Hindu Society Research Articles

Dosa Dan Kewajiban Agama Dalam Catur Yuga Menurut Parāśara Dharmaśāstra

The Dharmaśāstra is considered the most important and interesting of the many śāstra books which contain the basic set of Hindu teachings and is known as one of the Vedaṅga books, namely the body part of the Vedas which cannot be separated from other Veda Śruti books. Dharmaśāstra is one of the Vedāṅgas and has the most important meaning and position in Hindu society. It consists of Śikṣa, Vyākaraṇa, Chanda, Nirukta, Jyotiṣa and Kalpa. The most important type of Vedāṅga and which has something to do with this Dharmaśāstra book is the Kalpa type. The origin of this Kalpa book is sourced from the Brāhmaṇa saṁhitā and is written in the form of a sūtra or śloka. Based on their usage, this group of Kalpa vedāṅga consists of four types according to their respective topics. The laws of Mānu were enacted during the time of Satya; the law of Gautama in the time of Tretā; the laws of Śaṅkha and Likhita during the time of Dvāpara; and the law of Parāśara in the Kaliyuga.Strict observance of penance (tapa) was a virtue during the Satyayuga; knowledge of the self (jñana) in the Tretāyuga; performing religious sacrifices (yajña) during the Dvāparayuga period, and performing almsgiving (dānam) during the Kaliyuga period. Kāliyuga means the age of strife marked by the fading of the spiritual life, because the world is fettered by material life. Human orientation is only on pleasure by satisfying sensual desire (Kāma) and if this continues to be followed, then lust is like a fire doused with kerosene or gasoline, it will not go out, but destroys the human being. The characteristics of the Kāli era (Kāliyuga) are increasingly evident in the era of globalization which is marked by the rapid flow of information, driven by technological developments with the content of the philosophy of Hedonism which is only material oriented and attempts to obtain mere pleasures

The Biopolitics of Caste: Analysing the (Dis)honour Killings in South India

Even after 75 years of independence, India witnesses the increasing violence unleashed by the upper caste families against the individuals for inter-caste love or marriage. The objective of this article is to critically engage with the operational aspects of Michel Foucault’s biopolitics of caste system in enforcing endogamy in the marital relationship between two individuals. Caste as a social institution governs every aspect of Dalit’s life, ranging from cradle to graveyard. As such, the increasing incidents of (dis)honour killings, from South India, reflect the idea of endogamy, with the ulterior motto of controlling the sexuality of the Dalits and women, thereby ensuring the purity of the caste Hindu society. Thus, the patriarchy is an inseparable element of caste system in controlling the freedom of women in choosing her partner and it is prevalent in sub-castes of Dalit folds also. The question of discrimination and practice of endogamy within Dalit communities should be addressed in marching towards annihilation of the caste.

Exploring the Representations of Caste and Ethnic Relations in Nepali Short Stories

Hindu society has different castes although the exact date of the origin of caste system is not known. Literary writers depict characters of different castes representing a Hindu society. This paper explored the representations of castes and ethnic relations in Hindu society presented in Nepali short stories. The writers have not prioritized more on the themes of castes, but depicted the interactions and interdependence of various castes to expose the other themes. To explore the representations of castes in Nepali short stories, a few representative short stories translated into English are randomly selected; the qualitative descriptive method was exploited to discuss the stories. The findings of the study are that the interactions and interdependence of characters from different castes produce the distinctive themes of the stories. The writers gave good names like Deviraman, Sitaram Pandit, Padmanidhi Lamichhane to upper caste characters, but exotic names like Chame, Juthe, Lukhure, etc. to so-called lower. Upper caste the Dware exploits a lower caste person Lukhure. The upper caste characters dominate the lower castes. Thus different castes are portrayed in the stories to squeeze the themes. Understanding the representations of castes in literature aids to analyse the condition of castes in the Hindu society.

