High Oxidative Stability Research Articles

Functional and Sustainable Application of Natural Antioxidant Extract Recovered from Olive Mill Wastewater on Shelf-Life Extension of “Basil Pesto”

A natural antioxidant extract obtained from oil mill wastewater was used for the formulation of basil pesto sauce, with the aim to improve quality and stability during storage. The antioxidant extract was added to traditional ingredients (basil, cheese, oil, etc.) and after preparation, packaging, and thermal treatment it was submitted to storage (monitored for 90 days). Fresh samples were stored at 4 °C and pasteurized samples were stored at room temperature. The effect of natural antioxidant addition on basil pesto sauce was evaluated for the main qualitative attributes, such as: physicochemical, microbiological, and antioxidant parameters. The principal results showed that the addition of a natural phenolic extract led to an evident reduction in pH, attaining food safety values under pH 4. The high oxidative stability observed in the basil pesto sauces fortified with the phenolic extract suggests that the incorporation of phenolic compounds delays the propagation phase of lipid oxidation.

Synergy of an In Situ-Polymerized Electrolyte and a Li3N-LiF-Reinforced Interface Enables Long-Term Operation of Li-Metal Batteries.

The long-term operation of a Li-metal anode remains a great challenge due to the severe dendrite growth in an organic liquid electrolyte. To protect a Li-anode surface from continuous corrosion by an electrolyte, a consistent and robust solid electrolyte interface (SEI) is an essential prerequisite. This work proposes a secure gel polymer electrolyte, which is in situ constructed via a facile polymerization process of vinylidene carbonate inside Li-metal batteries. The liquid components that are not involved in polymerization are well entrapped in the poly(vinyl carbonate) framework, leading to a high oxidative stability of up to 4.5 V (vs Li/Li+). A Li3N-LiF-reinforced SEI resulting from the reduction of fluoroethylene carbonate and lithium nitrate additives has a synergistic effect on the suppression of Li-dendrite growth. The densely packed Li deposition behavior is revealed by in situ/ex situ microscopic observations. Steady cycling of over 2500 h with a relatively low voltage hysteresis is achieved by the Li||Li symmetric cells. A Coulombic efficiency above 96% upon long-term cycling is available for the asymmetric Li||Cu cells. The smooth operation of batteries with commercial LiFePO4 cathodes further indicates that the SEI with homogeneity in composition and structure prompts Li deposition with alleviative dendrites.

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Retention and Oxidative Stability of Spray-Dried Chia–Fish-Oil-Prepared Microcapsules

Background: Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids that the body cannot create itself; thus, they must be obtained from functional foods. Therefore, the food processing industries are becoming more interested in the production of omega-3 enriched food products, as consumers and healthcare organizations are increasingly demanding functional foods with minimal fatty acid loss and higher oxidative stability. Moreover, the stability of long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids in functional foods is a major challenge for the food processing industries. Therefore, the spray drying method was used to prepare spray-dried microcapsules (SDMs) with the minimum loss of, and more stable, fatty acids. Methods: In this study, emulsion blends of chia seed oil (CSO, 50%) and fish oil (FO, 50%) were spray-dried using varied operating conditions, including the inlet air temperature (IAT) (125, 140, 155, 170, and 185 °C), wall material (WM) (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%), pump speed (PS) (3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 mL/min), and needle speed (NS) (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 S). Results: The maximum loss of ALA in the spray-dried microcapsules (SDMs) was observed (9.90 ± 0.40%) at 170 °C, and the minimum loss was 4.18 ± 0.20% in run order 9. A similar trend was observed in the maximum retention loss of EPA and DHA (9.71 ± 0.39% and 9.77 ± 0.39%) at a high temperature of 170 °C, while the minimum losses of EPA and DHA were observed in run order 9. Furthermore, the maximum peroxide value (PV) of the SDMs was observed at a lower temperature of 140 °C (1.45 ± 0.19 meq O2/kg), and the minimum PV was 1.33 ± 0.16 meq O2/kg. Conclusions: Overall, based on the results, we concluded that the oxidative stability of the SDMs was improved and that it can be used as a fortifying agent in the processing of many food products.

