The periportal capsulotomy for hip arthroscopy minimizes iliofemoral ligament violation compared to T- and interportal capsulotomies, theoretically reducing the risk of postoperative instability secondary to capsular insufficiency. The purpose of this study was to compare patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and revision rates between women without dysplasia who underwent an interportal versus a periportal capsulotomy approach for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS). It was hypothesized that women without dysplasia would achieve better outcomes and a lower revision rate through a periportal approach. Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Consecutive female patients with normal acetabular coverage (lateral center-edge angle >25° and ≤40°) who underwent primary hip arthroscopy with complete capsular closure by a single surgeon for the treatment of FAIS between February 2020 and November 2022 were prospectively added to a database and their records retrospectively reviewed. An interportal capsulotomy was utilized in all patients before June 2021, and periportal capsulotomies were utilized thereafter. Femoral osteoplasty was performed in all patients, and a labral repair was performed when indicated. PROs were collected preoperatively and at a 2-year minimum follow-up, including pain scores at rest and activities of daily living (range, 0-10), single assessment numeric evaluation (SANE) scores, and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Physical Function (PROMIS-PF) scores. Minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) were calculated using the distribution method. PROs, MCID achievement rates, and revision rates were compared between capsulotomy types. In total, 105 women without dysplasia (41 interportal, 64 periportal) were included. There were no differences in baseline demographic or radiographic characteristics between groups. Follow-up time was longer in the interportal group compared to the periportal group (3.52 ± 1.04 years vs 2.67 ± 0.62 years; P < .001). The periportal group had greater improvements in SANE (30.0 ± 20.2 vs 17.3 ± 21.3; P = .004) and PROMIS-PF (13.7 ± 9.61 vs 7.62 ± 9.04; P = .003) scores compared to the interportal group. The periportal group also had higher rates of MCID achievement with SANE (87% vs 69%; P = .037) and PROMIS-PF (90% vs 68%; P = .018) scores compared to the interportal group. Overall, the 2-year revision rate was 12% for the interportal group and 4.7% for the periportal group (P = .26). All patients who required additional surgery underwent revision hip arthroscopy for instability. In female patients without hip dysplasia who underwent primary hip arthroscopy for the treatment of FAIS, periportal capsulotomies with complete capsular closure provided higher rates of clinically meaningful improvements in subjective outcomes of SANE and PROMIS-PF scores compared to an interportal capsulotomy with complete closure at 2 years postoperatively.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a 3-month post-hip arthroscopy rehabilitation program within a randomized controlled trial comparing hip arthroscopy to sham surgery for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (HIP ARThroscopy International [HIPARTI] trial) by describing exercise adherence, type, and pain; 6-month changes in International Hip Outcome Tool-33 (iHOT-33); and physical impairments and functional performance. DESIGN: Exploratory cohort study nested in a pilot randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Participants aged 18 to 50 years with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome completed a 3-month, physical therapist-led, postsurgical rehabilitation program, self-reporting rehabilitation adherence and pain levels on the visual analog scale using weekly training diaries. Baseline to 6-month changes in quality of life (iHOT-33), physical impairment (hip strength, range of motion [ROM]), and functional performance (single-leg hop, side bridge endurance) were reported as mean (standard deviation). RESULTS: Twenty-nine people (37% female, 29.9 ± 7.9 years) participated. Hip extension, abduction, and functional exercises were performed most often. Exercise adherence analysis was limited by underreporting. Training diary data adequate to assess adherence were available for 20 participants (69%). Among those with available data, 16 (80%) met the predefined adherence target of ≥2 sessions per week, and average pain remained acceptable (<2 visual analog scale); iHOT-33 (+18.6 ± 22.5; 95% confidence interval: 10.2, 27.0) and hip flexion ROM (+6°; 95% confidence interval: 2.14, 9.60) improved significantly. Hip extension, adduction, external and internal rotation strength improvements exceeded the minimal detectable change, although they were not significant. CONCLUSION: Adherence was generally high among participants with available data, though limited by underreporting. Hip-related quality of life (iHOT-33) improved despite limited changes in physical impairments, and no improvement in functional performance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2026;56(7):456-464. Epub 23 April 2026. doi:10.2519/jospt.2026.13775.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a common cause of hip pain, often treated with arthroscopy. The optimal approach among unilateral, staged bilateral, and simultaneous bilateral procedures remains unclear due to limited comparative data. To compare clinical outcomes and complication rates among simultaneous bilateral, staged bilateral, and unilateral hip arthroscopy in patients with FAI syndrome. Systematic review and Meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 3. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The PubMed, Scopus, and Ovid MEDLINE databases were searched through April 2025. Eligible comparative studies included patients with FAI undergoing hip arthroscopy via unilateral, simultaneous bilateral, or staged bilateral approaches and reported outcomes such as patient-reported scores, complications, and revision or conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA). Nine studies with a total of 4040 hips were included. All surgical approaches showed significant improvements in pain and functional outcome scores. There were no statistically significant differences in postoperative visual analog scale score, Modified Harris Hip Score, Non-Arthritic Hip Score, International Hip Outcome Tool-12 score, rates of revision surgery, or conversion to THA among the 3 groups. Meta-analyses confirmed similar outcomes between staged and unilateral groups. Although 1 study reported a lower THA conversion rate in the simultaneous group, findings were inconsistent across the literature. Simultaneous bilateral, staged bilateral, and unilateral hip arthroscopy offer comparable short- to midterm outcomes and complication rates in FAI patients. Simultaneous bilateral arthroscopy may represent a safe and efficient option for appropriately selected patients. Surgical approaches should be individualized based on patient symptoms, goals, and risk profile. PROSPERO (CRD420251039957).

