Background/Objectives: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) remains a major cause of maternal morbidity. This study aimed to describe the clinical, ultrasonographic and histopathological features of EP, including changes following methotrexate (MTX) therapy. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 60 patients diagnosed with EP between 2018 and 2024. Clinical characteristics, serum β-hCG (beta-human chorionic gonadotropin) dynamics, treatment type, site-specific ultrasonographic features, and histopathological aspects were evaluated. Results: Extrauterine EPs accounted for 63.3% of cases, predominantly tubal ectopic pregnancy (T-EP), while uterine ectopic pregnancy represented 33.3%, including cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) in 20%. Heterotopic pregnancy was identified in 3.3%. T-EP most frequently required surgical management, whereas MTX was effective in selected T-EP and CSP cases, as demonstrated by a ≥ 15% decline in serum β-hCG levels at 7 days. Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) enabled accurate site-specific localization of ectopic implantation. Histopathological evaluation confirmed ectopic implantation and MTX-related changes in treated cases. Conclusions: Integrating clinical findings, β-hCG dynamics, and targeted TVUS allows accurate diagnosis and individualized management of EP, with histopathology providing definitive confirmation and insight into treatment-related changes.

Toxicity comparison of avermectins, chlorantraniliprole and deltamethrin on Procambarus clarkii: Histopathology, apoptosis, antioxidation, transcriptome response and intestinal microflora.

The meagre (Argyrosomus regius) is a teleost species rapidly gaining commercial importance in aquaculture. Under intensive farming conditions, a rising incidence of Systemic Granulomatosis (SG) has been observed in this species. This review comprehensively examines the aetiology, immunopathogenesis, histopathology, nutritional and genetic factors associated with SG. Current scientific evidence strongly suggests that SG is a multifactorial pathology rather than a bacterial infection and is mainly due to non-infectious causes. Studies have shown that molecular positivity for potentially infectious agents such as Mycobacterium spp. and Nocardia spp. were not confirmed by histopathological and in situ hybridization methods, suggesting that these findings may be related to environmental contamination or non-clinical latent infections. Oxidative stress and inflammatory processes triggered by deficiencies in antioxidant vitamins (C, E and K), n-3 LC-PUFA and imbalanced n-3/n-6 ratios were seen to underlie SG. It has been shown that the incidence of granuloma is significantly reduced with feeds that have an optimal nutrient profile and include balanced live feed applications. Environmental stress factors, especially high stocking density, exacerbate the development of SG by increasing oxidative stress in fish. Therefore, appropriate stocking densities and water quality management play a critical role in disease control. Genetic factors explain individual differences in fish resistance to inflammatory responses and diseases. Research on the meagre genome suggests that adaptive variation in genes associated with the immune system may be involved in susceptibility or resistance to SG. Immunopathologically, SG is a chronic inflammatory response characterized by the transformation of macrophages into epithelioid cells and granuloma formation. Histopathological examinations show the presence of widespread and non-infectious granulomatous lesions in many organs such as heart, liver, kidney and brain. SG is too complex to be explained solely by the presence of pathogens. It should be evaluated together with the genetic and immunological background of the host, dietary lipid profile and susceptibility to environmental stress factors.

ABSTRACT It has been suggested that adipokines may modulate plasma lipid levels, and β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) gene expressions may affect adipokine levels and play critical roles in lipid metabolism. This study aims to determine predictive biomarkers for preterm birth (PTB) by evaluating serum complement 1q (C1q)/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein (CTRP) levels, lipid profiles, gene expressions, and placental pathological changes in women experiencing PTB. A total of 80 pregnant women, 40 preterm and 40 term, who applied to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, were included in the study. Blood and placenta samples were taken from all participants. Serum CTRP, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured; β3-AR gene expression and detection rate of the β3-AR rs4994 (Trp64Arg) amplicon were evaluated. Placental tissues were examined histopathologically for perivillous/intervillous fibrin deposition and hydropic degeneration. ROC analysis was used to determine predictive biomarkers for PTB. In the PTB group, compared to the control group, β3-AR gene expression levels and serum CTRP3 levels were significantly decreased, while the detection rate of the Trp64Arg amplicon and serum CTRP4 levels were significantly increased. In addition, LDL levels increased significantly (p = 0.046), TC levels decreased (p = 0.045). According to ROC analysis, LDL (p = 0.039), TC (p = 0.034), CTRP3 (p = 0.019), and CTRP4 (p = 0.033) levels were determined as significant predictive biomarkers for PTB. Histopathological examination revealed increased perivillous and intervillous fibrin deposition and marked hydropic degeneration in the PTB group. Changes in CTRP levels, lipid profile disorders, and a decrease in β3-AR signaling pathways were found to be associated with PTB. LDL, TC, CTRP3, and CTRP4 levels can be evaluated as potential biomarkers that can be used in the early diagnosis and management of PTB.

