Higher Root Length Research Articles

Assessing water uptake in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) under different watering regimes

Sugar beet yield worldwide is substantially reduced as a result of drought stress. Water uptake may be limited by the plant (e.g. low root density) or by soil physical constraints. An experiment was conducted to assess the ability of sugar beet to produce roots and take up water throughout the soil profile under contrasting water regimes. Sugar beet was grown in columns, 15cm in diameter and 1m height in a glasshouse. In situ soil moisture was monitored hourly, and stomatal conductance was measured weekly. Root length and diameter at different depths were assessed destructively at 78 and 94 DAS. Greater water availability resulted in a higher root length and lower water use efficiency. Water uptake was initially from the upper soil layers but, as demand for water increased, there was a strong increase in root length density at depth. However, it was a further 16days, after roots reached the deep layers, before significant water was taken up. A possible reason for the delay, between presence of roots and water uptake by roots, was the absence of secondary xylem early on, which was supported by a second root anatomy study. Sugar beet can grow roots up to 1m deep and take up water from depth, however this did not happen until the late stages of drought stress and thus storage root dry weight had already been severely reduced, indicating that prevention of drought is necessary, early on, to minimise yield losses.

Effect of plough pans on the growth of soybean roots in the black-soil region of northeastern China

AbstractPlough pans (PPs), common in the black-soil region of northeastern China, have significant effects on the root systems of crops. We conducted a field experiment to study the distribution of soybean roots under the influence of PPs. The soybean roots showed compensatory growth above the PP, with higher root length and weight in soil with a PP compared to those without a PP. Roots were heavier and longer in the 15–75 cm soil layer without a PP than with a PP. Soil porosity was lower in the PP and the soil below the PP, which likely decreased the oxygen content of the soil and induced more growth of roots above the PP. The PP is also likely to decrease infiltration of rain-water and hinder the migration of nitrate downward, which in turn increased the density and length of soybean root hairs, which, hence, promoted growth.

Root Plasticity Not Evident in N-Enriched Soil Volumes for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Varieties

ABSTRACTRoot plasticity is a unique characteristic of root systems that may enhance the nutrient foraging capacity of plants. Here we investigated the effect of localized high nitrogen (N) concentration on plasticity of wheat and barley roots in soil. We conducted a series of experiments to maintain localized high concentration of N in soil and to evaluate any root morphological variation in the enriched N zone. Wheat and barley seedlings were grown in N responsive Red Ferrosol with an enriched subsurface N band for 12 days. Wheat and barley roots did not proliferate in N-enriched soil volumes. Rather, higher root length density (~1.6 times) was observed in low N surface soil. Shoot dry matter and shoot N uptake of banded N treatment was statistically similar between uniform and low N treatments. Results indicated the absence of plastic root response of the wheat and barley seedlings in subsurface N band.

Species and root traits impact macroaggregation in the rhizospheric soil of a Mediterranean common garden experiment

We evaluated the influence of plant species and life forms on soil aggregate distribution among size-classes, total macroaggregate mass and aggregate mean weight diameter (MWD), and examined how specific root traits were related to these aggregation variables. We analyzed the soil attached to the roots (i.e., rhizospheric soil) under 13 Mediterranean species grown in monocultures in a common garden experiment for four years, and compared it to a bare soil. The mass distribution of aggregates in six size-classes and aggregate MWD were calculated, both on a rhizospheric soil and root biomass basis. Compared to bare soil, macroaggregate mass increased by an average of 13% in the presence of plants, with a strong effect of species and life forms (both P < 0.0001); some species such as Sanguisorba minor showing increases of up to ~40%. Although the soil under graminoids had a greater macroaggregate mass, their MWD was lower than under non-woody dicots. Large (2000–1000 μm) and intermediate (1000–500 μm) macroaggregate mass increased with root mass and length density and decreased with root lignin concentration, while very large macroaggregate (6000–2000 μm) mass and the MWD increased with root soluble compound concentration. Species and life forms differently influenced the distribution of macroaggregates among size-classes and aggregate MWD. Easily-decomposable roots with traits related to resource acquisition (i.e., high fine root length, high water-soluble compound concentration) are more favorable for the development of water-stable macroaggregates than roots traits related to resource conservation (high lignin concentration, thick roots).

