Histamine-induced Paw Edema Research Articles

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic property of ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea

ObjectiveClitoria ternatea is a well-known bioactive plant used to treat several inflammatory ailments in Ayurvedic system of medicine in India. The present investigation aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea roots (EECT) in animal models. MethodsThe anti-inflammatory activity of the EECT was evaluated by carrageenan and histamine-induced paw edema. ResultsEECT showed a significant reduction in mean paw edema volume in both carrageenan and histamine-induced inflammation. The efficacy of EECT in rheumatoid arthritis was tested against Freund’s complete adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritic model in Wistar rats. The anti-arthritic effect of EECT was determined by systematic scoring of arthritis symptoms and measuring paw edema. A considerable decrease in paw diameter was observed in the EECT (200 and 400 mg/kg) and diclofenac (10 mg/kg) treated groups after day 7. Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) and EECT (400 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction in paw diameter from day 14 compared with CFA control (P < 0.001). The anti-arthritic activity was also confirmed from the altered biochemical, haematological (Hb, RBC and WBC) and anti-oxidant parameters (SOD, MDA, CAT, and GSH). EECT (400 and 200 mg/kg) also showed a marked inhibition of joint destruction. ConclusionThis study provides a pharmacological rationale for the traditional use of C. ternatea against inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis in India.

Denatonium benzoate decreases the effect of histamine in vitro and in rats

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of denatonium benzoate (DB) in histamine-induced model of inflammation and the effect of the selective H1 receptor agonist (2-(2-Pyridyl) ethylamine) on rat gastric smooth muscle strips pretreated with DB.Methods: The anti-inflammatory effect of DB was evaluated in vivo on histamine-induced rat paw edema. In vitro studies on spontaneous muscle contraction were performed on smooth muscle strips isolated from rat gastric corpus.Results: The results showed a well-defined anti-inflammatory effect of DB (15 mg/kg) during the early stage of rat paw edema at the 15th (p &lt; 0.001), 30th (p &lt; 0.01) and 60th min (p &lt; 0.001) compared to control. In vitro experiments indicated reduced spontaneous contractile activity of smooth muscle strips to H1 receptor agonist in the presence of DB (0.5 μM). The vascular effects of histamine are mediated by H1 receptors. Substances, which reduce the effect of histamine on the H1 receptors could influence the early stage of histamine-induced inflammation.Conclusion: The results show that the anti-inflammatory activity of DB probably is related to its antagonistic activity on histamine H1 receptors. The results would contribute to the search for new antiinflammatory drugs.&#x0D; Keywords: Denatonium benzoate, Inflammation, Histamine, Muscle contraction

Topical and systemic use of Joannesia princeps vell. LC seed oil in acute pain and inflammation induced by different agents

Ethnopharmacological relevanceJoannesia princeps (SOJP) has been used in folk medicine as anthelmintic treatment and cutaneous wound healing.Aim of the study: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pharmacological activity of seed oil of Joannesia princeps, administered systemically and topically, on acute pain and inflammation. Materials and methodsMale swiss mice were treated orally and topically with seed oil of Joannesia princeps in models of acute pain (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin-induced licking behaviour and tail flick tests) and acute inflammation (carrageenan- and histamine-induced paw oedema; arachidonic acid-, capsaicin- and croton oil-induced ear oedema and air pouch tests), besides the open field model in the motor performance evaluation. ResultsSeed oil of Joannesia princeps showed systemic action against acute pain in abdominal writhing test (37% and 56% inhibition in the number of writhes at doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) and in the second phase of formalin-induced licking behaviour test (29%, 47 and 52% inhibition in the licking time at doses of 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg, respectively), as well as reducing croton oil-induced ear oedema by 72%, leukocyte recruitment and production of TNF-α and IL-6 in the air pouch tests. In addition, topical administration of SOJP inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema by 39% at dose of 500 μg/paw and inhibited histamine-induced oedema by 43 and 52% at doses of 300 and 500 μg/paw, respectively. SOJP also decreased croton oil-induced ear oedema by 67% at dose of 500 μg/paw and arachidonic acid-induced ear oedema by 63% at dose of 500 μg/paw, reducing the production of TNF-α, IL-1β and MIP2 in both. In addition, no adverse effects were observed at doses up to 2000 mg/kg. ConclusionsSeed oil of Joannesia princeps presents antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions through its topical and systemic administration, promoted by inhibition of leukocyte recruitment and cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MIP-2).

