Highland Park Research Articles

Coming Out, Coming Home

Michael C. LaSala, PhD, is a nationally and internationally renowned expert on gay and lesbian youth and their families. He is currently the director of the MSW program and an associate professor at the School of Social Work at Rutgers University. His research interests are the couple and family relationships of gay men and lesbians, and his current work examines the role of gay and lesbian family relationships in coping with stigma and also parental influence on gay youth’s safe sex behaviors. Dr. LaSala’s published book, entitled: Coming out, coming home: Helping families adjust to a gay or lesbian child (Columbia University Press), describes the findings and practice implications of a National Institute of Mental Health–funded qualitative study of 65 gay and lesbian youth and their families. Other examples of Dr. LaSala’s work can be found in Social Work, Family Process, Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, Families in Society, Journal of GLBT Family Studies, and Journal of Lesbian and Gay Social Services. Dr. LaSala completed a Fulbright Fellowship during which he taught family therapy courses at Tallinn University in Estonia and where he also investigated the impacts of stigma on Estonian lesbians and gay men. He has been keynote speaker at national and international family therapy conferences and is also the author of a blog for Psychology Today entitled: Gay and Lesbian Well-Being. Dr. LaSala has practiced clinical social work for 30 years, is committed to practice-informed research, and continues to practice part-time as a licensed clinical social worker at the Institute for Personal Growth in Highland Park, New Jersey. Dr. LaSala can be reached at mlasala@ssw.rutgers.edu

A Rehabilitation First-Tournament Between Teams of Nursing Home Residents with Chronic Stroke.

This study describes the BrightArm™ Duo virtual reality system (Bright Cloud International Corp., Highland Park, NJ) and determines its clinical benefit for maintenance of upper extremity function in nursing home residents who are chronic poststroke. Participants sat at a low-friction robotic table with tilt and lift capability and interacted with serious games through computerized supports that measured forearm movement and grasp. The rehabilitation simulations were designed to improve arm and hand function, increase range of motion, and improve emotional well-being and cognition (attention, memory, and executive functioning). After 8 weeks of initial intensive therapy, there were three booster periods at 8-week intervals, each consisting of four sessions over 2 weeks. The last booster was a tournament competition, where pairs of residents played games collaboratively from remote nursing homes. Participants were evaluated before and after each booster period using standardized clinical measures. Range of motion improved for 18 out of 23 upper extremity movement variables (P = 0.01) between pre- and post-tournament assessment, and the residents self-reported that they enjoyed playing with a partner (score of 4.7 out of 5.0). Participants were able to reduce game completion time through cooperative play (teamwork), and the times improved with successive sessions of the tournament. Affected hand and arm function and depression levels were maintained (no decline) after the tournament. A rehabilitation tournament using virtual reality between teams of nursing home residents chronic poststroke is the first of its kind in clinical practice. This study demonstrates its effectiveness in improving range of motion of the upper extremity while engaging residents in the maintenance program at their nursing home.

Highland Park and River Oaks: The Origins of Garden Suburban Community Planning in Texas by Cheryl Caldwell Ferguson

Highland Park and River Oaks: The Origins of Garden Suburban Community Planning in Texas by Cheryl Caldwell Ferguson

Highland Park and River Oaks by Cheryl Caldwell Ferguson (review)

Highland Park and River Oaks by Cheryl Caldwell Ferguson (review)

“Someone Will Come Along and Write the Next Chapter”; The Importance of Alixa Naff for Arab American Studies