Proses Penanganan Perkara Pidana Pencurian Pretima di Kabupaten Gianyar

Pretima theft not only causes property losses but also non-material losses such as trust which results in disruption of the spiritual balance of Hindu society. This kind of action is a crime that is very, very detrimental to Hindus, especially in Bali because they are considered to have damaged the beliefs of people's lives. The defendants are also considered to have tarnished the local customary rules contained in awig-awig in Bali. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to discuss the process of handling the criminal case of Pretima theft in Gianyar Regency and to examine the obstacles in the process of handling the Pretima theft crime in Gianyar Regency. The type of research used is empirical research. In this research, a sociological approach is used, a legislative approach, a conceptual approach, a case approach. The results of this study indicate that the process of handling the criminal case of Pretima theft in Gianyar Regency, namely carrying out special operations such as brush operations, concentrated and so on outside of daily routine activities, is given heavy legal sanctions. may be subject to customary sanctions: A cleaning ceremony (purification) is held, a fine in the form of money; and Also dismissed as a member of the indigenous community. Obstacles in the process of handling the crime of Pretima theft in Gianyar Regency, among others, the lack of maximum supervision of sacred objects at temples in each traditional village in Gianyar Regency, the lack of witnesses so that it is difficult to find evidence, inadequate facilities and infrastructure.

Study Of Critical Disadvantages System Catur Varna To Concept Catur Kasta In Civil Society Bali Hindu

The people apanage of Bali know the concept of Kasta. Such stratification creates different views between the Tri Wangsa and jaba groups. The Tri Wangsa want an acribed status, whereas the Sudra or Jaba group want the achieved status, which in turn leads to polemics among the people of Bali apanage. As a qualitative study with a cultural perspective, this study aims to reveal and analyze more clearly the blurring of the varna system into a kasta concept in Balinese Hindu society. Data sources are extracted based on bibliographic or documentary data. Data collection using reading techniques and recording techniques. Data analysis on the problem is done by qualitative descriptive analysis and comparative analysis. The results showed that the blurring of the varna system into a kasta concept is inseparable from the royal politics of its time. The traditional educational system originating from Hindu literature and religion can only be enjoyed by the upper layers, the brahmins and the knights, while the sudra or jaba classes are strictly prohibited. The Kasta architects of Bali in the past few centuries, so expertly exploit the situation of the backwardness of Hindus outside the brahmans and the knights, so the teachings of Hinduism are manipulated in terms of caste naming. The elements of caste plagiarize the elements of varna that are indeed Hindu teachings. In addition, Dutch colonial politics is also very influential on the order of life in Bali, which causes problems in the system of social status. The Dutch government has not fully implemented the modern system of government. This is evident in the system of appointment of new employees (civil servants). The Dutch government has not carried out according to rational legal criteria, but still uses the traditional system of judging a person in terms of the height of the Kasta, not in terms of ability. Therefore, it is necessary to increase knowledge of village manners in the field of customary law and knowledge of village manners in the field of religion according to what is stated in the Hindu scriptures.

SAINT RABIDAS A SILENCE MOVEMENT: A CASE STUDY IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF BOTH LOCAL & GLOBAL ISSUES

In the first time of Indian history by choosing Bhakti as a path of social protest saint Ravidas (Shri Guru Ravidass Ji was born in the year 1377 CE. i.e. Bikrami Samvat 1433 (widely accepted by most scholars & institutions) to father Shri Santokh Dass Ji and Mother Kalsa Devi Ji in Chamar caste, also known as Kutbandhla, one of the Scheduled Castes in Uttar Pradesh) did not only challenge the Brahmanical tradition caste-based system of social exclusion and untouchability practiced for ages in India. Bhakti is considered to be a privilege of the upper castes only In the Brahmanical social order but how & What made him distinct from his contemporaries was his low caste birth and the unique method of Bhakti that he deployed to challenge the oppressive structures of social dominations. Saint Ravidass became prominent because he unleashed a frontal attack on the long tradition of social oppression and untouchability in the Hindu society. Though born and brought up in Uttar Pradesh province of North India, Saint Ravidass came to command large followings among Dalits of the state of Punjab, which he believed to have visited during his journeys towards Rajasthan. Another factor that made him further popular in Punjab is the inclusion of his Bani (spiritual poetry) in Granth Sahib, sacred scriptures of Sikh faith. His stature grew still further when the Ad Dharm movement made him its patron Saint and a political rallying point. His fellow low caste followers, who consider him Guru, dedicated to him temples, memorial halls, educational institutions/chairs, cultural organizations, and hospitals. They founded several missions to accurately establish facts about his life and works and to disseminate his message of compassion, equality, and brotherhood in India and abroad (Hawley 1988:270).[1]

Tribal people, land rights and governance

The Scheduled Tribe (STs) or Adivasis consist of a number of diverse tribals groups that have historically self-identified and been identified by the British colonial and independent Indian states, as lying outside the mainstream of Hindu society, “mainstream is also created by the upper caste society” partly because of their ‘distinctive culture and way of life as a group‘, and slightly because of their ‘geographical isolation’. Currently, there are 750 tribes in 27 states and 6 union territories of India.

