturated with dissolved gas experience gas embolism similar to decompression sickness (DCS), known as gas bubble disease (GBD) in fish. GBD has been postulated as an alternative to traditional mammals' models on DCS. Gas embolism can cause mechanical and biochemical damage, generating pathophysiological responses. Increased expression of biomarkers of cell damage such as the heat shock protein (HSP) family, endothelin 1 (ET-1) or intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) has been observed, being a possible target for further studies of gas embolism. The GBD model consisted of exposing fish to supersaturation in water with approximately 170% total dissolved gas (TDG) for 18 hours, producing severe gas embolism. This diagnosis was confirmed by a complete histopathological exam and the gas score method. HSP70 showed a statistically significant upregulation compared to the control in all the studied organs (p <0.02). Gills and heart showed upregulation of HSP90 with statistical significance (p = 0.015 and p = 0.02, respectively). In addition, HSP70 gene expression in gills was positively correlated with gas score (p = 0.033). These results suggest that gas embolism modify the expression of different biomarkers, with HSP70 being shown as a strong marker of this process. Furthermore, gas score is a useful tool to study the abundance of gas bubbles, although individual variability always remains present. These results support the validity of the GBD model in fish to study gas embolism in diseases such as DCS.

Olfactory neuroblastoma: Up-to-date review and our experience

Abstract Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), also known as esthesioneuroblastoma, is a rare malignant neuroectodermal tumor originating primarily from the basal layer of the olfactory epithelium in the roof of the nasal cavity. The most common symptoms are nasal obstruction, anosmia, recurrent epistaxis, rhinorrhea and excessive lacrimation. Imaging studies are helpful for assessing the extent of olfactory neuroblastoma, as well as grading the tumor. The definitive diagnosis is based on histopathological exam and immunohistochemistry profile and it might be quite challenging because the tumor can mimic other sinonasal malignancies. Because of the small number of reported cases and the lack of prospective research, the optimal treatment for olfactory neuroblastoma is still controversial. However, it is generally believed that surgical resection followed by radiotherapy gives the best outcome in terms of recurrence and survival rates. Keeping in mind the rarity of olfactory neuroblastoma and the diagnostic difficulty, the aim of this study is to improve the understanding of the clinical features by reviewing the literature focusing on the recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of ONB. Moreover, we are reporting an atypical case of an aggressive type of olfactory neuroblastoma treated through a multimodal approach, with no signs of tumor recurrence after a 3-month follow-up.

Toxic Potential of Crude Extract From Cassava Cortex Containing Scopoletin and Cyanide on Wistar Rats and Broilers.

The present work aimed to evaluate acute and sub-acute toxicity of cortex cassava crude extract containing scopoletin and cyanide. The limit test method of OECD at 2000mg/kg was used to determine the LD50 of the crude extract in female Wistar rats, and the sub-acute toxicity was conducted in broilers by incorporating their feed with the cortex powder at 2mg, 4mg and 8mg of powder per 100g of standard food, corresponding to MIC, 2MIC and 4MIC: those concentrations, respectively, corresponded to .07μg, .14μg and .28μg of scopoletin and 2.8μg, 5.6μg and 11.2μg of cyanide. An oral LD50 greater than 2000mg/kg was obtained, and the effective antifungal dose was non-toxic. No changes were observed in the rate of biochemical parameters and relative weight of the liver, kidneys and brain of broilers. Any damages were not observed after the histopathological exams of these organs regardless the diet considered, compared to the control group. All results ranging from efficacy and safety of cassava cortex extract containing scopoletin and cyanide allowed us to consider it as biopesticide for staple food preservation against post-harvest losses.