Alixa Naff collected a massive body of information on the Arabic-speaking immigrants driven by a conviction that their stories deserved and needed to be roped into a coherent narrative. The hundreds of interviews she conducted over three decades beginning in the 1960s did not investigate every conceivable facet of the lives. Yet, her first-hand accounts and writings have become part of a stock background on early immigration for two generations of scholars. This short article illustrates how the breadth of information Alixa collected, combined with additional untapped archives-some of which can be hacked thanks to dozens of leads imbedded in Alixa's interviews-will correct the record on major aspects of Arab American life during the first five decades of living in the USA, and may help reshape our understanding of the present.Armed with a Volkswagen Beetle and awareness of her own place in this country to be rooted in a deeper Arab narrative, she made her way to Michigan in the mid-1970s. Already positioned at the forefront of the scholarship on the Arab immigrants at the time, many of her contacts were members of the Organization of Arab Students and Association of Arab American University Graduates (AAUG). At the time, George Khouri, one of the original founders of the Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services (ACCESS), helped her settle into his brother's house in Detroit.1 She knew, indeed, participated in the early scholarship on Arab Americans, and understood its genesis to include the need to explain an Arab point of view and a narrative of belonging, in the aftermath of the Arab defeat by Israel in 1967. This goal fell within the perimeters of the AAUG, which came to being as a result of that war. Alixa's peers were the scholars connected in varying degrees with the AAUG, including Ibrahim Abu Lughod, Michael Suleiman, Elaine Hagopian, Janice Terry, Edward Said, Barbara Aswad, Abdo Elkholy, and Hisham Sharabi. Among the many concerns of these scholars were finding a medium for their scholarship, as they contended with an open cultural hostility in the USA toward Arabs and Arab Americans in the aftermath of the 1967 Arab-Israeli conflict. In the process of attempting to explain Arab Americans, they created a basic body of scholarship on the early Arab immigrants' experiences, but they largely left out analysis of their political work and aspirations. Part of Alixa's importance is that she elected to pursue creating a reservoir of primary information that would serve an embryonic scholarship for years to come, that is, to complete the picture on the formative years of the Arab American saga. The scholarship produced by the above pioneers, as did Alixa's, paved the way for studies on the Arabic-speaking communities through the different perspectives of gender, ethnicity, family life, and, less so, literature. Alixa's legacy is unique because she went to pains to create a massive archive, so that she explained, someone will come along and use it to write the next chapter2 on the Syrian immigrants' long and varied experiences.Alixa's firm and uncompromising mentorship became evident in the first substantive conversation I had with her. During the annual meeting of the American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) in 1998, she chaired a panel in which I participated. My paper disclosed new information on the political activities of the early Syrian immigrants. The focus of my inquiry was political activities on behalf of Geographic Syria from 1925 to 1927 by immigrant pioneers in Southeast Michigan, in particular, Highland Park, where Alixa and her family lived in the early 1940s. Most of the audience, I recall, took with a grain of salt my conclusions that the early immigrants were in fact politically aware to the point of establishing the New Syria Party (NSP), a formal political organization with chapters across the Americas, and that they actively sought an independent Syria in the face of French and British colonialism. …

John Albert Majors Jr., 1920–2013, and William Harcourt Majors, 1925–2013.

John Albert Majors Jr., 1920–2013, and William Harcourt Majors, 1925–2013.

Use of the Bootstrap Method to Develop a Physical Fitness Test for Public Safety Officers Who Serve as Both Police Officers and Firefighters

Physical fitness testing is a common tool for motivating employees with strenuous occupations to reach and maintain a minimum level of fitness. Nevertheless, the use of such tests can be hampered by several factors, including required compliance with US antidiscrimination laws. The Highland Park (Texas) Department of Public Safety implemented testing in 1991, but no single test adequately evaluated its sworn employees, who are cross-trained and serve as police officers and firefighters. In 2010, the department's fitness experts worked with exercise physiologists from Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital to develop and evaluate a single test that would be equitable regardless of race/ethnicity, disability, sex, or age >50 years. The new test comprised a series of exercises to assess overall fitness, followed by two sequences of job-specific tasks related to firefighting and police work, respectively. The study group of 50 public safety officers took the test; raw data (e.g., the number of repetitions performed or the time required to complete a task) were collected during three quarterly testing sessions. The statistical bootstrap method was then used to determine the levels of performance that would correlate with 0, 1, 2, or 3 points for each task. A sensitivity analysis was done to determine the overall minimum passing score of 17 points. The new physical fitness test and scoring system have been incorporated into the department's policies and procedures as part of the town's overall employee fitness program.