Manganese porphyrins/mesoporous amberlyst 15 nanocomposites: Robust biomimetic catalysts for aqueous oxidation of olefins

In this study, the manganese complexes of N‐methylated meso‐tetra(2‐, 3‐, or 4 pyridyl)porphyrins, immobilized into the pores of the sodium salt of mesoporous amberlyst 15 nanoparticles (nanoAmbSO3Na), nanoAmbSO3@MnT(2‐MePy)P (OAc), nanoAmbSO3@MnT(3‐MePy)P (OAc), and nanoAmbSO3@MnT(4‐MePy)P (OAc), were synthesized and characterized by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), nitrogen adsorption/desorption porosimetry analysis, and diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy. FESEM images revealed a particle size less than ~40 nm for the nanocomposites. The results of BET are in accord with the occupation of the larger pores of the polymer matrix in the case of MnT(2‐MePy)P (OAc) as the most sterically demanding metalloporphyrin of the series, and the smaller pores in the case of the other ones. The immobilized manganese porphyrins were used as catalysts for the oxidation of olefins with sodium periodate in the presence of imidazole (ImH) as the co‐catalyst. The negligible oxidative destructions of the immobilized manganese porphyrins under the oxidative conditions allowed the comparison of the inherent catalytic activity of the metalloporphyrins, decreased as nanoAmbSO3@MnT(4‐MePy)P (OAc) > nanoAmbSO3@MnT(3‐MePy)P (OAc) ≫ nanoAmbSO3@MnT(2‐MePy)P (OAc). Contrary to the general belief that electron‐deficient metalloporphyrins are more efficient catalysts than the electron‐rich ones, the most electron‐deficient metalloporphyrin of the series, that is, nanoAmbSO3@MnT(2‐MePy)P (OAc), showed the lowest catalytic activity. Due to the high oxidative stability of the immobilized manganese porphyrins, ring opening of epoxide competes with the epoxidation reaction to decrease the yield of epoxide at longer reaction times than the optimized one.

Formation of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in biscuits produced using soybean oil-based diacylglycerol stearin-shortening blends: Impacts of different baking temperatures and blending ratios

Diacylglycerol (DAG) is commonly known as one of the precursors for 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) formation. Besides, 3-MCPDE and GE are heat-induced contaminants which can be formed in fat-containing baked products during the baking process. This study attempted to replace the conventional palm-based shortening (SH) with a healthier fat, namely soybean oil-based diacylglycerol stearin (SDAG) in producing biscuits. The effects of different baking temperatures (200, 210 and 220 °C) and SDAG:SH fat blend ratios (0:100, 60:40 (D64S), 80:20 (D82S), 100:0, w/w) towards the biscuits’ physical properties were evaluated. Moreover, the oxidative stability, 3-MCPDPE and GE formation in the fats extracted from the biscuits were also investigated. SDAG-produced biscuit showed slight reductions in the spread ratio compared to the SH-produced biscuit. The elevated baking temperatures resulted in biscuits with increased hardness and low moisture content. Pure SDAG and the other fat blends exhibited significant (p < 0.05) poorer oxidative stability than SH. However, D64S was found to be more oxidative stable compared to SDAG and D82S. The D64S fat blend exhibited the lowest 3-MCPDE and GE formation rates among all fat samples with the increasing baking temperatures. Furthermore, the amount of 3-MCPDE and GE detected in the fats extracted from the biscuits baked at highest temperature (220 °C) were still within the safety limit. In overall, better quality biscuits were produced when lower baking temperature (200 °C) was used as all biscuits baked with different fats showed similar textural properties (hardness and cohesiveness), higher oxidative stability and lower formation of 3-MCPDE and GE compared to biscuits baked at higher temperatures. The findings justified the potential of D64S fat blend in replacing the conventional SH in producing healthier biscuits.