Anti-inflammatory and In Silico Docking Studies of Heterophragma adenophyllum Seem Stem Constituents.

Heterophragma adenophyllum is a traditional medicinal plant that has been used as anti-inflammatory and to relief muscular tension. In the current research, four isolated constitutes namely lapacho (1), peshawaraquinone (2), indanone derivatives (3), α-lapachone (4) of H. adenophyllum were tested for anti-inflammatory effect using the carrageenan- and histamine-induced paw edema paradigm. The tested compounds (1-4) were evaluated for anti-inflammatory effect during the early and late phase of edema induction. In the early phase, all tested compounds (0.5 2.5mg/kg each i.p.) demonstrated less than 50% effect, while in the later phase, compounds (2 and 3) demonstrated 85.66 and 89.87% attenuation. In addition, compounds (1-4) were subjected to histamine-induced inflammation, where compounds 2 and 3 exhibited excellent effects 86.87 and 89.98%, respectively at 5mg/kg after the 2nd hour of administration, whereas compounds 1 and 4 did not exhibit any significant effect as compared with the negative control. Molecular docking results revealed a very high potency of compound based on the protein-ligand interaction (PLI) profile, which was further evaluated through a molecular dynamic simulation study. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory effect of H. adenophyllum attributed to the presence of these bioactive compounds (1-4) strongly supports the traditional uses of H. adenophyllum for treatment of inflammation. However, compounds 2 and 3 which exerted anti-inflammatory effect must be subjected for further mechanistic studies.

In vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and sedative activity and a molecular docking study of dinaphthodiospyrol G isolated from Diospyros lotus

BackgroundAnalgesic, anti-inflammatory, and sedative drugs are available with potential side effects such as peptic ulcer and addiction among other things. In this regard, research is underway to find safe, effective, and economical drugs free of these side effects. In this study, an isolated natural product from Diospyros lotus, was tested for the aforementioned bioactivities.ObjectivesTo evaluate analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and sedative potential of D. lotus extracts in animal paradigms using BALB/c mice as experimental model.MethodsAnalgesic, anti-inflammatory and sedative activities of dinaphthodiospyrol G (1) isolated from the chloroform fraction of D. lotus were evaluated using different experimental procedures. Anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using the carrageenan and histamine-induced paw edema, whereas the antinociceptive effect was quantified by means of the hot plate analgesiometer. On the other hand, the sedative effect was determined using animal assay for screening the locomotors effects of compound 1. Compound 1 was also subjected to molecular modeling studies against cyclooxygenase enzymes.ResultsResults from this investigation showed that the extract is devoid of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potentials but has a significant sedative effect, whereas the tested compound exhibited 55.23 and 78.34% attenuation in paw edema by carrageenan and histamine assays, respectively. A significant (p < 0.001) and dose-dependent antinociceptive and sedative effects were demonstrated by the isolated compound. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies of the isolated compound against cyclooxygenase enzyme indicated that compound 1 forms specific interactions with key residues in the active site of the target receptor, which validates the potential use of the isolated compound as cyclooxygenase inhibitor.ConclusionsCompound 1 exhibited remarkable analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and sedative activities. These findings strongly justify the traditional use of D. lotus in the treatment of inflammation, pain, and insomnia.