Review: Drive: Journeys through Film, Cities and Landscapes, by Iain Borden; Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940–1990, by Wim de Wit and Christopher James Alexander, eds.; and Car Country: An Environmental History, by Christopher W. Wells

Drive: Journeys through Film, Cities and Landscapes London: Reaktion Books, 2013, 280 pp., 40 color and 40 b/w illus. $28, ISBN 9781780230269, by Iain Borden. Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940–1990 Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2013, 320 pp., 112 color and 102 b/w illus. $59.95, ISBN 9781606061282, by Wim de Wit and Christopher James Alexander, eds.. Car Country: An Environmental History Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012, 464 pp., 7 maps and 44 b/w illus. $40, ISBN 9780295992150, by Christopher W. Wells. In July 2013, a New York Times headline proclaimed “the end of car culture.” Though the summer driving season offered plenty of evidence to the contrary, recent data indicate that fewer Americans are driving fewer miles in fewer cars, and even forgoing the adolescent ritual of getting a driver’s license upon turning sixteen. Thus, the Times felt confident in declaring that the country’s century-old love affair with the automobile was finally, inevitably, running out of gas. But if the romance with the car is cooling down, studying its fraught legacy is still plenty hot, as a spate of recent publications makes clear. In fact, in the hundred years since the first Model Ts rolled off the assembly line at Highland Park, Michigan, the car and its social, spatial, and economic impact have been under almost continual scrutiny, producing triumphant Fordist narratives and muckraking antisprawl screeds in almost equal measure. More nuanced, scholarly studies emerged in the last quarter of the twentieth century with The Automobile and American Culture (1980; David L. Lewis and Laurence Goldstein, eds.), a notable early example that attempted a comprehensive analysis of what its editors called the “auto-consciousness” of the United States. The continued evolution of that consciousness is fully evident in the three books under review here, each of which tackles a distinct aspect of the culture of automobility. In Car Country , Christopher W. Wells tracks its environmental evolution; in Drive , Iain Borden scrutinizes its experiential representation; in Overdrive , seventeen contributors examine its urban and architectural influence in Los Angeles, the world’s original autopia. Unsurprisingly, all three books deal principally with twentieth-century developments in the United States, though each pushes these parameters in important ways. Car Country begins with the infrastructural consequences of streetcars and railways in the 1880s. Overdrive , which …

Anhelos, and: I am Lactating

Anhelos, and: I am Lactating Angelina Sáenz (bio) Anhelos I don’t recognize my life.I don’t recognize the men,whose life I am committed to.I don’t recognize this wooden bungalow,that I’ve occupied for 8 years.I don’t recognize the work that I am wholeheartedly committed to.I don’t recognize the stack of billsthat I pay every monthor the ones that come once or twice a yearand ask me for thousands.I don’t recognize the routine.The mediocrity.The predictability.The standing-still.The same faces.The same time of yearthat keeps coming aroundand finding me in the same place.“I feel trapped,”I tell Leo.“We are. But only temporarily,”the tone of his voice matching the gentle rain outside.I want to runHard and fast.Want to look at a mapand plan my get-away.Too connected to my daily life.Too, too connected.Longing for noveltyand unfamiliarity.I’m 38and when I was 28,I was on the roadwith a backpack, a map andon foreign soil.TodayI am at homewith my feet on the groundand my obligationspecking at my feet,and I want to be flying,high in the sky. [End Page 173] I am Lactating You wouldn’t know,unless you knewthat I had a baby,and that I am breastfeeding that baby,that in every spherethat I walkmy breasts,are full of milk.While perusing DVDs on sale at the grocery storeduring a lesson to my kindergarten classwalking across the sand in my black bathing suitat your wedding receptionwhile chaperoning 5 year-olds during a cultural festivalas I present at a conference workshopor when speaking at a Buddhist meeting,my breasts swell with milk.It is strangehow intimate my breasts and I are now.The infinite topic of conversationbetween myself and other lacting women.I only saw a woman nurse her childtwicein my lifetime,before I nursed my own.I was embarrassed to see the flash of her nipple.Iliterallyhad no clue.It is 7 years later,I am nursing my second.I am at the store,feeling full.And I am gauging,always gauging,when it is timeto let my milk flow. [End Page 174] Angelina Sáenz U.S. - Chicana Angelina Sáenz Sáenz, Angelina is an elementary school educator who believes that we must write the stories that we want to read. Devoting her life to improving the quality of education for the children of Los Angeles, she is active in shaping educational policy, working on professional development for teachers and promoting the benefits of bilingual education in a diverse society. Writing is what has sustained her through all of her developmental transitions from childhood through motherhood. She lives in Highland Park, a sweet, diverse neighborhood in northeast Los Angeles, with her husband and two sons. Copyright © 2014 Center for Latino Research at DePaul University