POSITION OF WOMEN WITH SPECIA REFERENCE TO MANUSMRITI

For centuries, women have played the secondary role to man. She was never held in esteem; only a mention about her pathetic status was mentioned here and there. But the advent of science and technology, growth of democratic ideas and impact of modern industrialization and general awareness and conscience among the masses has paved way for the emancipation of women. As per Encyclopedia of Women “women is as much human being as man; as she is equally entitled to develop her abilities, all her abilities, to choose the sort of life she wishes to lead and carry on all the activities and assume all the responsibilities that go to make up human dignity”. The Manusmriti (MS) of Manu is also called Manusamhita or Manavadharmasastra. It is a standard and the most authoritative work on Hindu law and present the normal form of Hindu society and civilization. It is a store house of information on the cultural, social, religious, ethical, educational, political, judicial and geographical life of the period and this is perfectly natural. Manusmriti has been upheld as the ultimate guide to lead a moral life, the digressing of which is to be treated with serious negative sanctions.

Tantric Influence in 'Aripana' of Mithila

This paper examines the influence of tantra in the aripana, a floor painting, of Mithila Region. The ancient tradition of floor painting expresses the philosophy of tantra, which lays a focus on the balance between the spiritual and material aspects of the world. The use of the tantric symbols, celebration of the bodily desires, recognition of the material aspects, and glorification of feminine power as a primal source in aripana shows the influence of Tantra in Maithili society, art, and culture. Mithila, a Hindu society, has the influence of patriarchal Vedantic civilization. The society observes Hindu religious practices and rituals, on the one hand, and develops its own faith, beliefs and value systems on the other hand that at times tend to contrast with the religious practices of the Indian subcontinent. However, Mithila has advanced a good balance between the religious and secular practices so as to seek meanings in their lives, that is, a good equilibrium between the spiritual and material realities of the world. The link of aripana in Mithila, solely a Hindu community, demonstrates the tantric tradition of worshipping ‘shakti’. Thus, Mithila Women through aripana highlights on the equal status of both the spirit and matter, initiating Human kind to attend their spiritual and material strength to its fullest. Despite the multi-facets of aripana in Mithila, it lacks proper study and research. The researcher aspects minimal bridging of research gaps and problem from this article entitled “Tantric Influence in ‘Aripana’ of Mithila”.

PERAN PEREMPUAN HINDU DALAM PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAN PENERAPAN AKUNTANSI MENUJU KELUARGA HINDU YANG SUKHINAH DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

The importance of financial management by Hindu women and the application of household accounting in Hindus, especially during the covid-19 pandemic, aims to increase living standards, the standard of living in question is so that families are always harmonious, sukhinah avoids financial problems, as well as a long-term investment. for families, especially children so that they can receive higher education in the future. Planning will guide Hindu women and invite them to clearly manage what kind of financial future might be achieved in accordance with the dynamics of their current abilities, potential, and income. In the household, women act as wives and housewives who have heavy obligations and responsibilities. The Covid-19 pandemic means that the universe around the world is affected by an epidemic as it is today, then how can yadnya run like the culture in Hindu society in Bali so that it remains sustainable, Ida Rsi Agung said that Hinduism is flexible and universal, and not difficult. run it according to the teachings of Shiva Sidanta. Rong Tiga Kemulan, Taksu, Tri Kahyangan and Padma Tiga.
 This study uses a qualitative method that uses the theoretical basis of phenomenological studies. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Data validity using triangulation. The results of this study explain that the informants practice accounting in their household and are recorded by their wives. The important role of financial management and application in the family is to distribute income and expenses to meet household needs and prevent families from debt activities.