Hot methanol extract of Leea macrophylla (Roxb.) manages chemical-induced inflammation in rodent model

ObjectiveThis study investigated how a chemical-induced analgesia and inflammation could be managed by hot methanol extract of Leea macrophylla (Roxb.) root (LM). MethodsNature of secondary metabolites and the phytochemicals was studied by the established qualitative tests and GC–MS analysis. The analgesic potential was tested by acetic acid-induced writhing model, formalin test and tail immersion model. In contrast, carrageenan and histamine-induced paw edema models were applied to estimate the impact on inflammatogenic agents in Wistar albino rats. ResultsThe LM was found to contain cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and triterpenoids. A list of about thirty compounds from the GC–MS study of LM has been recorded. The LM significantly (p < 0.05) minimized the writhing responses in acetic acid-induced writhing assay. The LM100 (LM 100 mg / kg b.w.) and LM200 (LM 200 mg / kg b.w.) reduced the licking period both in early and late phases of formalin-induced animal studies. The LM50 (LM 50 mg/kg b.w.) demonstrated the analgesic effects at 180 min, and in the tail immersion test diclofenac sodium displayed a substantial latency time at 120 and 150 min. The paw edema inhibition of LM100 and LM200 was statistically significant compared to diclofenac sodium of carrageenan-induced test. Also, the paw edema size in histamine-induced paw edema model was significantly decreased by LM50. ConclusionResults demonstrated that L. macrophylla (Roxb.) root extract could be very potential source of therapeutic formulation in pain and inflammation with further clarification.

Anti-oedematous and antinociceptive activities assessment of stem bark aqueous extract of Ficus exasperata Vahl. (Moraceae) in rat and mice.

Abstract Background: Ficus exasperata Vahl. (Moraceae) is widely used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The present study is undertaken to assess the anti-oedematous and antinociceptive activities of the stem bark aqueous extract of Ficus exasperata in mice and rats. Methods: The anti-oedematous activity was investigated following carrageenan or histamine-induced rat paw oedema models. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing test (1 %, 10 ml/kg), capsaicin-induced neurogenic pain (32 µg/mL, 30 µL) and formalin-induced test (1%, 20 µL). Extract was administrated orally at 37.5, 75 and 150 mg/kg. Results: Pre-treatment of rats with Ficus exasperata stem bark aqueous extract exhibited significant inhibition of paw oedema during all the phases of both carrageenan and histamine induced edema in rat. The maximum inhibition percentages were 94.75 % (3 h) and 30.64 % after one hour at the dose of 37.5 mg/kg, respectively, in carrageenan or histamine models. Antinociceptive activity showed that aqueous extract reduced significantly (p &lt; 0.001) the pain induced by acetic acid with an inhibition percentage of 70.8% (150 mg/kg). In the formalin-induced test, the extract also reduced significantly (p &lt; 0.001) licking time during neurogenic phase and inflammatory phase with inhibition percentages of 44.75% and 52.78% respectively at the dose of 75 and 150 mg/kg. In addition, aqueous extract of F. exasperata reduced significantly (p &lt; 0.001) neurogenic pain induced by capsaïcin by 71.28 % at the highest dose (150 mg/kg). Conclusion: This finding suggests that the stem bark aqueous extract of Ficus exasperata possess potent anti-oedematous and antinociceptive activities. Keywords: Aqueous extract; anti-oedematous; antinociceptive; Ficus exasperata.

Investigation of the Biological Activities and Characterization of Bioactive Constituents of Ophiorrhiza rugosa var. prostrata (D.Don) & Mondal Leaves through In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Approaches.