Paul C. Mundinger, 1934–2011

Paul C. Mundinger, a distinguished scientist and a friend of many of us who are interested in the study of vocal learning in birds, died in Rye, New York, on November 10, 2011. Paul was born on October 12, 1934, in Highland Park, Illinois. As a boy, Paul had a passion for the lives of animals, and while spending time outdoors he developed a quiet patience and keen sense of observation. He particularly enjoyed watching birds, and fishing—especially onWisconsin lakes. He lived a fun and rather wild youth, especially during the summers when he lived in North Dakota with his grandparents, driving a car and working full-time at a summer resort when he was only 15. His father, a very conservative but deeply intellectual Lutheran minister, could never understand why his son came to accept evolution and ultimately devoted his life to its study. Paul received his B.S. in 1956 and M.S. in 1958, both from the University of Michigan, and his Ph.D., under Bill Dilger, from Cornell University in 1967. Dilger, an early pioneer in the evolution of behavior, is best remembered for his work on the heritability of nesting habits in lovebirds. The development and evolution of learned behavior came of age as a scientific pursuit in the 1950s, when bird song was developed as a model system by two Europeans, Holger Poulsen in Denmark and William H. Thorpe in England. They took advantage of a new instrument, the sound spectrograph, which converted sounds into a visual display. This display allowed many frequency and timing features of sound to be analyzed in great detail. This technology prompted wonderful work that used birds to study basic issues about vocal learning, many of which were relevant not only to birds but also to humans. W. H. Thorpe used the new tool to make the first detailed description of vocal learning in a songbird, the Chaffinch. Thorpe showed that, as in humans, vocal imitation in this bird occurred particularly well in juveniles. Moreover, when sounds were played over a speaker, young Chaffinches imitated the songs of their own kind but disregarded those of other songbirds. That is, they had a bias to learn Chaffinch song. Inheritance shapes learning. Paul stepped into this rich emerging field in 1967 when he joined the laboratory of Peter Marler at The Rockefeller University in New York. Marler had trained under Thorpe in Cambridge and was a leader of the new integrative biological study of learning. At that time, Rockefeller shared with the New York Zoological Society a research facility at the Bronx Zoo.When Paul became a postdoctoral fellow in the Marler Laboratory, he used this joint facility and Marler’s sound spectrograph to study how cardueline finches (small songbirds such as the American Goldfinch and Pine Siskin) used their vocal learning skills. He found that these birds, as adults, could closely imitate the calls of a new mate or the calls of other members of a winter flock, and that they also responded preferentially to playbacks of these calls. This work, published in 1970 in Science, was an elegant example of vocal learning plasticity that persisted into adulthood. Its function, Paul suggested, was to strengthen social bonds. That same year, Paul joined the Biology faculty at Queens College of the City University of New York, where he conducted two main research programs over the next 40 years. Throughout his career he was extraordinarily dedicated to his questions, passionate to discover the

Henry Ford vs. assembly line balancing

Ford’s Assembly Line at Highland Park is one of the most influential conceptualisations of a production system. New data reveal Ford’s operations were adaptable to strongly increasing and highly variable demand. These analyses show Ford’s assembly line was used differently than modern ones and their production systems were more flexible than previously recognised. Assembly line balancing theory largely ignores earlier practice. It will be shown that Ford used multiple lines flexibly to cope with large monthly variations in sales. Although a line may be optimised to yield the lowest cost production, systems composed of several parallel lines may yield low cost production along with output and product flexibility. Recent research on multiple parallel lines has focused on cost effectiveness without appreciating the flexibility such systems may allow. Given the current strategic importance of flexibility, it should be included in such analyses as an explicit objective.