In Vitro Propagation of Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.)

Problems encountered in the development of herbal medicine industry is that most of the raw materials (80%) came from the forest or natural habitats and the rest (20%) of the results of traditional cultivation. The research is focused to get the propagation techniques of temulawak by in vitro using various combinations of IBA and BAP concentration, each consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ppm. The purpose of this research is to gain a plant propagation technique of temulawak through the use of IBA and BAP concentration so as to provide a quality seeds. The results showed that the highest shoots obtained at 1 ppm IBA and 3 ppm BAP treatment with a buds height of 15.9 cm. Treatment of 0 ppm IBA and 4 ppm BAP produces the highest buds number by 4 buds. While the highest number of leaves obtained in 2 ppm IBA and 3 ppm BAP treatment with total of 18 leafs. The highest length of leaf obtained in the treatment of 3 ppm IBA and 2 ppm BAP with a length of 14.6 cm. Variable highest number of roots was obtained at treatment of 4 ppm IBA and 1 ppm BAP with root number exceeds 30 pieces with very many hair roots and the highest root length was obtained at treatment of 2 ppm IBA and 0 ppm BAP with a length of 15.6 cm. Based on these results it can be concluded that the IBA and BAP treatment at various concentrations can affect the propagation and growth of temulawak explants.

Micropropagation of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) in liquid medium by temporary immersion bioreactor in comparison with solid culture.

Developing scale-up system and automation of micropropagation in a bioreactor has been a possible way of cost reduction and intensive manual handling. We report a comparison between the results of experiments aimed at improving carnation micropropagation using new bioreactor according to Temporary Immersion Bioreactor (TIB) and solid culture. By applying different levels of BAP, at the concentration of 3 mg L−1, we observed 14.3 new shoots in TIB, but the number of new shoots on solid medium reached to 5.7 at the same treatment. Our results also showed that with 3 mg L−1 BAP in TIB, the initial fresh weight of plant material increased from 10 g to 450 g after 15 days. It is concluded that TIB showed more than 10 times shoot production of carnation. Shoot elongation and rooting induction was successfully stimulated in TIB by applying 1 mg L−1 IBA. Rooting of proliferated plantlets from TIB and solid culture were successfully happened, and led to highest number of roots (4.6 cm) and highest length of roots (6.87 cm) in TIB. More than 90% of plantlet was acclimatized to ex vitro. Our results suggested that mass production of carnation shoots in our simple TIB, with effective result, can be considered as a critical first step toward large scale production of carnation.

Diversity in root traits of sorghum genotypes in response to Striga hermonthica infestation

SummaryStriga hermonthica is a major biotic constraint to agriculture in the lowland areas of Ethiopia where sorghum is a major stable crop. A pot and a field experiment were conducted in 2011 during the rainy season using 10 sorghum genotypes. Each experiment had infested and non‐infested conditions as the main plots and the 10 genotypes as subplots. The aim of this study was to examine the response of root traits of the sorghum genotypes to S. hermonthica infested conditions and to investigate relationships among S. hermonthica, root and growth traits of sorghum genotypes. Sorghum genotypes were categorized in to three groups, that is, low, moderate and high S. hermonthica count groups. Each group showed a differential response to root traits. Low S. hermonthica count groups had significantly lower root length, root length density, root to shoot ratio and root dry weight compared with susceptible groups. In contrast to low S. hermonthica count groups, moderate S. hermonthica count groups had higher root length, root length density, root to shoot ratio and root dry weight. Highly significant and strong relations were observed among root traits of sorghum, indicating that any of the root traits can be used as indicators for resistance. The result indicates different reactions in root traits in the upper soil layer may be useful for genetic improvement of S. hermonthica resistance and tolerance breeding in sorghum.