Ophiorrhiza rugosa var. prostrata is one of the most frequently used ethnomedicinal plants by the indigenous communities of Bangladesh. This study was designed to investigate the antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic and antibacterial activities of the ethanol extract of O. rugosa leaves (EEOR). The leaves were extracted with ethanol and subjected to in vivo antidiarrheal screening using the castor oil-induced diarrhea, enteropooling, and gastrointestinal transit models. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was evaluated using the histamine-induced paw edema test. In parallel, in vitro anthelmintic and antibacterial activities were evaluated using the aquatic worm and disc diffusion assays respectively. In all three diarrheal models, EEOR (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) showed obvious inhibition of diarrheal stool frequency, reduction of the volume and weight of the intestinal contents, and significant inhibition of intestinal motility. Also, EEOR manifested dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity. Anthelmintic action was deemed significant (P < 0.001) with respect to the onset of paralysis and helminth death. EEOR also resulted in strong zones of inhibition when tested against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. GC-MS analysis identified 30 compounds within EEOR, and of these, 13 compounds documented as bioactive showed good binding affinities to M3 muscarinic acetylcholine, 5-HT3, tubulin and GlcN-6-P synthase protein targets in molecular docking experiments. Additionally, ADME/T and PASS analyses revealed their drug-likeness, likely safety upon consumption and possible pharmacological activities. In conclusion, our findings scientifically support the ethnomedicinal use and value of this plant, which may provide a potential source for future development of medicines.

EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF GUAZUMA ULMIFOLIA

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Introduction: Guazuma ulmifolia (Sterculiaceae) is commonly used in folk medicine as a single drug remedy to treat various ailments like; skin diseases, headache, wounds, ulcers, asthma, kidney disease and malaria. However, the use of the herb for treatment of pain and inflammation has not been scientifically investigated. Objective: This study of 80% methanolic crude extract of the leaves of Guazuma ulmifolia was evaluated for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties using established animal models. Material and methods: Wister albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of six rats per group. The control group was orally given 2 ml/kg (p.o.) of distilled water. The positive control received standard drug (Diclofenac 10 mg//kg, Indomethacin 20 mg/kg). The rest of the groups were treated with 80% methanolic extract of Guazuma ulmifolia at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg. Animals were then subjected to tests using hot plate and tail-clip for analgesic activity, for anti-inflammatory activity carrageenan-induced paw edema test and histamine-induced paw edema test was used. Result and Discussion: Guazuma ulmifolia extract showed a dose-dependent significant reduction of pain in analgesia models (p&lt;0.001) with 500 mg/kg dose producing the highest reduction. The extract significantly reduced carrageenan-induced inflammation in a dose-independent manner, in which the highest reduction of inflammation was observed at 500 mg/kg. Conclusion: The data collectively indicate that 80% methanolic extract of Guazuma ulmifolia leaves has potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Total Crude Leaf Extract of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Phytolacca dodecandra&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; in Wistar Albino Rats

Background: Pain is a common problem encountered in daily life among humans and animal and it is commonly managed conventionally using modern medicines and traditionally by use of medicinal plants. Phytolacca dodecandra is a common herb in Uganda, used traditionally to alleviate pain and inflammatory conditions. However, its activity in alleviating pain and inflammatory diseases has not been fully scientifically evaluated. Aim of Study: To evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of total crude leaf extracts of P. dodecandra in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: It was a laboratory-based experimental study. Acetic acid-induced writhing test was used to determine the analgesic activity and the histamine-induced paw edema formation for anti-inflammatory activity of the extract. Twenty eight animals were divided into 7 groups each with 4 rats and two (2) sets of data were obtained from each animal per group as per guidance of the refinement rule of 3Rs. For analgesic activity, Group I was dosed with 1.0ml of normal saline (negative control), group II, III, IV, V, VI were dosed with 1000.0, 600.0, 150.0, 40.0 and 5.0 mg/kg bwt of extract respectively. Group VII was dosed 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac sodium (Na) drug (positive control). For anti-inflammatory activity, Group I was dosed with 1.0ml of normal saline (negative control), Group II, III, IV, V, VI were dosed with 1000.0, 600.0, 300.0, 40.0 and 5.0 mg/kg bwt of extract respectively. Group VII was dosed 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac Na. The percentage mean paw volume inhibition and percentage writhing protection were determined. Results: The mean percentage paw volume inhibitions were 29.1%, 74.2% and 32.3% at doses of 5.0, 40.0 mg/kg bwt and 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac Na respectively. The mean percentage writhing protection was 8.9%, 10.4%, 78.5% and 98.7% at doses of 150.0, 600.0, 1000.0 mg/kg of extract and 10.0 mg/kg bwt diclofenac Na respectively. Conclusions: Total crude leaf extracts of P. dodecandra has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity that may be attributed to the presence of polyphenolic, saponins and many others phytochemicals that are present in the plant.