To evaluate the impact of polymorphisms in SOCS-1, TNF-α and RANKL on gene expression of RANK, RANKL, TNFRSF1, SOCS-1, IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α, and to evaluate the histopathological, immunohistochemical and microbiological aspects of persistent apical periodontitis (PAP) after root canal treatment (RCT) in Brazilian individuals. Patients with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis at the time of the non-surgical RCT (NSRCT) were followed up for at least 1 year after NSRCT. In view of the need for surgical intervention (cases assessed with a CBCTPAI score of 4 and 5, with the presence of symptoms), 20 patients were selected for endodontic surgery, which was planned using cone beam computed tomography images. Initially, saliva was collected as a source of genomic DNA, and the individuals were genotyped for SOCS-1, TNF-α and RANKL polymorphisms by real-time PCR. After collecting the biological material, the periapical lesions obtained were subjected to analysis of gene expression levels for RANK, RANKL, TNFRSF1, SOCS-1, IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α, and histopathological evaluation for characterisation and differentiation into periapical granulomas and cysts; immunohistochemical evaluation for SOCS-1 and IL-1β protein labeling; and microbiological analysis to identify the microorganisms involved in persistent periapical infection. The relative mRNA expression values of each gene in each group, according with genotypes in different SNPs, were analysed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post-test or T-test (α = 5%). Different expression values of the genes evaluated were observed according to the genotypes of the polymorphisms evaluated in relation to PAP (p < 0.05). Among the cases submitted for histopathological evaluation, 66.7% were diagnosed as periapical granuloma and 33.3% as periapical cyst. Immunohistochemical analysis showed strong positivity for SOCS-1 and IL-1β in the lesions classified as periapical cyst, while the lesions diagnosed as periapical granuloma were not labelled. In the microbiological analysis, four different species of bacteria were isolated: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus cereus. This exploratory study indicates that genetic polymorphisms can modulate gene expression and protein activity in PAP, shaping the host's inflammatory and reparative response. These findings highlight their potential as biomarkers and establish a basis for future translational studies.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Adult DIPG comprises only 1-2% of adult brain tumours; it is important to discuss this entity in adults because, with whatever limited literature we have, the disease appears to be a different entity than pediatric DIPG. In this study, we will explore the clinic-radiological, surgical, histopathological, and genetic aspects of the disease and their impact on prognosis. METHOD This is a prospective study of all adult patients with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma from June 2019 to April 2023. Clinical, radiological, histology, and molecular features were reviewed and prognostic factors for overall survival was analysed for all patients. RESULTS We included 47 adult patients: 20 with H3K27M alterations, 15 without H3K27M alterations, and 12 without a biopsy. The median age of our study population is 29 years. Median KPS was 90. Cranial nerve palsy was the most common presenting complaint. Hydrocephalus requiring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion was present in 8 patients (17%). Lesion biopsy was performed in 35 patients (74.5%), and exophytic component decompression was done in 4 patients (8.5%). Four patients were lost to follow-up. Adjuvant therapy was received by 25 patients (58.1%). Radiotherapy was the only significant prognostic indicator of overall survival (p-value&amp;lt;0.01). There were 12 long-term survivors in our study, but we did not find any significant survival prognostic indicator among this group. Patients with non-H3K27 M altered DIPG had a significantly better survival rate than those with H3K27M-altered glioma (p-value &amp;lt; 0.01). CONCLUSION Adult DIPG behave differently from pediatric DIPG due to differences in the histopathological diagnosis spectrum and hence needs to be assessed in depth for better prognostication of patients.