William Leslie Jack Edwards, MD: A Conversation with the Editor

Jack Edwards (Figure ​(Figure11) was born on September 21, 1926, in Dallas, Texas, where he grew up and has lived most of his life. After attending public schools in Dallas, he went to Harvard College in Boston, Massachusetts, finishing 3 years in 2 years. He then went to the University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical College in Dallas, where he received his medical degree in 1948. He completed two internships: one in pathology at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston (July 1948–June 1949) and one in medicine at the Massachusetts Memorial Hospital (July 1949–June 1950). He returned to Dallas and soon thereafter was called to active duty, serving in the Navy. In 1952, discharged from the service, he went to Birmingham, Alabama, and the University of Alabama Hospitals where he was assistant resident and chief resident and then a National Heart Institute trainee in cardiology under Dr. Tinsley Harrison. He then returned to Dallas, settling in private practice and using primarily Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas (BUMC). From 1971 until 1993, he also was clinical professor of medicine at UT Southwestern Medical College. Jack was a past president of the Southwestern Alumni Association and the Dallas Heart Association. He is a longstanding member of the Little Brothers Journal Club. He was a major player in the BUMC community from 1955 until he retired from active practice in 1993. Jack was married March 15, 1947, to the late Patsy Hayes. They have three outstanding offspring. Jack and his late wife Patsy were very active in the Highland Park Presbyterian Church for many years. Jack Edwards is a great guy, and it was a pleasure to visit with him for this interview.

Missing links

Missing links

Hospitalizations for vaccine preventable pneumonias in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a 6-year analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample

BackgroundPneumonias are among the most common causes of hospitalization among inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Guidelines published in 2004 advocate vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza virus. We sought to examine trends in hospitalizations for vaccine preventable pneumonias among IBD patients since the availability of published guidelines, and to identify whether Haemophilus influenzae is a causative organism for pneumonia hospitalizations among IBD patients.MethodsThis cross-sectional study on the Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to identify admissions for pneumonias in patients with IBD between 2004 and 2009. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed comparing IBD patients to controls, accounting for potential confounders.ResultsThere were more admissions for S. pneumoniae pneumonia than influenza virus or H. influenzae (787, 393, and 183 respectively). Crohn’s disease (CD) as well as ulcerative colitis (UC) patients did not demonstrate increased adjusted odds of hospitalization for S. pneumoniae pneumonia (1.08; confidence interval [CI] 0.99–1.17 compared to 0.93; CI 0.82–1.06 respectively). Increased adjusted odds for hospitalization for pneumonias due to influenza virus were seen among UC patients in the bottom quartile of income (1.86; CI 1.46–2.37). Adjusted odds for H. influenzae pneumonia admission in patients with UC and CD patients were increased compared to controls (1.42; CI 1.13–1.79 and 1.28; CI 1.06–1.54, respectively).ConclusionThe study identified lowest income UC patients as having higher adjusted odds, and these patients should be targeted for influenza virus vaccination. Additionally, H. influenzae may be another vaccine preventable cause for pneumonia among IBD patients.

Mammary immunity of White Park and Highland cattle compared with Brown Swiss and Red Holstein

Mastitis is a frequent disease in modern dairy cows, but ancient cattle breeds seem to be naturally more resistant to it. Primary bovine mammary epithelial cells from the ancient Highland and White Park (n = 5) cattle and the modern dairy breeds Brown Swiss and Red Holstein (n = 6) were non-invasively isolated from milk, cultured, and stimulated with the heat-inactivated mastitis pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to compare the innate immune response in vitro. With reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), the breeds differed in the basal expression of 16 genes. Notably CASP8, CXCL8, Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) expression were higher in the ancient breeds (P < 0.05). In the modern breeds, more genes were regulated after stimulation. Breed differences (P < 0.05) were detected in C3, CASP8, CCL2, CD14, LY96 and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) regulation. Principal component analysis separated the ancient from the modern breeds in their basal expression, but not after stimulation. ELISA of lactoferrin and serum amyloid A protein revealed breed differences in control and S. aureus treated levels. The immune reaction of ancient breeds seemed less intensive because of a higher basal expression, which has been shown before to be beneficial for the animal. For the first time, the innate immune response of these ancient breeds was studied. Previous evidence of breed and animal variation in innate immunity was confirmed.