Oxidative stability and health-related indices of anhydrous milk fat and vegetable oil blends

Anhydrous milk fat (AMF), although relatively resistant to oxidation due to its low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs), raises certain health concerns due to a high saturated FAs content. Blending AMF with other edible fats is an ideal strategy for modifying its FA profile, health-promoting properties and oxidative stability. Addition of 30% vegetable oils to AMF significantly modified its FA profile. Oils with a high unsaturated FAs content, i.e., walnut, grapeseed and linseed oils, were particularly effective in increasing the content of unsaturated FAs in AMF and reducing its atherogenicity index and thrombogenicity index. AMF and vegetable oil blends were characterised by higher oxidative stability than pure vegetable oils. Blends comprising AMF and oils abundant in monounsaturated FAs, i.e., hazelnut, rapeseed and peanut oils, were most resistant to oxidation. Depending on intended use, the properties of AMF can be easily and cheaply modified through blending with selected vegetable oils.

Oxidative stability of high oleic palm and hazelnut skin oil blends

AbstractHigh oleic palm oil (HOPO) with high oleic and palmitic acid contents is a new vegetable oil that needs to find further use in food applications, while hazelnut skin oil (HSO) with high oleic acid content is a by‐product of hazelnut oil production and have no commercial value. The aim of the study was to obtain new oil blends for new food formulations with high oxidative stability and low (or reasonable) saturated fatty acid content using HOPO and HSO. For this aim, they were blended in the proportions of 0 to 100% (wt/wt), and fatty acid and tocol compositions, induction period and storage stability of the blends were evaluated. Tocotrienols (560.94 mg/kg) constitute the majority of the tocol content of HOPO, while tocopherols (437.69 mg/kg) were the major tocols of HSO. HOPO has a higher saturated fatty acid composition and lower monounsaturated fatty acids content than HSO. In general, it was determined that increasing the HSO ratio in oil blends reduced their oxidative stabilities, which is most likely because HSO is richer in total unsaturated fatty acids (91.8%) than HOPO (68.4%). In addition, tocotrienols are known to be stronger antioxidants than tocopherols. Although HOPO is rich in γ‐tocotrienol, which has a strong antioxidant activity, it also has some disadvantages such as having a high price and containing significant levels of saturated fatty acids (mainly palmitic acid). The optimum blend ratio was then determined as 50% HOPO:50% HSO considering oxidative stability and fatty acid compositions.

Study on Aluminum Corrosion in Lithium Perchlorate-Based Super-Concentrated Electrolyte Solution

For realizing sustainable world, Lithium-ion batteries are required to have higher energy density. Aluminum metal have been dominantly used as a current collector of positive electrode. A mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) containing 1 mol dm-3 Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) has been used as an electrolyte solution, however, aluminum corrosion may occur due to this electrolyte solution under high voltage condition. On the other hand, super-concentrated electrolyte solution (SCES), which consists of only two or three times as much solvent as lithium salt, has been attracting attention as a new electrolyte solution of Lithium-ion battery. Motsumoto et al. proposed that aluminum corrosion was remarkably suppressed in lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)-based SCES. However, the electrolyte solution containing fluorine has the problem which is the dissolution of the active material due to the decomposition product of the electrolyte solution．In the present work, we investigated aluminum corrosion in the lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)-based SCES as a fluorine-free solution.The LiClO4 based SCES was prepared by dissolving LiClO4 into DMC as the molar ratio of 1 : 2. For comparison, DMC solution containing 1 mol dm-3 LiClO4 was also prepared. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were measured. X-ray photospectroscopy (XPS) was performed to evaluate the decomposition product on the aluminum electrode. Anodic current of the dilute electrolyte solution is observed at 3.9 V vs. Li/Li+. By contrast, in the LiClO4 based SCES, the anodic current is less than 100 µA cm-2 when polarized to 6 V vs. Li/Li+. In the dilute electrolyte solution, the ClO4 - anion is decomposed to form Cl-, which promotes aluminum corrosion. By contrast, the SCES has high oxidative stability, suggesting that the liquid structure of the SCES differ from that of the dilute electrolyte solution. two intense peaks appear at 196 and 198 eV in in XPS spectra of Cl 2p for the aluminum surface after LSV measurement in the dilute electrolyte solution. On the other hand, a weak peak is observed at approximately 199 eV in XPS spectra of Cl 2p for the aluminum surface after LSV measurement in the SCES. This result suggests that the ClO4 - anion is not decomposed in the SCES.