Narrowing of the ischiofemoral space leading to the entrapment of neurovascular structures is the pathologic basis of ischiofemoral impingement (IFI). In our clinical practice, we encountered a patient with secondary IFI because of an osteochondroma in the lesser trochanter region, presenting with typical posterior hip pain. Traditional surgical methods typically involve lesion resection through a posterolateral approach to the hip, with only a few patients reported using hip arthroscopy. We present a modified posterior hip arthroscopic technique for resecting an osteochondroma near the lesser trochanter. This technique allows for rapid access to the lesion site and provides clear visualization of the sciatic nerve under arthroscopy, facilitating safe and thorough lesion resection.Level of evidence V, Case Study.

Athletes Undergoing Staged Bilateral Hip Arthroscopy Show Favorable Midterm Outcomes and Return to Sport: A Propensity-Matched Study.

Labral reconstruction has become an essential technique for treating irreparable acetabular labral pathology. While both segmental and circumferential reconstruction techniques are utilized, it remains unclear whether one provides superior clinical outcomes. To compare patient-reported outcomes, complications, and reoperation rates between segmental and circumferential labral reconstruction. Meta-analysis. A systematic review of the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases was performed in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines on February 2, 2025. Studies were included if they reported clinical outcomes after arthroscopic hip labral reconstruction using either segmental or circumferential techniques. Data were extracted on patient characteristics, surgical details, patient-reported outcome measures, complications, revision arthroscopy, and conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA). Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. A total of 28 studies consisting of 1817 hips were included, with 1086 undergoing segmental and 731 undergoing circumferential reconstruction. Patient characteristics were similar between groups, except for a lower proportion of women in the segmental cohort than circumferential cohort (44.6% vs 73.2%; P < .001). Both techniques resulted in significant improvements in all patient-reported outcomes, including the Harris Hip Score, Hip Outcome Score-Activities of Daily Living, Hip Outcome Score-Sports, International Hip Outcome Tool-12 score, Short Form-12 score, and visual analog scale pain score, with no significant differences between groups (all P > .05). Complication rates and revision rates were comparable (P = .05 and P = .06, respectively). However, circumferential reconstruction was associated with a significantly lower conversion to THA compared with segmental reconstruction (P = .01). Both segmental and circumferential labral reconstruction techniques provide significant and comparable improvements in functional outcomes and pain. Circumferential reconstruction was associated with a lower pooled rate of conversion to THA; however, causality cannot be inferred given the heterogeneity, nonrandomized design, and differences in follow-up duration between studies.