Almost 70 years ago, the World Health Organization (WHO) decided to propose a “Classification of Tumours”. Since then, a systematic and extensive classification system for tumours has been continuously developed in successive editions and nowadays closely interlinks with coding systems for cancer registries like the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O). Whereas past editions had their focus on histopathological aspects of tumour classification in different organ systems and topologies, to which (somatic) genetic alterations increasingly contributed, the current fifth edition of the WHO Classification for the first time includes a separate “Blue Book” volume on “Genetic Tumour Syndromes”. Along with chapters dedicated to tumour predisposition inferred by constitutional (germline) genetic pathogenic variants in the different organ-specific volumes of the classification, this new addition to the WHO classification highlights the increasing importance of constitutional genetic alterations for the diagnosis and clinical management of patients with such tumours. The WHO classification of Genetic Tumour Syndromes applies a hierarchical system based on four levels: the major (cellular) mechanism affected, the molecular pathway involved, the (clinical) syndrome, and the specific gene(s) affected. It provides – in part novel or modified – names to the genetic tumour syndromes as well as definitions and descriptions of clinical, epidemiologic, etiologic, pathogenetic and pathological aspects. Essential and desirable diagnostic criteria are given as well as rules for reporting, thus paving the way to international standardization. While the final version of the WHO Classification of Genetic Tumour Syndromes is in proof-stage, the present article, which is based on its beta-version, aims to provide an overview of the concepts underpinning the classification.

Areolar leiomyoma: clinical and histopathological aspects of two cases.

Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor characterized by local aggressiveness and high recurrence rates. To identify and classify molecular biomarkers associated with its invasive behavior. Following PRISMA recommendations for Systematic Reviews, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and gray literature for English-language studies published between March 2020 and March 2025. Eligible studies included those using human tissues, retrospective case series, or invitro assays with experimental validation. Studies focused solely on clinical, radiological, or histopathological aspects were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for case series and the QUIN tool for invitro studies. Data extraction was carried out independently by three reviewers. A total of 34 studies met the inclusion criteria, identifying 70 biomarkers related to tumor invasion. These were categorized by biological function, with the most commonly reported involved in extracellular matrix degradation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, bone remodeling, cell proliferation, stemness, and the tumor microenvironment. The findings suggest that metalloproteinases, cytokines, and EMT-related proteins are key drivers of invasion. These biomarkers may represent valuable therapeutic targets for developing innovative and less invasive treatment strategies. This review was registered in the Open Science Framework.

Background/Objectives: The solitary fibrous tumor is an uncommon benign mesenchymal neoplasm with relatively indolent and rarely metastasizing behavior. This retrospective study includes 26 cases of head and neck solitary fibrous tumors diagnosed between 2017 and 2024. Methods: The morphological examination with Hematoxylin–Eosin staining was completed via immunohistochemical reactions with specific antibodies. Results: The Ki-67 proliferation index had a median of 11.2%, with an interquartile range of 5% to 15%. CD20-positive B-cells had a score of 0 in 50% of cases (n = 26), while CD3 and CD5 T-cells had a score of 3 in 81% of cases (n = 21). CD4-positive T-cells had a majority score of 1 (81%, n = 21). CD8-positive T-cells had a broader distribution: 65% (n = 17) of cases presented a score of 1, 27% (n = 7) a score of 2, and 8% (n = 8) a score of 0. Antigen-presenting dendritic cells and mast cells presented a majority score of 0 in the entire cohort, being undetectable in 85% (n = 22) and 88% (n = 23) of cases, respectively. CD20-positive B-lymphocytes demonstrated moderately strong correlations with the Ki-67 cell proliferation index (r = 0.77). The time to recurrence was most strongly associated with the Ki-67 mitotic index (r = 0.81), CD4-positive (r = 0.85), and CD5-positive T-lymphocytes (r = 0.55), and CD20-positive B-lymphocyte expression (r = 0.68). Conclusions: This research illustrates our experience with head and neck solitary fibrous tumors, the surgical decisions, and the morphological and immunohistochemical features, while reviewing the cases published in English in the specialized literature.