Abstract WMP61: TWOACES: TIA Work-up As Outpatient, Assessment Of Clinical Efficacy And Safety

Background: Much controversy exists as to the appropriate triage of acute TIA patients. One commonly used tool is the ABCD 2 score. This tool is helpful for patients at low risk (score of 0-3) or high risk (score of 6-7) of stroke, but leaves a large moderate risk population (score of 4-5) for whom no clear guidance can be given. As previous studies have found large artery atherosclerosis to be a potent risk factor for stroke after TIA, we attempted to further delineate low and high risk TIA populations with the addition of non-invasive arterial imaging. Methods: All patients referred to the Stanford Stroke Service for possible TIA within 72 hours of symptom onset between July 2007 and February 2010, and all patients referred to the Highland Park Stroke Service for possible TIA within 72 hours of symptom onset after October 2009 were screened for enrollment in this observational study. 406 patients were invited to enroll, 5 refused. Of the 401 enrolled, follow-up was obtained in 398 patients. Patients were placed into two groups: 1) ABCD 2 scores of 0-3 or 4-5 AND no sign of hemodynamically significant stenosis (<50%) "Low Risk Group"; and 2) those with ABCD 2 scores of 6-7 or 4-5 AND hemodynamically significant stenosis (≥50%) "High Risk Group". Non-invasive arterial imaging included CTA, MRA, and Carotid US - all chosen by the treating physician. 30 day stroke rates with 95% CIs were recorded. Results: Of the 398 patients in whom follow-up data was obtained, 340 (85.4%) fell into the “Low Risk Group”. Within that group, the stroke rate at 30 days was 1.76% (6 strokes, 95% CI 0.72-3.89%). Within the “High Risk Group”, the stroke rate at 30 days was 5.17% (3 strokes, 95% CI 1.21-14.7%). The overall stroke rate was 9/398 (2.26%, 95% CI 1.13-4.31%). Conclusions: In our observational study we continue to find that the overall 30 day stroke rate after TIA was quite low (2.26%). The percentage of all TIA patients falling into the “Low Risk Group” was quite high (85.4%), and these patients had a particularly low rate of stroke at 30 days. Given the high number of “Low Risk” patients and the low rate of stroke in that group at 30 days, the vast majority of TIA patients could likely be safely evaluated in a rapid outpatient setting provided that the treating physician is confident of the diagnosis.

Employer-provided health insurance and hospital mergers

This paper explores the impact of employer-provided health insurance on hospital competition and hospital mergers. Under employer-provided health insurance, employer executives act as agents for their employees in selecting health insurance options for their firm. The paper investigates whether a merger of hospitals favored by executives will result in a larger price increase than a merger of competing hospitals elsewhere. This is found to be the case even when the executive has the same opportunity cost of travel as her employees and even when the executive is the sole owner of the firm, retaining all profits. This is consistent with the Federal Trade Commission's findings in its challenge of Evanston Northwestern Healthcare's acquisition of Highland Park Hospital. Implications of the model are further tested with executive location data and hospital data from Florida and Texas.