Quest for Revolt in Joothan by Omprakash Valmiki

Omprakash Valmiki, like other writers of autobiographies, articulates the Dalit confrontation in his renowned story, Joothan. He describes every aspect of his disturbing social experiences, unfolding his complete life. Thus, Omprakash Valmiki's Joothan is about the voyage of Dalit discrimination and social boycott. The Valmiki kin is under pressure for schooling and position in the social order. In the meantime, it is also the fairy-tale of a Dalit family unit in search of self-esteem and identity in the Indian Hindu society. Omprakash Valmiki portrayed his life as an untouchable and Dalit in the newly self-governing India. The tale of Joothan refers to scraps of food left on a plate; this is meant for waste and animals. India's untouchables have been obligatory to acknowledge and eat leftovers for centuries, and these terms encompasses the pain, humiliation and poverty of the group of people enforced to survive at the underneath of India's societal pyramid. Although untouchability was abolished in 1949, But Dalits is being unrelenting to face prejudice, economic deficiency, aggression and mockery. Even after attaining Independence, the Dalits had to struggle a long time to get education; Joothan takes it seriously. Valmiki shares his daring resist to escape a prearranged life of steady physical and mental agony and his transformation into a speaking subject under the influence of the great Dalit political manager, BR Ambedkar. An article of the long silenced and long denied sufferings of Dalits, Joothan is a key role to the archives of Dalit history and a proposal for a radical transform of humanity and human consciousness. Dalits are being unrelenting to face unfairness, economic deprivation, hostility and ridicule. This paper is trying to portray the Quest for Revolt in Omprakash Valmiki’s Joothan.

Peran Keluarga Untuk Menciptakan Lingkungan Belajar Di Rumah

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on the world of education. Government policies that implement learning from home open up public insight about the role of the family in education. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The role of the family in creating a good learning environment for children is very large. Families, especially parents, play a role in creating a learning environment for children by developing a sense of affection in the family, building communication with children and parents being an example for children. Discipline also needs to be developed in a child. The Hindu community home environment can be a good learning environment for Hindu children if used properly. The architectural patterns of Balinese houses are filled with symbols that have certain meanings in Balinese society. Religious symbols influence the life of Hindu society and create a learning environment for children.

EKSISTENSI BARONG DAN RANGDA (EKSPLORASI TEOLOGI HINDU)

<p><em>The dynamics of Balinese people's lives are constantly under the spotlight because of the variety of cultural activities that blend with various lives. The arts of barong and rangda are spread across all districts and cities in Bali, but not all pakraman villages or temples have barong and rangda arts. This is due to the existence of barong and rangda in the religious dynamics of Balinese Hindu society. although in reality barong and rangda are not merely an art form, but furthermore they are the implementation of theology (divine teachings) of Hinduism, both concerning the philosophical (essential) religious side and religious psychology (psychological/emotional aspect).</em></p>

A Study of the Role of Sivathamil Selvi Thangamma Appakutty in the Development of Hinduism in Sri Lanka

The vegan culture of Sri Lanka is ancient and unique. Many have contributed to the development of this culture. The twentieth century opened new chapters in educational development, social change and change of thinking as a result of English rule. Such changes began to have a massive impact on the perception of women. New chapters were opened. Such changes began to have a massive impact on the perception of women. Women’s education, women’s going to work, etc. were made possible. Born and educated at this time, Deivath Thirumakal - Dr. Sivathamilch Selvi Thangamma Appakutty was a teacher. The study, entitled A Role of Sivathamil Selvi Thangamma Appakutty in the Development of Hinduism in Sri Lanka, entitled How Her Contribution to the Educational Development of Sri Lanka Women and Overcoming the Challenges Facing Women. This study is carried out with the aim of the study. This study forms a descriptive study. Performed with analysis, comparison and historical analysis when appropriate. The mothers were eloquent, well-managed, artistic and literary, and had a fearless and dedicated service mindset. Traditional studies on women should be carried out in the field of education and social service, and studies on women should be conducted from different angles through various fields. Such research and their findings may help to show our present and future generations that ancient women lived and excelled in the Hindu society subject to various restrictions.

Significance of Sindoor (Vermilion Powder) in Hindu Marriage Rituals

This paper aims to identify the significance of Sindoor or Vermilion powder (red in color) in Hindu cultural custom and in Hindu society. Sindoor is given to bride by groom on the occasion of marriage. Sindoor is given the gift by the groom to the bride in between the hair partings of married Hindu women have begun to start on the day of the marriage ceremony and the married woman. After then she considered as the wife of her husband and enters to the matrimonial life. Use of Sindoor in Hindu marriage practices signify socially culturally and even medically to order the gender disequilibrium society through the symbolic interpretation of cultural item and traditions, values, norms that are interwoven by religious bind with the member of Hindu orthodox society to sustain the patriarchal social structure. Sindoor also signify the hierarchy among the women world and the status changes when an unmarried wears a Sindoor in Hindu Society

Relocating Subalternity: Dalit Rebellion in the Poetry of Sikhamani

The poet Sikhamani is a teacher and a Dalit poet who writes in Telugu. His contribution to the corpus of Dalit poetry in Telugu is significant. Sikhamani’s poetry exposes the hypocrisy, inhumanity, exploitation, atrocities, discrimination, etc., of the caste Hindu society. The Black Rainbow: Dalit Poems in Telugu (2000), a collection of Sikhamani’s poems, portrays the problems of Dalit lives. His use of mythological figures, metaphors, similes, allusions, etc., enrich his poetry. Every poem reflects a protest/rebellious attitude from which the identity of Dalits emerges. He attacks the physical, cultural, social and even literary atrocities perpetrated over Dalits and interrogates Brahmanism.