ObjectivesTo study the characteristics of penile cancer in French Guiana (FG)— a French overseas department in South America. Indeed, penile cancer is a rare malignancy with significant geographic and socioeconomic disparities. While its epidemiology is well‐documented in mainland France, data from FG remain limited.Patients and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of 22 cases of primary penile cancer diagnosed between 2004 and 2024 at the Centre Hospitalier de Kourou. Demographic, clinical, histopathological, and risk factor data were collected and reviewed.ResultsThe average incidence was 1.07 cases per year, with a mean age at diagnosis of 54.9 years. Notably, 19% of patients were under 40 years. The Bushinengue population (descendants of escaped African slaves) accounted for 54.5% of cases. The most common risk factor was lack of circumcision (100%), followed by HPV‐16 infection (40.9%). Most tumours were exophytic (68.2%), distal (72.7%), with a median size of 3.5 cm. Squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant histological type (90.9%), with 56.3% being well differentiated. Lymph node involvement was present in 68.2% of patients.ConclusionThe incidence of penile cancer in FG appears higher than in neighbouring regions, potentially due to regional underreporting and cross‐border healthcare access. The disproportionate impact on the Bushinengue population, younger age at diagnosis and advanced disease at presentation likely reflect cultural practices, low circumcision rates and barriers to early care. This first study on penile cancer in FG highlights the role of non‐circumcision and HPV‐16 infection as major risk factors. Public health efforts should prioritize HPV vaccination and early diagnostic access in vulnerable populations.

Reticular erythematous mucinosis (REM) is a rare chronic dermatosis, predominantly affecting middle age women, characterized by net-like macules and patches on the chest and back. The etiology of REM is uncertain, though associations with environmental, hormonal, and autoimmune factors have been suggested. This systematic review of 62 studies, involving 129 patients, analyzes the clinical, histopathological, and therapeutic aspects of REM. Findings indicate consistent mucin deposition in the dermis, a predominant lymphocytic infiltrate, and a frequent association with comorbidities like thyroid disorders and autoimmune diseases. Antimalarial medications, particularly hydroxychloroquine, are highlighted as the most effective treatment, though the disease may relapse upon cessation. This review emphasizes REM as a distinct clinical entity and underscores the need for further research to refine diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols.

Aggressive thyroid carcinomas—anaplastic (ATC) and poorly differentiated (PDTC)—are rare but highly lethal malignant entities. Their immunophenotypical characterization is still incomplete, and no standardized diagnostic algorithms have been used. Our study retrospectively analyzes 40 thyroidectomy cases as follows: 12 ATC and 28 PDTC from 2014 to 2024 by evaluating clinical data, histopathological aspects, molecular analysis for presence of BRAFV600E and TERTC228/250T mutations, as well as immunohistochemical expression of BRAFV600E, total BRAF, K-RAS, TERT, PAX-8, TTF-1, P53, and Ki-67. BRAFV600E was present in 70% of cases, with higher prevalence in ATC. Total BRAF correlated positively with K-RAS and TERT and negatively with BRAFV600E. TERT abnormal expression was highly prevalent in over 90% of cases, while loss of TTF-1 and PAX-8 is associated with anaplastic transformation. Ki-67 proliferative index had significantly higher values in ATC, thus supporting its role as a marker for aggressiveness. On univariate analysis, higher Ki-67 indices and lymph node invasion are independent predictor factors for the presence of metastases. However, on multivariate analysis, they both lose significance. Upon multivariate analysis, loss of TTF-1 and tumor necrosis were significant predictors for anaplastic histotype. Specific BRAFV600E immunohistochemistry may be a good screening tool for the BRAFV600E mutation. Molecularly, there is a relatively frequent association of the BRAFV600E mutation and TERTC228, mainly in the PDTC subgroup. Patterns of marker expression suggest that BRAF or RAF activation with subsequent loss of TTF-1 or PAX-8, TERT upregulation, and TP53 alteration are frequent occurrences in aggressive thyroid carcinomas. The association between TTF-1 loss and anaplastic transformation, presence of necrosis alongside BRAFV600E, underlines their diagnostic potential in subclassifying aggressive thyroid carcinomas.