Effectiveness of Training and Development in the Indian IndustrieS

The enormous production needs of the World War I and II created a heavy influx of new workers with little or no industrial education or skills to the workplace, thereby necessitating massive training efforts that were at once fast and effective. In particular, the heavy demand for shipping construction during world war I resulted in tenfold increase in workers trained on-site instructors who were supervisor using simple force step method: show, tell, do, check. During the World War II, large numbers of trained industrial workers left their Jobs to enter the armed forces, severely limiting the organisational support normally provided by co workers in train their replacements. Heavy demands were placed on foremen and supervisors, and training within industry (TWI) service was formed to trained supervisors as the instructors. Job instruction training (JIT) was employed to train defence _ plant supervisors in instructing new employees in necessary job skills as quickly as possible. Other programs included job relations training (GRT), job methods training (GMT), and job safety training (GST). During this time, the American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) was formed. By the end of World War II most companies and organisations realized the importance of training and development as a fundamental organisational tool. th century witnessed the emergence of training and development as a profession, resulting in the creation of training associations and societies, the advent of the assembly line requiring greater specificity in training, and the dramatic training requirements of the world wars important groups forming during this period include the American Management Association in 1923 (which began as the National Association of Corporation schools in 1913) ,and the National Management Association in 1956(which began as the National Association of Foremen in 1925). At the same time, Henry Ford (1863-1947) introduced the assembly line at his Highland Park, Michigan, plant. Because, the assembly line created an even greater division of labour, along with an unprecedented need for precision and teamwork, job tasks and assignments required more highly specific and focused training than ever before. The enormous production needs of the World War I and II created a heavy influx of new workers with little or no industrial education or skills to the workplace, thereby necessitating massive training efforts that were at once fast and effective. In particular, the heavy demand for shipping construction during world war I resulted in tenfold increase in workers trained on-site instructors who were supervisor using simple force step method: show, tell, do, check. During the World War II, large numbers of trained industrial workers left their Jobs to enter the armed forces, severely limiting the organisational support normally provided by co workers in train their replacements. Heavy demands were placed on foremen and supervisors, and training within industry (TWI) service was formed to trained supervisors as the instructors. Job instruction training (JIT) was employed to train defence _ plant supervisors in instructing new employees in necessary job skills as quickly as possible. Other programs included job relations training (GRT), job methods training (GMT), and job safety training (GST). During this time, the American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) was formed. By the end of World War II most companies and organisations realized the importance of training and development as a fundamental organisational tool. Hence, the researcher has taken the importance and effectiveness of training and development programmes and selected Brakes India Ltd, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India as her area of study. II. Review Of Literature This part briefly reviews the study of different aspects of evaluation of effectiveness of training and development connected either directly or indirectly with the present study. The review of literature was highly useful to design the present study as it indicated the research gap in the study of training programmes of Brakes India Limited, Padi, Chennai. The study of training programmes, policies and practices has attracted the attention of many researchers and research organizations in western countries, particularly the United States of America. Their experiences may be of relevance and significance to us.

The Sigmoid Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty

Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, U.S.A. Accepted for publication October 10, 2012. The authors have no financial or conflict of interest to disclose. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Robert A. Glasgold, M.D., Glasgold Group Plastic Surgery, 31 River Rd, Highland Park, NJ 08904. E-mail: [email protected]

New Brunswick and Transportation: A Brief Sketch of the History of Transportation and the Architecture of the Train Station

AS L O N G as anyone can remember, New Brunswick has been called the Hub City because of its important geographic position north of Trenton and Philadelphia, south of New York, and alongside the Raritan River. A business interest in transportation grew naturally in such a fortuitously located city. The nearby Raritan provided New Brunswick with the opportunity to build a profitable shipping industry, which it did promptly and with much success. But prosperity faded, at least temporarily, with the advent of rail travel, which was so much more efficient in transporting goods and passengers that it squelched local shipping interests. It was not until the Civil War era that the city flourished again, this time in the manufacturing industry. The European settlers of New Brunswick realized the potential of the city's geography, and in the seventeenth century they linked East New Brunswick (present-day Highland Park) and New Brunswick proper with a passenger ferry that crossed the river. In the eighteenth century, New Brunswick's businessmen began to ship New Jersey produce downstream to New York. The business of transportation grew at an impressive pace, and more sophisticated travel technology was developed to match its demands. By 1801 the city had its first paved street. From 1830-1833 work crews toiled to complete the Delaware and Raritan Canal at a cost of three million dollars. The canal was one of the major engineering feats of this era. By 1830 the New Brunswick shipyards were bustling; nearly a million bushels of grain passed through the city in that year. Aggressive foreign trade made the Raritan one of the most commercially significant rivers in the country. Steamboats plied the Raritan to and from New York four