Return to work (RTW), particularly return to full-duty occupational function, is a clinically meaningful outcome after sports-related orthopaedic surgery. However, reporting across procedures is heterogeneous and often lacks occupational context. To synthesize full-duty RTW outcomes after common sports-related orthopaedic procedures in civilian populations. Secondary objectives were to describe the time to RTW and to evaluate outcomes stratified by occupational intensity and workers' compensation (WC) status. Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Civilian studies reporting RTW outcomes after meniscectomy, meniscal repair, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR), rotator cuff repair (RCR), distal biceps repair, biceps tenodesis, or hip arthroscopy were included. Data were extracted at the cohort level. Full-duty RTW rates were calculated using sample-size weighted pooled estimates. Time to RTW was summarized using the median of reported cohort-level mean RTW times. Occupational intensity-specific and WC-specific outcomes were analyzed descriptively when reported separately at the cohort level. A total of 87 unique studies met the inclusion criteria. Pooled full-duty RTW rates exceeded 90% after meniscectomy, meniscal repair, ACLR, and distal biceps repair. In contrast, pooled full-duty RTW rates after biceps tenodesis, RCR, and hip arthroscopy ranged from 74.2% to 76.7%. The median time to RTW ranged from 33 days after meniscectomy to 185 days after RCR. Across procedures with available data, WC cohorts and higher occupational intensity were associated with prolonged RTW timelines. Full-duty RTW outcomes vary by procedure type, with longer rehabilitation procedures demonstrating lower pooled RTW rates and longer median RTW timelines. WC status and higher occupational intensity were consistently associated with delayed RTW. Standardized reporting of occupational intensity, RTW definitions, and WC status is needed to improve clinical counseling and enhance comparability in future orthopaedic outcomes research.

Editorial Commentary: A Call for Clarity-Standardizing Return-to-Sport Definitions Is Essential for Interpreting Hip Arthroscopy Outcomes.

The relationship between early postoperative pain and long-term outcomes after hip arthroscopy is unclear. This study examined whether 2-week postoperative pain scores are associated with 2-year patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after hip arthroscopy and compared outcomes between patients with and without early postoperative pain improvement. Patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for labral tear and/or femoroacetabular impingement syndrome were retrospectively identified from a prospectively enrolled registry. Patients completed baseline, 2-week, and 2-year surveys. Patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) pain interference (PI) assessed pain. Early improvement was defined as a change in PROMIS PI score relative to the minimal clinically important difference threshold of ± 3.1 points from baseline at 2weeks postoperatively. Patient characteristics and PROs were compared between groups by early improvement status. Of 136 patients, 95 (71%) completed 2-week follow-up, and 70 of 95 (74%) completed 2-year. Improved early PROMIS PI was associated with worse baseline PROMIS Physical Function (p < .001) and PROMIS PI (p < .001), and better 2-week PROs across nearly all outcomes. Worse 2-week PROMIS PI scores correlated with worse 2-year PROMIS PI (p = .02), Fatigue (p = .02), and Anxiety (p = .002). On multivariable analysis, improved 2-week PROMIS PI was independently associated with better 2-year PROMIS PI, Marx Activity Rating Scale, and greater improvement in PROMIS PI. Early improvement in PROMIS PI after hip arthroscopy was independently associated with better 2-year pain and activity outcomes. Patients with improved early postoperative pain had worse baseline pain and function but better early postoperative PROs. 2-week PROMIS PI may serve as a useful prognostic indicator for 2-year PROs after hip arthroscopy.

Interportal and T-Capsulotomy Yield Similar Short-Term Outcomes After Hip Arthroscopy With Capsular Repair.

Editorial Commentary: Combined Hip Version Abnormalities May Not Negatively Influence Patient Outcomes, Depending How Version Is Measured and Combined Version Is Categorized.

Editorial Commentary: Hip Arthroscopic Capsular Management With Interportal Capsulotomy Versus T-Type Ultimately Depends on Surgeon Preference and Distal Visualization Necessity.