Root morphology and the effect of rootstocks on leaf nutrient acquisition of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Loureiro × Citrus reticulata Blanco)

ABSTRACTThe study aimed to understand the root morphological character of 1 year old seedling rootstock of citrus genotypes viz., rough lemon, Karna Khatta, Carrizo citrange, Rangpur lime, Troyer citrange, Jatti Khatti and sour orange as well as to investigate the effect of these rootstocks on the leaf mineral composition of Kinnow. Root morphological traits showed significant genotypic variation. Rough lemon seedlings had a higher root length, projected area, surface area, volume and the number of forks. Sour orange was moderate rootstock of the 7 genotypes for most of the root morphological characters, while citrange rootstocks expressed poor root morphology. The rootstocks also imparted significant influence on the leaf mineral composition. Leaf K, Ca and Mg content was recorded maximum in plants grown on rough lemon seedling, while N, P, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu concentration was higher on sour orange rootstock. Kinnow trees on Rangpur lime rootstock accumulated more Na in their leaf tissue, where as Troyer citrange restricted the accumulation of Na. Considering the root morphological characters and nutrient accumulation pattern, rough lemon and sour orange for areas free from tristeza virus could be suggested as alternative rootstocks for the studied Kinnow mandarin under similar ecological conditions.

Morpho-functional traits and plant response to drought conditions in seedlings of six native species of Ecuadorian Ecosystems

Tropical Andean ecosystems have been identified as very vulnerable to climate change. Changes in climatic conditions, especially drought as envisaged by climate change projections, could affect the establishment of new individuals that are responsible for ensuring the persistence of species and plant communities. The aim was to study the main morpho-functional traits related to water use and drought resistance of native plant species from Ecuadorian ecosystems during imposed drought periods. Seedlings of six native species representative of the Ecuadorian Andes were studied: lower montane evergreen forest (Alnus acuminata and Cedrela montana), montane cloud forest (Podocarpus sprucei and Aegiphila ferruginea) and montane dry shrubland (Schinus molle and Caesalpinia spinosa). Morphological characterisation, a root growth capacity test and stomatal conductance measurements during two controlled drought periods were used to investigate biomass allocation patterns, the root system morphology and gas exchange patterns of species, respectively. The main results indicated that species-specific differences in morpho-functional traits and allocation patterns determined responses to water availability and drought conditions. Low relative growth rate, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area, and high specific root length, were related to drought-resistant species as P. sprucei and C. spinosa. In contrast, a high or moderate relative growth rate, leaf area and root biomass, but low specific root length as in A. ferruginea, S. molle, C. montana, were related to lower resistance to drought conditions. Despite A. acuminata showed high specific root length, it was reported as a species sensitive to drought. Overall, patterns of stomatal conductance, linked to biomass allocation patterns and root system morphology, especially specific root length, seemed to be related to differences in vulnerability to drought in these species. Drought response was independent of species habitats. Unexpectedly, P. sprucei, belonging to montane cloud forest showed higher drought resistance than S. molle, belonging to montane dry shrubland.

English

Salt stress is one of the most adverse abiotic environmental factors that inhibit growth and productivity of plants. This experiment was carried out at physiology laboratory, Addis Ababa University. Sorghum landraces (sorcoll163/07 and sorcoll141/07) were collected with many other landraces from different sorghum growing regions of Ethiopia and they were selected for their stay-green traits and drought tolerance performances. The objective of this study was to evaluate germination potential of sorcoll163/07 and sorcoll141/07 sorghum seeds at different salt concentration levels in order to investigate salinity stress tolerance during germination. Twenty five healthy and uniform seeds were selected and treated using distilled water, 0.5% hypochlorite, and 10% ethanol. Four levels of salt concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 200 mM) and control with three replications were kept in completely randomized design (CRD). Higher germination percentage was recorded from 50 mM salinity from both sorghum landraces. Highest germination percentage of sorcoll163/07 and sorcoll141/07 were 96 and 98.6, respectively from 50 mM salinity level which was higher than the control; however, germination percentage was declined as the salt concentration increases. There was a significant p≤0.001 difference between root and shoot length, fresh root weight, as well as dry root and dry shoot biomass of two sorghum landraces between control experiment at 100, 150 and 200 mM salinity level, otherwise no significant difference was observed between the control and 50 mM salt concentration. Generally, sorcoll141/07 showed a higher germination percentage and had a higher root length, fresh weight and dry root weight than sorcoll163/07 even at 200 mM of NaCl level. Key words: Biomass, germination percentage, salinity, sodium chloride, sorghum landraces.