A case study of pneumonic changes and death in Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) with respiratory disease in Punjab, Pakistan

A nine-year-old Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in Bahawalpur Zoo, Punjab, Pakistan, was ill with respiratory disease, so the pathogens involved were studied, and morphological features and propensity for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) involved were also speculated. Because of demolition, Nilgai is sparsely populated in Pakistan, so studying the cause of its death was essential. The lung samples were collected, and histopathological techniques and bacterium isolation were used to analyse them. Necropsy, i.e., gross and histopathological postmortem exams, were carried out in the laboratory using customary methods under rigorous crafting circumstances. A standard visual and microscopic methodology was used in gross examination, and routine microbiologic tests were run. Specific and compelling infectious agents have been found in Nilgai's lungs, including Pasteurella multocida and Mycoplasma bovis. Pathology and histopathology revealed that Nilgai had extensive ulceration and chronic swelling behind his mandibles, and the post-mortem report verified this. The report revealed that the lungs were grey hepatised. Histological lesions represented acute, severe, haemorrhagic, and chronic bronchopneumonia stages of pneumonia. Lungs with histological lesions were classified as pattern pneumonia. The current study's goals were to report clinical, pathologic, and molecular data and to determine the cause of the respiratory ailment that affected one Nilgai.

HETEROTOPIC GASTROINTESTINAL CYST IN THE ORAL CAVITY: A CASE REPORT

The heterotopic gastrointestinal cyst of the oral cavity is a rare congenital lesion that appears in infants and children. It occurs preferentially on the floor of the mouth and has a male predilection. Clinically, it appears as an asymptomatic swelling, and the diagnosis is confirmed by histopathology exam. This study reports a case of a 33-year-old, brown female patient, complaining of swelling and pain below the tongue, with an evolution of 45 days. The patient reported that, at three months old, a congenital cystic lesion was removed, and she was informed about the possibility of recurrence. Physical examination revealed a sessile implantation, and a normochromic and painful swelling in the lingual belly. Excisional biopsy was performed, with a histopathological diagnosis compatible with a heterotopic gastrointestinal cyst. The patient is undergoing follow-up, with no recurrence of the lesion. This case emphasizes the importance knowing about rare lesions with oral manifestations. The heterotopic gastrointestinal cyst of the oral cavity is a rare congenital lesion that appears in infants and children. It occurs preferentially on the floor of the mouth and has a male predilection. Clinically, it appears as an asymptomatic swelling, and the diagnosis is confirmed by histopathology exam. This study reports a case of a 33-year-old, brown female patient, complaining of swelling and pain below the tongue, with an evolution of 45 days. The patient reported that, at three months old, a congenital cystic lesion was removed, and she was informed about the possibility of recurrence. Physical examination revealed a sessile implantation, and a normochromic and painful swelling in the lingual belly. Excisional biopsy was performed, with a histopathological diagnosis compatible with a heterotopic gastrointestinal cyst. The patient is undergoing follow-up, with no recurrence of the lesion. This case emphasizes the importance knowing about rare lesions with oral manifestations.

GORLIN CYST WITH ATYPICAL PRESENTATION: A CASE REPORT

A partially edentulous 56-year-old woman presented an asymptomatic and slow growing swelling in the left posterior maxillary alveolar ridge. Examination of a panoramic X-ray showed a multilocular mixed radiolucent lesion exhibiting radiopaque structures and poorly defined borders. A hypothesis of odontogenic cyst X odontogenic tumor was formulated, and an excisional biopsy followed by curettage were performed. The histopathologic analysis revealed a connective tissue fibrous capsule lined by odontogenic epithelium characterized by columnar cells resembling ameloblasts and with the presence of ghost cells and areas showing deposits of calcifying dentinoid/enameloid-like material. Based on the abovementioned characteristics, a diagnosis of Gorlin cyst was reported. The patient presented no signs of recurrence after 84 months of follow up. The occurrence of cases with atypical presentation highlights the importance of the histopathologic exam for accurate diagnosis. A partially edentulous 56-year-old woman presented an asymptomatic and slow growing swelling in the left posterior maxillary alveolar ridge. Examination of a panoramic X-ray showed a multilocular mixed radiolucent lesion exhibiting radiopaque structures and poorly defined borders. A hypothesis of odontogenic cyst X odontogenic tumor was formulated, and an excisional biopsy followed by curettage were performed. The histopathologic analysis revealed a connective tissue fibrous capsule lined by odontogenic epithelium characterized by columnar cells resembling ameloblasts and with the presence of ghost cells and areas showing deposits of calcifying dentinoid/enameloid-like material. Based on the abovementioned characteristics, a diagnosis of Gorlin cyst was reported. The patient presented no signs of recurrence after 84 months of follow up. The occurrence of cases with atypical presentation highlights the importance of the histopathologic exam for accurate diagnosis.