BackgroundAlthough thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are rare, they account for approximately 50% of anterior mediastinal tumors. These tumors, including thymomas and thymic carcinomas, are distinguished by specific histological and immunohistochemical characteristics, necessitating the development of precise classifications. The revised World Health Organization (WHO) classification in 2021 has refined diagnostic criteria, identified new entities and variants, and integrated advances in immunohistochemistry and molecular biology. The main objective of our work is to describe the histopathological aspects of thymic epithelial tumors and reclassify them according to the new 2021 WHO classification, as well as to compare the histopathological findings with clinical and radiological data.MethodsThis is a single-center, descriptive, retrospective study involving 100 patients diagnosed with and operated on for thymic epithelial tumors. The cases were collected from the Department of Pathology and Cytology at Abderrahman Mami Hospital in Ariana, spanning from January 2010 to December 2022.ResultsThe study included 54 women and 46 men (sex ratio: 0.85). The average age was 50 years, with extremes ranging from 12 to 81 years. The primary reason for consultation was myasthenia (44%, n=44), which was preferentially associated with type B2 thymomas (52.3%). Thoracic X-rays, performed as a first-line examination, revealed a mediastinal opacity in 48% of cases. However, chest Computed Tomography scans were the reference examination, allowing better characterization of mediastinal masses and detecting signs of locoregional invasion in 11% of cases. Surgical resection was performed in all cases, preceded by a transpleural biopsy in 15% of cases. Histological examination revealed 95 cases of thymomas and 5 cases of thymic carcinomas. Type B2 thymomas were the most frequent (41.1% of cases), followed by type AB thymomas (23.1%) and type B1 thymomas (18.9%). Immunohistochemically, the epithelial cells expressed epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and cytokeratin (CK). The lymphoid component in thymomas showed a B-cell phenotype, with CD20 expression in 5 cases, and a T-cell phenotype, expressing CD3 in 52 cases. Immature T lymphocytes expressed CD1a, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and CD99 markers in all cases. Regarding thymic carcinomas, each subtype had specific immunohistochemical markers. The Masaoka-Koga classification revealed that stage IIb was the most common for thymomas, with a frequency of 52.6%.ConclusionsThough rare, TETs have distinct characteristics that require a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating advances in pathology, radiology, and molecular biology. A better understanding of these tumors allows for optimized treatment, particularly through precise surgery and rigorous evaluation of clinical and radiological data. This study highlights the importance of the updated classification of thymic epithelial tumors in refining diagnosis and improving patient management.

Altered protective role of tyrosine and cystine-capped gold nanoparticles: A histological perspective.

Rats share a significant amount of genetic and physiological similarity with humans. Many biological processes and pathways are conserved between rats and humans, making rats a suitable model for studying various aspects of human health and disease. Using rats as an aging model offers a more ethical alternative to using larger, longer-lived animals like primates. Rats are easier to handle in laboratory settings, as compared to non-human primates, both of which have physiological functions like humans. To date, there are very few studies which have comprehensively studied age-related changes in rat physiology. Here we present a longitudinal assessment of several aspects of Brown-Norway rat physiology and histopathology using molecular and functional assessments at 6-, 17- and 27 months of age. Our studies thus provide age-related healthspan parameters, which can be used as reference for genetic or pharmacological rat models of aging.

The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis suggests that environmental exposures during critical developmental windows increase the risk of disease later in life. Among these, endocrine disruptors (EDs) are particularly concerning due to their ubiquitous presence. The kidneys are highly susceptible to EDs toxicity during the perinatal period; however, long-term effects of ED mixtures on renal structure in aging remain unclear. This study aimed to characterize the renal histoarchitecture of aged rats after perinatal exposure to an ED mixture. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to two groups: Control (corn oil, 2 ml/kg) and ED Mix (32.11 mg/kg/day of 12 EDs, including phthalates, pesticides, UV filters, bisphenol A, and butylparaben, in corn oil). Exposure occurred from gestational day 7 to postnatal day 21. Offspring were euthanized at postnatal day 440. ED mixture exposure did not affect the organosomatic index. However, ED Mix offspring presented renal lesions, including necrosis and tubular fusion, with a trend toward increased pathological changes. Morphometric analysis revealed enlarged nuclei and increased nuclear perimeters in the cortex and medulla, along with altered cellular organization in glomerular and medullary regions. Collagen organization was disrupted, with increased fibrosis in cortical and medullary compartments and reduced collagen type I and III in glomeruli. These findings indicate that perinatal exposure to an ED mixture alters nuclear phenotype and promotes extracellular matrix remodeling in distinct renal compartments. Such changes suggest long-term impacts on renal structure and function, emphasizing the health risks associated with early-life exposure to complex ED mixtures.