Enhancement of &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; Rooting through Growth Media, Gelling Agents and Activated Charcoal in &lt;i&gt;Lycium chinense&lt;/i&gt;

Lycium chinense, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine is well known for its medicinal value and composition for centuries in Asia. Plant tissue culture technique has proven as a quick and sustainable ways to regenerate various plants species those are valuable in terms of medicinal as well as ornamental. Here, we investigated the in vitro root regeneration and root growth of L. chinense in response of different media, gelling agents and activated charcoal. The growth media Schenk and Hildebrandt medium (SH medium) performed the best for being the highest number of roots in each (3.50) and also for the longest root length (33.80 mm) exhibiting 20% and 18% higher roots/explant and root growth, respectively than that of the lowest roots/explant and root growth containg medium of MS. The highest number of roots (3.90) in each explant was observed when phytagar at 6 g L-1 has been used in the culture media producing a 26% higher number of roots in each explant. Phytagar at the lowest concentration (5 g L-1) used in this study produced the longest root length (35.10 mm) exhibiting 20% higher root length than that of the highest concentration (9 g L-1) of phytagar and after that with further increase the concentration of Phytagar the growth of the root length has been decreased. Here concentration of Gelrite at 3 g L-1 responded positively for getting the highest number of roots (4.00) in each explants and the longest root length (35.2 mm). Activated charcoal at 1 g L-1 produced the highest roots (4.10) in each explant and also enhanced to produce the longest (45.40 mm) root length these findings could contributed to enhance rooting ability in any crops especially some medical and ornamental cops and even could provide useful information for future industrial-scale root production of L. chinense.

Growth of hydroponic lettuce with optimized mineral and organomineral nutrient solutions

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of crisp lettuce in hydroponic cultivation, following the nutrient film technique (NFT), using optimized mineral and organomineral nutrient solutions. The experiment was set in 8 x 3 factorial scheme, with treatments distributed in randomized blocks and split plots, with three replicates. The plots corresponded to eight nutrient solutions, of which four were mineral solutions with chemical composition suggested by Bernardes, Furlani, Castellane &amp; Araújo and Ueda, and four were organomineral solutions, suggested by this research with chemical composition similar to those of the previously mentioned mineral solutions. The subplots corresponded to three varieties of crisp lettuce: Thaís, Vanda and Verônica. At 25 days after transplanting, the following parameters were evaluated: stem and crown diameter, root length, leaf area and number of leaves. For stem and crown diameters and number of leaves, the mineral solutions promoted the highest means. The mineral solution of Furlani and the organomineral solutions, except the modified solution of Castellane &amp; Araújo, promoted the greatest root lengths. The smallest leaf area was obtained in the organomineral solution of Ueda. The cultivar Verônica had the highest root length and stem diameter.

Effect of different non-chemical methods of weed management practices on growth and yield parameters of organic rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu to standardize the effect of different non-chemical methods of weed management practices on growth and yield parameters in organic rice [CO (R) 50]. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and 10 treatments. Results revealed that the higher values of growth parameters viz., plant height, number of tillers/m2, leaf area index, dry matter production and yield parameters viz., productive tillers, number of filled grains/panicle, number of unfilled grains/panicle, panicle weight and grain yield were recorded under mulching with biodegradable polyethelene sheet and this was at par with application of rice bran at 2 t/ha on 3 DAT followed by (fb) hand weeding on 35 DAT. Reduction in growth and yield parameters was recorded by unweeded check. Higher root length, root volume and root dry weight were recorded in hand weeding on 15 DAT followed by azolla inoculation on the same day and considered as remunerative in organic rice as it gave the higher B: C ratio.

Pre-Sowing Seed Treatments with Silicon Nano-Iron and Nano-Silicon Particles on Germination of Dragonhead

Abstract Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science widely exploited in agriculture in recent years. In this investigation, application of nanotechnology in agriculture via application of some nano-particles (nano-iron and nano-silicon) have been investigated in seed priming of dragonhead. Seeds were subjected to pre-hydration treatments by factor nano-silicon dioxide as; (S1) 0 mM or distilled water, (S2) 1 mM concentration and (S3) 2 mM concentration and and factor nano-iron oxide as; (F1) 0 Mm or distilled water, (F2) 1 mM concentration and (F3) 2 mM concentration. Germination percent, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root length, shoot length, dry weight of the seed residue, root dry weight and shoot dry weight were measured. Analysis of variance showed significant variation for the main effect of nano-silicon dioxide as well as nano-iron dioxide in root length and dry weight of the seed residue. The interaction effect of nano-silicon × nano-iron priming treatments were significant in all of the measured traits except germination percentage and root fresh weight. The highest germination percentage was recorded in S2-F3, S3-F1 and S3-F3 while the root fresh weight was high in S2-F3 and treatments S1-F1 following to S2-F3 and S3-F2 produced the highest shoot fresh weight. Also, S2-F3 has the highest root length (16.1 cm) and the highest shoot length (18.4 cm). The best treatment combination suitable for obtaining of high values of germination characteristics of dragon-head was identified as S2-F3 (1 mM nano-silicon dioxide plus 2 mM nano-iron dioxide).