Promotion of Nationalism through Caste: A Study of Rabindra Nath Tagore’s Gora

The original idea of caste system was engineering the society on the basis of labor division by providing every sector of society a distinct and important role to make the Hindu society an integrated whole making every group in the society depending on every other or the society was engineered to be completely inter-dependent, but the problem is that it has been misused as a means of social exploitation, oppression that has led the society towards mutual hatred and disintegration. The main objective of this research article is to find out how Gora, the protagonist of Rabindra Nath Tagore’s novel Gora, has used the idea of caste division as a means to promote nationalism among the people. Theoretical insights of liberal nationalism are used to analyze the primary text with the help of theoretical insights of Edward Soja’s ‘Thirdspace’. The article examines and analyzes how one can help strengthen social integration by respecting the others and offering the people justice even though difference is inevitable among the people living in a society. The article concludes that caste system can be exercised as a means of cultural nationalism by celebrating the difference among the people and respecting the jobs done by others.

SUPPRESSION TO PROTEST: A JOURNEY OF STRUGGLE OF A DALIT WOMAN IN BABURAO BAGULS NOVEL SOOD

Gender violence in any form is a punishable crime in India but still it is prevailing in society. Indian constitution safeguards womens rights and guarantees them equal status. Despite the strong measures taken by the constitution makers, the loopholes in the entire system of the law implementing authority and the government machineries do not act responsible and consider the atrocities on women seriously.The largenumber of atrocity cases registered in the police station and pending in the courts makes it clear.Though Hindu society worships women and regards themgoddesses,they areperceivedsexual beings, play things, commodities and mens possession in reality.This paper is an attempt to present this reality and highlight the plight of women in caste gender-based society that Baburao Bagul projects in his Marathi novel, Sood. Janki, the protagonistis a victim of gender violence perpetuated in the caste prejudiced society. Her rebel against the caste and gender discrimination proves to be a milestone in her struggles with the upper caste mentalities those ones who subjugate and oppress women. Her voice is the voice of entire Dalit community that that she raises to assert her resistance for asserting the identities of entire community and demands for a more open and equal egalitarian society for the welfare of entire humanity on this beautiful planet that has already been turned into a hell by the conformist religious ideologies of the priests.

Hindu Society Perception of Catur Varṇa in Bali

<p><em>The social life of the Hindu community in Bali cannot be separated from the ins and outs of work which then reflects the profession of the people who claim it. Professions in the social life of society will give birth to something called the professional group. This professional group will then have a social impact in the form of life strata in society. There is a separation between one profession and another, which then gives birth to a concept of ideas called the Catur Varṇa. In recent years there has been a widespread dualism of perspectives on the meaning of this Catur Varṇa concept. Some of them stated that this concept was a tradition passed down from generation to generation and there were also those who stated that this concept was an idea to organize the social life of Balinese people. The Catur Varṇa concept itself can be understood through literature which gives birth to a reality and facts. The concept of Catur Varṇa has been degraded due to the cognitive bias of the Balinese Hindu community in Bali in embodying the meaning of this concept. So that this concept does not give birth to social life that is more organized but instead creates a social problem that causes inequality in the body of community life. This inequality must be corrected immediately so that it does not become a tradition that has increasingly worsened the atmosphere of social life in Bali. Because today the concept of Catur Varṇa is consciously shifting meaning into a new concept that we have previously called the term Catur Wangsa.</em></p>

Changes in The Nature of social and cultural values; (District Sultanpur,U.P.) INDIA

Caste system is most important for Indian society. The castes found in Sultanpur district are determined on the basis of lineage and karma. The caste system is an important institution of Indian society. It is found not only in Hindu society, but also in Muslim and Christian societies. Intercaste marriage is also slowly becoming prevalent in the society. The caste system provides the basis for various work in the village or local village groups, which is necessary for social life.