Hip-Combined Rotational Morphology Has Little Short-Term Impact on Clinical Outcomes Following Hip Arthroscopy in Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome.

Hip arthroscopy (HA) rates continue to increase. While efficacious in hip preservation outcomes, many patients will develop osteoarthritis necessitating total hip arthroplasty (THA). Presently, there is limited, conflicting literature on the correlation between preceding HA and subsequent THA outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of prior HA on subsequent THA revision rates in middle-aged THA patients (40 to 65 years old). Resource allocation before and after THA was additionally explored. Administrative data was used to perform a retrospective population-based study of Ontario residents who underwent primary THA for osteoarthritis (2002 to 2023). Exposure was prior ipsilateral HA, subcategorized as recent (≤ five years pre-THA) or remote (greater than five years). Outcomes included 5-year THA revision, 30-day emergency department (ED) visit, readmission, major surgical complication, hospital lengths of stay (LOS), 1-year costs, outpatient orthopaedic visits, mortality, and chronic opioid use. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to evaluate the influence of prior HA on outcomes. Of 85,814 primary THA identified, 5,642 (6.6%) underwent prior HA. There were 1,215 patients who received HA less than five years before index THA. Prior HA was associated with statistically higher revision risk (4.9 versus 3.3%; hazard ratio (HR) = 1.49; absolute risk difference = 1.7%). The 30-day ED visits, readmissions, and major complications were similar. Prior HA patients had greater pre-THA resource utilization and associated costs, 1-year post-THA costs (median $14,148 versus $13,740; P < 0.001), and number of outpatient visits. Chronic opioid use was associated with prior HA and increased odds of ED visit (OR [odds ratio] 1.37), readmission (OR 1.61), major complication (OR 1.40), postoperative visits (OR 1.12), and 1-year costs (OR 1.47) post-THA (all P < 0.001). In adults 40 to 65 years, prior HA was associated with increased risk of all-cause revision after THA, increased healthcare utilization and costs, and equivalent short-term complication and readmission rates. The benefits of HA should be carefully considered in this population, along with the risks elucidated in the present study. Patient counseling and education is essential given improvements in modern THA implant survivorship.

Central acetabular osteophytes (CAOs) have been implicated in abnormal hip biomechanics. However, their relationship with microinstability in borderline developmental dysplasia of the hip (BDDH) is unclear. The purpose of this study is to compare radiographic parameters between BDDH hips with and without CAOs and to determine whether CAOs are associated with microinstability. It was hypothesized that CAOs would correlate with increased version abnormalities and microinstability. Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. We retrospectively reviewed patients with BDDH, defined as a lateral center-edge angle of 18° to 25°, who underwent hip arthroscopy from 2020 to 2024. Patients were grouped as BDDH with CAO (cBDDH) or without CAO (nBDDH). Radiographic parameters, including anterior/posterior acetabular coverage, femoral neck version, acetabular version, and combined anteversion, were compared. Intraoperative findings of microinstability and ligamentum teres (LT) pathology were analyzed. Binary logistic regression identified predictors of CAO. A total of 157 patients were included (cBDDH, 76; nBDDH, 81). The cBDDH group demonstrated higher rates of microinstability and LT tears, as well as increased femoral neck, acetabular, and combined anteversion. Logistic regression showed that microinstability (β = .027; P < .001), LT tear (β = .010; P = .001), and combined anteversion (β = 1.343; P = .029; R2 = 0.542) were associated with CAO. In BDDH, CAOs were strongly associated with microinstability, LT tears, and increased combined anteversion. CAO may serve as a radiographic marker of instability and early osteoarthritis in BDDHs.