Vegetative propagation of Tali (Palaquium polyanthum Engl.) for commercial harvest and landscape conservation

The experiment was conducted to find out suitable vegetative propagation techniques for Tali (Palaquium polyanthum Engl.), a native threatened tree species of Bangladesh. One year old stock plants growing in hedgerows were topped leaving 50–60cm stump above the ground. The effects of different concentrations of IBA (Indole-3 Butyric Acid) hormones on the rooting ability of Tali were investigated in a non-mist propagator. IBA application significantly enhanced the rooting percentage of the species. The species showed (67±4.04)% rooting response with 0.4% IBA treatment after 87 days. There were significant differences among IBA treatments and control at 95% significant level. Maximum number of roots (5±1) was found in 0.8% IBA treated cuttings while the highest root length (3.05±0.27)cm was observed in 1.2% IBA treated cuttings. However, the highest survival percentage (100%) was observed in 0.4% IBA treated cuttings. The results suggest that rooting of juvenile leafy stem cuttings with IBA application may be an effective mean of rooting and suitable vegetative propagation technique for the species.

Can graminoids used for mine tailings revegetation improve substrate structure?

The seeding of agronomic graminoid species that are tolerant to the compacted and low aeration conditions associated with mine tailings allows for rapid cover of mine waste, which in turn controls erosion. These graminoids can be used as primer-species on mine tailings to improve the rooting of other plant species, which may not tolerate soil compaction and low aeration. Tailings colonization by graminoid roots could improve ecological filters such as low air-filled porosity and elevated bulk density. The effect of above- and below-ground development of graminoid species used for hay-field seeding on the macroporosity and density of gold mine tailings was studied under controlled conditions as well as in situ. All of the graminoid species tested improved the macroporosity of the tailings after only 2 months of growth under greenhouse conditions, but had no effect on the density of the tailings. The perennial Bromus inermis Leyss. was most efficient in improving the macroporosity of tailings, having greater root diameter, biomass, and volume. The annual Avena sativa L. also produced high root biomass and length, which improved the macroporosity of the tailings. However, under field conditions, graminoids had low cover and no effect on macroporosity, which highlights that their growth should be improved to make them usefull as primer-plants.

Sediment trapping with indigenous grass species showing differences in plant traits in northwest Ethiopia

Soil loss from an 8% sloping Teff field in north-western Ethiopia is significant (~70tha−1yr−1), and thus found to be an important source of sediment. Grass barriers showing sediment trapping efficacy (STE) are important measures in trapping sediment inside Teff fields and protecting downstream reservoirs and lakes from sedimentation. There are many indigenous grass species available that have the potential to act as sediment trapping measure when used in strips downstream of sloping crop fields. However, their STE and their key functional traits that determine their STE are not yet known. This negatively influence agricultural extension agents in disseminating conservation technology to farmers at larger scales. The indigenous grass species Desho (Pennisetum pedicellatum), Senbelet (Hyparrhenia rufa), Sebez (Pennisetum schimpri) and Akirma (Eleusine floccifolia) and one exotic species, Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) were tested for two years (2013 and 2014) in 1.5m wide strips below Teff fields at 8% slope in the Debre Mewi watershed, northwest Ethiopia. The average runoff during the study was 79, 64, 69, 71, 74 and 75lm−2, with 7.0, 1.7, 2.9, 3.6, 4.5 and 5.6kgm−2yr−1 of sediment from the Control, Desho, Vetiver, Senbelet, Akirma and Sebez treatments, respectively. Differences in key functional traits affected the STE of the different grass barriers. Desho with the highest tiller number and density, and the second highest root length (depth) showed better STE (76%) than the other grass species, Vetiver (59%), Senbelet (49%), Akirma (36%) and Sebez (20%). This indicates that grass barriers can be used as a soil conservation measure replacing the costly and more maintenance demanding physical structures like trenches and ridges. As a co-benefit, grass barriers provided important fresh biomass for livestock, thereby helping to reduce the feed shortage. Thus we conclude that indigenous grass species provided a practical means to reduce soil loss from Teff fields (up to 8% slope) in the northwest Ethiopia and can be easily adopted by farmers due to their combined soil conservation and feed value.