Unilateral orchitis‐epididymitis and diffuse periorchitis in a dog due to β‐haemolytic streptococcal infection

AbstractEpididymitis can be associated with orchitis and periorchitis, and can be classified as acute or chronic, and of an infectious or non‐infectious aetiology. This study aims to describe a case of orchitis‐epididymitis and diffuse periorchitis due to β‐haemolytic streptococcal infection. The dog presented at the veterinary service with an enlarged, hyperaemic scrotum with regional acute pain, lethargy and hyporexia. In the ultrasound exam, an abnormal amount of peritesticular anechoic fluid and enlargement of the left epididymis was observed. Treatment consisted of a bilateral orchiectomy and scrotal ablation. The histopathological exam indicated left orchitis‐epididymitis and diffuse periorchitis, with neutrophilic inflammatory cell infiltrate and the presence of coccoid bacteria. The microbiological exam isolated β‐haemolytic streptococci. Bilateral orchiectomy and the use of a specific antimicrobial was effective in treating the condition.

A retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma involving the spleen and pancreas: a case report.

In the present case, the girl complained of abdominal pain and dysuria. Clinical examinations showed a palpitated mass in her left pelvis; a radiology exam revealed a cystic mass infiltrating the spleen and pancreatic tail, reaching the pelvis. The mass, including the spleen and pancreatic tail, among the cystic compound was removed. The final diagnosis of benign CL was done based on a histopathology exam. A one-year follow-up showed no signs of recurrence. CL is usually asymptomatic. The retroperitoneal location of the mass delayed the diagnosis and allowed the mass to grow to a large size and compress nearby structures. The typical presentation of CL is usually a substantial, multichambers cystic mass. However, it could be easily misdiagnosed with other cystic tumors of the pancreas. Age-based differential diagnosis should be taken into consideration in children as abdominal mass can originate from gastrointestinal or genitourinary systems. The imaging features of CL are insufficient, and the final diagnosis depends on the histopathology exam. Furthermore, CL can mimic pancreatic cysts in its presentation and cite; therefore, it must be included in the diagnosing strategy whenever a retroperitoneal cyst is being investigated, as imaging features can be misleading. Surgical treatment of CL should be associated with long-term ultrasound follow-up to identify and manage recurrence early.

Parasitic Fauna of Captive Snakes (Serpentes, Colubridae) from Northeastern Argentina

This study aimed to evaluate the status of parasitic infections of colubrid snakes living in serpentariums in northeastern Argentina. Specimens were analyzed through clinical examination and coproparasitological surveys. In cases of death, specimens were necropsied, and histopathological exams were performed to determine its cause(s). Out of 30 specimens examined from 12 different species, parasites were found in 25 of them (83%). Nematodes were most common, with rhabdiasid and ascaridid helminths accounting for 57% and 40% of all infections, respectively. Further, the ascarid Hexametra boddaertii was identified in a specimen of Erythrolamprus aesculapii. Coccidian, digenean, and pentastomid parasites were also found less frequently. We identified the pentastomids Raillietiella furcocerca and Cephalobaena tetrapoda in specimens of Pseudablabes patagoniensis. We revealed systemic lesions induced by endoparasites, including enteritis and detachment of the gut mucosa by ascarids, tissue granulomas by rhabdiasids, and pulmonary microhemorrhages by pentastomids. Additionally, rhabdiasid-induced lesions in Duvernoy's gland were shown for the first time. Regarding ectoparasites, we identified the tick Amblyomma dissimile in a specimen of P. patagoniensis. On the whole, this study provides relevant information about the prevalence and pathophysiological effects of parasites on captive colubrids and paves the way for treatment strategies of such infections.