Persistent pain after total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a common complication requiring extensive diagnostic effort and is often associated with potentially invasive and morbid treatment options. With THA volume expected to steadily increase there is a similarly growing need for creative and effective diagnostic and therapeutic options for these clinically challenging patients. Hip arthroscopy has emerged as a promising tool in the setting of persistent pain after THA with expanding indications and promising outcomes. The purpose of this article was to provide a review of the current state of literature regarding arthroscopic and endoscopic solutions for common causes of persistent pain after THA with a focus on patient selection, indications, surgical considerations, outcomes, and complications. The most common indication for hip arthroscopy after THA is iliopsoas tendinopathy, showing excellent outcomes with symptom resolution in greater than 90% of patients after arthroscopic iliopsoas release or lengthening. The second most common indication is diagnostic arthroscopy in the setting of otherwise negative extensive work-up, which has shown diagnostic value for occult implant loosening, capsular fibrosis, and metal hypersensitivity. Endoscopic decompression for the treatment of ischiofemoral impingement and sciatic nerve decompression has also shown consistent improvements in pain and function. In addition to these well described indications, future utilization of hip arthroscopy for loose body removal, capsular plication for instability, and management of prosthetic joint infection are potentially emerging indications. Hip arthroscopy after THA is a safe and effective tool for the management of common causes of persistent pain after THA with robust support for iliopsoas pathology and emerging evidence and outcomes for less common indications. Future research will both expand and narrow these indications as diagnostic criteria, patient selection, and surgical techniques are refined.

Acetabuloplasty is a common component of hip arthroscopy for pincer-type and mixed femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), yet the optimal degree of correction remains controversial. Historically, rim trimming has often been guided by radiographic normalization, particularly of the lateral center-edge angle (LCEA). The purpose of this review is to synthesize current evidence regarding acetabular morphology, radiographic assessment, clinical outcomes related to the degree of acetabular correction, and intraoperative strategies that support optimal correction during acetabuloplasty. Recent literature suggests that acetabular overcoverage should not be viewed as a uniform indication for [aggressive] rim resection. Although the LCEA remains a useful measure of acetabular coverage, it incompletely captures focal versus global overcoverage, acetabular version, and dynamic impingement. Mid-term studies have demonstrated favorable outcomes after hip arthroscopy for pincer morphology, with no consistent relationship between postoperative LCEA normalization and patient-reported outcomes. In addition, patients with residual postoperative overcoverage may achieve outcomes comparable to those with normalized coverage and may actually demonstrate lower rates of conversion to arthroplasty. At the same time, excessive rim resection risks iatrogenic undercoverage, instability, edge loading, and accelerated degeneration. Current evidence supports a patient specific rather than radiographically uniform approach to acetabuloplasty. Successful treatment appears to depend on restoring functional femoroacetabular clearance while preserving sufficient acetabular coverage for joint stability and load distribution. Incremental resection, dynamic intraoperative reassessment, labral preservation, and balanced correction of acetabular- and femoral-sided pathology are central to this strategy. Future studies should emphasize three-dimensional assessment, standardized reporting, and longer-term evaluation of joint preservation.

To summarize contemporary evaluation and management of acetabular labral tears, particularly in the setting of femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS), including diagnosis, nonoperative care, surgical decision-making, and rehabilitation. The acetabular labrum is critical for maintaining hip stability, preserving the suction seal, and distributing load. Evaluation includes history, provocative examination, radiographs to assess CAM and Pincer morphology, and advanced imaging to confirm labral pathology and exclude alternative pain generators. Nonoperative treatment, including activity modification, targeted physical therapy, and selective intra-articular injections, is first-line. Appropriately selected patients often achieve significant pain relief and functional improvement with arthroscopic hip preservation surgery. Current surgical strategies prioritize labral preservation through repair when viable, reconstruction for irreparable tissue, correction of underlying osseous abnormalities, and meticulous capsular management. Acetabular labral tears are a common source of hip pain frequently associated with FAIS. A structured diagnostic approach and stepwise management encompassing nonoperative and appropriately indicated surgical intervention optimize outcomes. Individualized, phase-based rehabilitation with objective testing and sport-specific criteria supports return to activity and sport, with typical return occurring around 6-8 months but varying widely by sport and athlete demands.