Testing the trait-based community framework: Do functional traits predict competitive outcomes?

Plant traits can be used to understand a range of ecological processes, including competition with invasive species. The extent to which native and invasive species are competing via limiting similarity or trait hierarchies has important implications for the management of invaded communities. We screened 47 native species that co-occur with Festuca perennis, a dominant invader in California serpentine grassland, for traits pertaining to resource use and acquisition. We then grew F.perennis with 10 species spanning a range of functional similarity in pairwise competition trials. Functionally similar species did not have a strong adverse effect on F.perennis performance as would be expected by limiting similarity theory. Phylogenetic relatedness, which may integrate a number of functional traits, was also a poor predictor of competitive outcome. Instead, species with high specific root length, low root-to-shoot biomass ratio, and low leaf nitrogen concentration were more effective at suppressing the growth of F.perennis. Our results suggest that fitness differences (i.e., trait hierarchies) may be more important than niche differences (i.e., limiting similarity) in structuring competitive outcomes in this system and may be a promising approach for the restoration of invaded systems.

Studies on phenological characters and yield attributes of rice genotypes at graded levels of phosphorus

Phosphorus is one of the most limiting nutrients for plant growth in soil in both acidic and alkaline soils. To screen the genotypes for their P use efficiency and response to its application the genotypes need to be grown under different gradients so as to compare their performance under different regimes of P application. Therefore, low P plots were divided into 4 sub-plots with different gradients (0,20,40 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 /ha, respectively). Results showed that at 0 (absolute control) level of P 2 O 5 , rice genotypes differed widely among all the phenological and yield attributing characters studied. Root length measured was recorded lowest for Mahsuri cultivar (18cm) whereas highest root length at maturity stage was recorded for Vikas and Vasumati cultivars (26cm each). At 20 Kg P 2 O 5 /ha level, root length measured was recorded lowest for Mahsuri cultivar (19cm) whereas highest root length at maturity stage was recorded for Akshaydhan cultivar (30cm). At 40 Kg P 2 O 5 /ha level, root length measured was recorded lowest for MTU 1010 cultivar (20cm) whereas highest root length at maturity stage was recorded for Vasumati cultivar (30cm). Similarly At 60 Kg P 2 O 5 /ha level, for plant height the values ranged from a low of 58cm for Rp-bio-226 cultivar to a high of 99cm for Vardhan cultivar. Significant but not steep variations were noticed among cultivars for root length, flag leaf length and effective number of tillers characteristics at maturity stage.

Effects of rhizobacteria on seed germination of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)

Rhizobacteria are considered as the most useful microorganism based on their properties in nitrogen fixing, phosphate and potassium solubilizing, IAA and other plant hormones which improve the germination of seed. However, seed germination varied depending on stimulator such as bacterial strains, bacterial growing media. This investigation focused on testing the germination of Ipomoea aquatica vegetable by using three rhizobacteria isolates including H1-702, C1-112, P1-5071 and their growing media. Percentage of seed germination, shoot length, root length and number of root hairs of I. aquatica were lowest found in nutrient media treatments without bacteria (50%, 1.67 cm, 1.47 cm, and 1.47, respectively) while the highest numbers were obtained from the treatment of soaked seed with bacterial suspension which gave rise 90%, 4.88 cm, 3.01 cm and 19.26, respectively. Among all treatments, percentage of seed germination was highest (83%) in the single inoculums treatments C1-112 and H1-702. In day 5, the highest root length (2.4 cm) and root hair number (22.05) was showed in H1-702 treatment while C1-112 treatment revealed the highest shoot length (4.52 cm). The combination of two bacterial isolates did not stimulate the germination of I. aquatica , especially, P-H treatment which got the lowest number in all observation data.