The effect of Elsholtzia densa methanolic extract modulates inflammation in vitro and in vivo

Inflammatory diseases being one of the back bending global burden are alarming the world. Established anti-inflammatory drugs exert side-effects, demanding for the development of alternative drugs, likely from natural source because of their diverse chemical nature. The anti-inflammatory activity of aerial part methanol extract of Elsholtzia densa collected from the natural forest of Naranag area of Kashmir valley was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo model systems using Macrophages RAW 264.7 cells and acute (carrageenan and histamine-induced rat paw edema) and chronic model (formaldehyde induced arthritis) respectively. The EDM extract exhibited a significant decline in the paw volume being at par with the standard drug Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) as compared with the control group. The reduction was observed in dose dependent manner with 300 mg/kg resulting in 27.27% and 100 mg/kg in 16.88% inhibition at 3rd h. A statistically significant (p < 0.05) decline in the secretion of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1 β and IL-6 was found with 80.93%, 75.33% and 67.09%, and 83.25%, 62.11% and 66.69% in EDM-300 as compared with the carrageenan and histamine group respectively. The pro-inflammatory cytokines levels showed clampdown in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 by the extract treatments. The LC–MS data revealed the presence of Quercetin 3-glycosides, Apigenin 7-(2″-acetyl-6″-methylglucuronide) and betulinic acid as major compounds present in EDM extract. Results obtained from in vivo experiments demonstrate that oral administration of EDM extract significantly attenuated inflammation in carrageenan and histamine-induced paw edema, and improved chronic models (formaldehyde induced arthritis).

Illicium verum Extract Exhibited Anti-inflammatory Action in Rodents

Background: Illicium verum Hook. f. (Star anise) has been traditionally used for the treatment of abdominal colic, vomiting, pain, nervousness, insomnia and rheumatism. Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of Illicium verum extracts. Methods: Different extracts of I. verum (IV-Ext-1, IV-Ext-3 and IV-Ext-4) were screened for their anti-inflammatory potential using carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. The mechanism of action was explored using paw edema tests (carrageenan, histamine, serotonin and prostaglandins) in rats and anti-oxidant activity (DPPH assay). Reverse phase HPLC was used for chemical characterization of extracts. Results: The IV-Ext-3 was found to be the most potent anti-inflammatory agent (38% inhibition) using carrageenan-induced paw edema. The anti-inflammatory effect was observed during both the initial (IC50: 260 mg/kg) and late phases (IC50: 200 mg/kg). Similar IC50 of 200 mg/kg was observed in both phases of histamine-induced paw edema. However, the extract failed to cause 50% inhibition in serotonin-induced edema (IC25: 400 mg/kg) and was also ineffective against Prostaglandin- E2 induced edema. Furthermore, the IV-Ext-3 appeared to be an effective antioxidant (IC50: 12 µg/ml). The HPLC chromatogram of IV-Ext-3 showed the presence of anti-inflammatory constituents such as shikimic acid (1.6%) and anethole (0.25%), 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (0.003%) and p-hydroxy methyl benzoate (0.117%) along with some polar hydroxyl derivatives of benzoic acids. Conclusion: Among all the extracts of I. verum, IV-Ext-3 was found to be the most effective antiinflammatory agent which can be attributed to multiple anti-inflammatory constituents, antihistamine and antioxidant potentials. Keywords: Star anise, anti-histamine, prostaglandins synthesis inhibitor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, edema.

Anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory constituents of leaf extracts of Anacardium occidentale L. in animal models

ObjectiveAnacardium occidentale L. leaf is useful in the treatment of inflammation and asthma, but the bioactive constituents responsible for these activities have not been characterized. Therefore, this study was aimed at identifying the bioactive constituent(s) of A. occidentale ethanolic leaf extract (AOEL) and its solvent-soluble portions, and evaluating their effects on histamine-induced paw edema and bronchoconstriction. MethodsThe bronchodilatory effect was determined by measuring the percentage protection provided by plant extracts in the histamine-induced bronchoconstriction model in guinea pigs. The anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts on histamine-induced paw edema in rats was determined by measuring the increase in paw diameter, after which the percent edema inhibition was calculated. The extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the bioactive constituents. Column chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used respectively to isolate and characterize the constituents. The bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activities of the isolated bioactive constituent were evaluated. ResultsHistamine induced bronchoconstriction in the guinea pigs and edema in the rat paw. AOEL, hexane-soluble portion of AOEL, ethyl acetate-soluble portion of AOEL, and chloroform-soluble portion of AOEL significantly increased bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activities (P < 0.05). Oleamide (9-octadecenamide) was identified as the most abundant compound in the extracts and was isolated. Oleamide significantly increased bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activities by 32.97% and 98.41%, respectively (P < 0.05). ConclusionThese results indicate that oleamide is one of the bioactive constituents responsible for the bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory activity of A. occidentale leaf, and can therefore be employed in the management of bronchoconstriction and inflammation.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of crude leaf and bark extract of Lantana Camara

The purpose of present study was to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) leaf and bark extract. The methanol extract of Lantana camara (MELC) was screened for possible analgesic activity by acetic acid, hot plate and anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan and histamine induced paw edema. The result showed that, MELC (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) leaf and bark possessed significant (P <0.01 and P <0.05) anti-inflammatory response and 200 mg/kg dose of MELC leaf and bark showed more significant (P <0.01) analgesic activity as compared to the 100 mg/kg dose. Preliminary phytochemical screening result shows the presence of several phytochemicals which may responsible for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions. The results indicate the MELC showed great potential for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity and may be useful for the medical purpose.

Milonine, an Alkaloid of Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. (Menispermaceae) Inhibits Histamine Release of Activated Mast Cells.

Milonine is an alkaloid of Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. (Menispermaceae), a plant used in the northeast of Brazil to treat allergies such as asthma, rhinitis, and other conditions. Previously, several alkaloids were isolated from its roots and leaves with pharmacological properties in asthma and acute inflammation models. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the milonine effect on mast cells degranulation in vivo and in vitro. Swiss mice (n=8) were used in models of paw edema induced by carrageenan, compound 48/80, or histamine. One hour before challenge, the animals were treated with milonine (at different doses) or standard drugs and, at different time points, the edema formation was measured. In addition, other different methods, such as anaphylactic shock reaction and scratching behavior models both induced by compound 48/80, a mast cell degranulator, were used to assess milonine effect histamine release in vivo. Moreover, milonine effect on mast cell degranulation in vitro was also carried out. Firstly, it was observed that milonine significantly decreased the carrageenan edema formation only at the beginning of the reaction (i.e., up to 2h after challenge). Furthermore, this alkaloid decreased the edema induced by compound 48/80, maintained the paw tissue integrity, without modulating histamine-induced paw edema. In anaphylactic shock reaction, milonine increased the time of animal survival when compared with compound 48/80 group. Milonine also significantly decreased the scratching behavior induced by compound 48/80 with decreasing of mast cell degranulation in vitro. Therefore, these data indicated that milonine presents anti-allergic properties by decreasing mast cell degranulation rather than acting on histamine effect.