Glioblastoma multiforme represents the most aggressive of all primary brain neoplasms in adults, characterized by extremely poor prognosis and limited therapeutic interventions. This paper reviews current knowledge regarding molecular and histopathological insights into GBM. Besides demonstrating necrosis and microvascular proliferation with high cellularity- which have made it a diagnosis of classification and clinical behavior- at the molecular level this tumor is unleashed by diverse genetic and epigenetic changes. This includes alterations in IDH mutation, PTEN loss, EGFR amplification as well as MGMT promoter methylation controlling tumor progression as well as treatment response to therapies. Further, therapeutic resistance arising due to the heterogeneity of cells within tumors plus associated recurrence has emphasized another dimension requiring focus in research studies regarding treatment options for cancer anywhere between baseline laboratory benches up through human patient applications. Additionally included are immune cell components among others such as extracellular matrix elements plus signaling pathways promoting invasion/survival processes inside mass development regions resulting finally to Spatial Transcriptomics-based single-cell sequencing mapping out spatial complexity yet providing directions towards potential biomarkers along with precise therapy choices. Progress does not dissuade the fact that GBM carries such a forlorn prognosis, hence the need for integrated research approaches that would incorporate histological, molecular, and microenvironmental information. It is, therefore, imperative to underscore comprehensive tumor profiling in guiding future therapeutic strategies toward clinical outcome improvement.

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is one of the tropical diseases that is still a global public health problem, this is closely related to the environmental conditions that support the life cycle of the Aedes species mosquito, which is the vector of its spread. Laboratory testing to support diagnosis is generally by examining viral or serological components. The technique is limited to the acute phase, so the role of histopathological aspects that explain changes in tissue structure in organs is significant. The histopathology reports of dengue hemorrhagic fever patients in this literature review will be summarized so that they can be used as a reference source for medical laboratory technology students, strengthening understanding of the tissue pathology of dengue virus infection. A total of ±126 million academic articles, reduced to the 50 papers most relevant to the research question. There are 7 articles that meet the criteria. Post-infectious organ tissue in dengue hemorrhagic fever patients, showing various conditions such as necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, vascular congestion in various organs; infiltration of inflammatory cells; viral replication characterized by the expression of dengue virus antigens in various cells; as well as the expression of chemokines and cytokines.

Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating clinical and histopathological aspects in sentinel lymph nodes, as well as the presence of metastasis and micrometastasis. Methods: 28 female cats aged between five and 17 years were selected, in which thoracic radiography, abdominal ultrasonography, hemogram, serum biochemistry, and cytology were performed for tumor staging and preoperative evaluation. Blue vital dye was used to locate the axillary lymph node, after which mastectomy and lymphadenectomy were performed. Results: according to the tumor-node-metastasis system, 64.28% of patients were classified as stage 3, 21.43% as stage 1, and 14.28% as stage 2. The most affected breasts were theinguinal (34.78%), followed by the caudal abdominal (32.61%), the cranial abdominal (21.74%) and the thoracic (10.87%). 80.47% of neoplasms were classified as malignant carcinomas. Metastasis was found in 21.43% of inguinallymph nodes and was not observed on axillary lymph nodes. Conclusions and relevance: evaluation of mammary neoplasms, including the clinical staging of the disease, contributes to the therapeutic approach by enabling the delineation of a more accurate diagnosis and prognosis, and a more appropriate treatment. Moreover, lymphadenectomyof axillary lymph nodes was difficult to perform even after using the vital dye to map and locate them. Keywords: Breast; mastectomy; tumors.