Hip arthroscopy has increased in utilization with the improvement of surgical technique and technology. Although the rate of complications has historically been low, patient-specific factors may increase complication risk. The effects of preoperative corticosteroid use and resultant immunosuppression on outcomes following hip arthroscopy are not well understood. This study aimed to compare the rates and odds of 90-day medical complications, emergency department (ED) utilizations, and readmissions between corticosteroid users and nonusers undergoing hip arthroscopy. Using the PearlDiver nationwide claims database (2010 to 2021), corticosteroid users (N = 1,735) were propensity score matched in a 1:5 ratio to controls (N = 8,643) based on age, sex, and comorbidities, and Elixhauser comorbidity index. Ninety-day medical complications, ED utilization, and readmissions were compared. Logistic regression models were used to compute odds ratios (ORs) of medical complications, and 90-day ED visits and readmissions in corticosteroid users. Following Bonferroni correction, statistical significance was set at P < 0.01. Corticosteroid users demonstrated markedly higher odds of medical complications (OR, 4.75; P < 0.0001) compared with controls. Corticosteroid users had elevated rates and odds of deep vein thrombosis (1.27% vs. 0.25%; OR, 5.04; P < 0.0001), pneumonia (5.01% vs. 0.69%; OR, 7.81; P < 0.0001), blood transfusion (0.98% vs. 0.20%; OR, 5.06; P < 0.0001), surgical site infections (0.81% vs. 0.23%; OR, 3.51; P = 0.0003), and deep wound infections (0.69% vs. 0.22%; OR, 3.17; P = 0.001). Corticosteroid users had higher incidence and odds of ED visits (4.27% vs. 2.04%; OR, 2.15; P < 0.0001) and readmissions (4.84% vs. 2.07%; OR, 2.43; P < 0.0001) within 90 days. Corticosteroid users undergoing hip arthroscopy are at higher risk of 90-day medical complications, ED visits, and readmissions compared with noncorticosteroid users. These findings emphasize the need for careful perioperative planning and risk mitigation strategies for this high-risk group.

This study aims to establish critical thresholds for preoperative muscle area and width that predict two-year postoperative outcomes and to explore the correlation between baseline muscle area and two-year postoperative recovery in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS). Retrospective Cohort Study, Level IV. A cohort of 74 patients treated between March 2021 and March 2022 was analyzed. Preoperative MRI measurements were obtained for the cross-sectional area (CSA) and width of the iliopsoas, gluteus maximus, and gluteus medius/minimus muscles. Two years postoperatively, clinical outcomes including the International Hip Outcome Tool-12 (iHOT-12) and the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) were assessed. We evaluated correlations between preoperative muscle areas and postoperative outcomes using Pearson correlation coefficients. Multivariate linear regression models were constructed to identify independent associations between muscle CSA/width and postoperative outcomes. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to explore potential relationships and thresholds between muscle area and the Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS) and the Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID). ROC analyses demonstrated that pre-G-med/min width and CSA predicted several two-year endpoints, with notable performance for iHOT-12-PASS (width AUC 0.68, P = 0.0070; CSA AUC 0.66, P = 0.020) and mHHS-PASS (width AUC 0.85, P = 0.0030; CSA AUC 0.80, P = 0.0090); gluteus maximus (width AUC 0.67, P = 0.012; CSA AUC 0.67, P = 0.013) and iliopsoas (width AUC 0.69, P = 0.0060; CSA AUC 0.72, P = 0.0010) can predict iHOT-12-PASS. Correlation analyses revealed small-to-moderate positive relationships between preoperative gluteus medius/minimus width and CSA with postoperative mHHS and iHOT-12 scores. In multivariate models, Pre-G-med/min CSA remained a significant positive predictor of 2-year mHHS (β = 0.33, P = 0.034), while male sex emerged as a significant positive predictor for 2-year iHOT-12 (β = 0.35, P = 0.030 in the cross-sectional area model and β = 0.28, P = 0.049 in the width model). Preoperative widths and cross-sectional areas of the gluteus medius/minimus, gluteus maximus, and iliopsoas muscles may be associated with, and to a limited extent help predict, the clinical outcomes at two years postoperatively in patients with FAIS.