Carvedilol can attenuate histamine-induced paw edema and formaldehyde-induced arthritis in rats without risk of gastric irritation

Background and aimRheumatoid arthritis treatment aims to control joint damage and any associated complications such as cardiovascular disease. Most anti-inflammatory drugs have a high tendency to cause gastro-intestinal irritation. The present study is designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of carvedilol and to study its effect on gastric mucosa. Experimental approachLornoxicam (1.3mg/kg) or carvedilol (10mg/kg) was administrated orally 1h before histamine injection into animals of a histamine-induced paw edema model and orally daily for 11days into animals of a formaldehyde-induced arthritis model. Tumor necrosis factor-α and prostaglandin E2 were measured in animals of the formaldehyde-induced arthritis model. The effect of lornoxicam and carvedilol on gastric mucosa was assessed in normal rats and after induction of cold stress ulcer. ResultsCarvedilol succeeded in reducing hind paw edema in both histamine-induced paw edema and formaldehyde-induced arthritis and in reducing the elevated level of tumor necrosis factor-α and prostaglandin E2 nearly with near equal efficacy compared with lornoxicam. Carvedilol did not show any ulcerative effect on the gastric mucosa of normal rats, and its use was associated with an improvement of both the gross and histopathological pictures of gastric ulcers in animals of the cold stress ulcer model compared with lornoxicam treated rats. ConclusionThe current findings support the use of carvedilol both in the management of inflammation as well as the prevention of cardiovascular complications in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The use of carvedilol was not associated with any gastro-intestinal tract irritation.

In vivo anti-inflammatory characterization of crude extract and solvent fractions of Viola serpens

The aim of this research activity was the in vivo evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect and acute toxicity of the crude methanol extract of Viola serpens and its various fractions. For acute toxicity test a dose of 2 g/Kg was found to be safe. The Wistar albino rats were used for the models of Carrageenan-induced paw edema (CIPE), histamine induced paw edema (HIPE) and xylene induced ear edema (XIEE). In CIPE and HIPE models all the fractions and the crude extract mostly showed more significant responses in all the three test doses from the 2nd till the 5th hour. These effects may be the results of certain compounds which may resists or inhibit the histamine, prostaglandins or mediators of the mast cells. Similarly, in model of XIEE both the crude extract and n-hexane fraction showed significant inhibition (P< 0.05) in a dose dependent way. Whereas, the other tested fractions showed topically subsided effect at 300 mg/kg, suggesting that fractions act by inhibiting the enzyme phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Acute toxicity; Carrageenan; Histamine and xylene http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2016.50162

Investigations on anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Alnus nitida Spach (Endl). stem bark in Sprague Dawley rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceStem bark of Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. (family Betulaceae) is used by local communities in northern areas of Pakistan as a remedy for swelling, injuries and pain. However no pharmacological study of this plant has been reported to confirm these activities. In this study anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of A. nitida stem bark have been evaluated. MethodsPowder of the stem bark of A. nitida was extracted with methanol (ANBM) and partitioned in escalating polarity to get the n-hexane (ANBH), chloroform (ANBC), ethyl acetate (ANBE) and the residual soluble aqueous (ANBA) fractions. The methanol extract and derived fractions were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by using in vitro heat induced albumin denaturation assay and various in vivo assays; carrageenan-induced hind paw edema method, Freunds’ complete adjuvant induced arthritis, histamine induced paw edema and xylene induced ear edema in Sprague Dawley rat. The extracts/fractions were also evaluated for analgesic effects by using hot plate analgesic test and acetic acid induced writhing test in rat. The ANBM composition was analyzed by HPLC-DAD and GC-MS analysis. ResultsResults of heat induced albumin denaturation activity indicated that among the extract/fractions ANBC at concentration range of 100−500µg/ml remarkably protected the heat induced albumin denaturation. The pretreatment with ANBC significantly reduced the carrageenan induced edema with 90.81±1.6% after 4h, comparing with 86.63±3.42% reduction produced by the reference drug diclofenac potassium. Histopathological alterations of the gastric and hind paw were decreased with the extract/fractions. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory effects of ANBC were evident in Freunds’ complete adjuvant induced arthritis, histamine induced paw edema and xylene induced ear edema. The latency time in hot plate analgesic assay with ANBC (61.59±0.38%) after 90min was comparable to standard drug morphine (69.31±2.67%) and aspirin (67.24±2.08%). Similarly ANBC significantly (p<0.01) inhibited the pain sensation in acetic acid induced writhing test in rat. HPLC-DAD analysis of ANBM indicated the presence of gallic acid, catechin and rutin while the GC-MS analysis of ANBM indicated the presence of 30 compounds predominantly of neophytadiene, 3,7,11,15 tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, phytol, vitamin E and linalool. ConclusionThe results of this study suggested that the presence of polyphenols, sterols, terpenoids and other constituents might contributed towards the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the crude methanol extract of A. nitida bark and its derived fractions. This study endorsed the folklore use of A. nitida bark for inflammation related disorders.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of the aqueous extract of &lt;i&gt;Albizia zygia&lt;/i&gt; stem bark

Albizia zygia is used in folk medicine for treatment of a wide variety of ailments including wounds, toothache and inflammation. Its acclaimed local use in the treatment of inflammation prompted the investigation into its antiinflammatory activity. The effect of the aqueous stem bark extract of Albizia zygia on inflammation was investigated using acute (carrageenan induced-, dextran induced-, histamine induced-paw oedema, carrageenan-induced exudate formation and croton oil induced ear oedema) and chronic (formalin induced arthritis) models of inflammation in rats and mice. The extract caused significant (p<0.05), inhibitions of croton oil-induced ear oedema, carrageenanand dextran-induced paw oedema without any appreciable effect on histamine induced oedema. The extract also significantly inhibited leucocyte migration without affecting the volume of exudate formation. The antiinflammatory effects of the extract on these acute models of inflammation were not dose-dependent as greatest activity was seen at the dose of 200mg/kg. This same dose also caused a significant reduction in ankle, but not paw, oedema in the formaldehyde-induced arthritis model. The aqueous stem bark extract of Albizia zygia possesses antiinflammatory activity on acute and chronic inflammatory models in rats and mice. Keywords: Albizia zygia ; Arthritis; Carrageenan; Formaldehyde; Oedema

EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC AND ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF CUSCUTA REFLEXA EXTRACTS ON ANIMAL MODELS

Cuscuta reflexa (Roxb.) belonging to the family Convolvulaceae and popularly known as dodder, is a parasitic plant with claims of antibacterial, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory properties in literature. HPTLC analysis and investigation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Cuscuta reflexa extracts, petroleum ether extract, methanol extract, and aqueous extract of Cuscuta reflexa (PECR, MECR, and AECR respectively) at three dose levels of 50, 200 &amp; 300 mg/kg body weight of an animal by oral route were used for biological activities. The analgesic activity of was determined using hot plate analgesia, acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin test. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined using models like carrageenan, serotonin and histamine-induced paw edema models along with cotton pellet induced granuloma. Probable mechanism involved in the antiinflammatory effect of methanol and aqueous extracts was evaluated with various tests like ulcerogenicity test; acetic acid induced vascular permeability test and leukocyte migration test using a single dose of 300 mg/kg orally. Acute oral toxicity test revealed the LD50 of &gt;2 g/kg. PECR, MECR and AECR (200 and 300 mg/ kg p.o.) significantly (P&lt; 0.05) increased latency against thermal stimulus, decreased the acetic acidinduced writhing responses and licking times of the second phase in the formalin test. Moreover, MECR and AECR (200 and 300 mg/kg p.o.) exhibited significant (P&lt;0.01) antiinflammatory effect against carrageenan and mediator-induced paw edema. The most promising fraction of methanol extract was found to be quercetin, which could be responsible for the biological activity. Results suggest significant analgesic and antiinflammatory effects produced by MECR and AECR.