Insights into the Crystal Structure of Halide Solid Electrolytes and Li Diffusion

Lithium halides with general formula Li3MX6 (M = metals such as Y, In, Yb or Sc; X = Cl or Br) have attracted significant attention because of their promising room temperature conductivities and high oxidative stability[1]. Li-ion mobility in these halides is strongly affected by the synthesis method and parameters. In Li3YCl6 with a hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) anion framework, the ionic conductivity is commonly observed to decrease with increased crystallinity. While in Li3YBr6 with a face-centered-cubic (fcc) anion framework, the ionic conductivity increases with increased crystallinity. So far there is no clear explanation for such opposite trends in these two otherwise very similar crystal structures. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation[2] suggested higher ionic conductivity and lower activation energy in Li3YCl6 than inLi3YBr6, which also does not agree well with the experimental observation that Li3YBr6 commonly shows higher conductivity than Li3YCl6. Above-mentioned unexplained observations and inconsistencies imply that likely some critical structural features of these halides that strongly impact ionic diffusion are not yet explored nor taken into consideration. Here, we report our recent findings in the crystal structure of Li3YCl6 and Li3YBr6 and the design, synthesis and electrochemical testing of a few new halide compounds designed based on the new findings. The crystal structures are investigated with using ex situ and in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and neutron diffraction (ND). Our study[3] demonstrated that the discrepancies between simulated and experimental results in Li3YBr6-type structure is partly caused by the grain boundary. Through PDF data analysis, we provide experimental evidences of cation local ordering in ab plane and stacking fault along c-direction in Li3YBr6-type structure. The lower ionic conductivity in low crystallinity is owing to the blockage of Li diffusion channel along c-direction caused by the stacking fault. Moreover, a new tetrahedral Li-site is identified, which may be critical in understanding the Li diffusion behaviors. Via rationally tuning Li occupancies at the tetrahedral and octahedral sites, low Li diffusion barriers can be achieved, which is in consistence with theoretical calculation results.[1] T. Asano, A. Sakai, S. Ouchi, M. Sakaida, A. Miyazaki, S. Hasegawa, Advanced Materials 2018, 30, 1803075.[2] S. Wang, Q. Bai, A. M. Nolan, Y. Liu, S. Gong, Q. Sun, Y. Mo, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2019, 58, 8039-8043.[3] Z. Liu, S. Ma, J. Liu, S. Xiong, Y. Ma, H. Chen, ACS Energy Letters 2021, 6, 298-304.

(Digital Presentation) A Polymerized-Ionic-Liquid-Based Polymer Electrolyte for >4 V Class Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries

Polymer solid electrolytes for solid-state batteries typically suffer from low ionic conductivity and low oxidative stability. We report a polymer electrolyte based on a polymerized ionic liquid and an ionic liquid plasticizer offering simultaneously a high room-temperature ionic conductivity of 0.8 mS cm-1 and a high oxidative stability > 5.0 V vs Li+/Li. The electrolyte is compatible with lithium metal, exhibits high thermal stability up to 300 °C, is non-flammable upon direct flame exposure, shows decent lithium-ion transference number of 0.44, and possesses a low gravimetric density of only 1.6 g cm-3, important when targeting batteries with high gravimetric energy density. In symmetric lithium metal cells, the electrolyte enables stable lithium plating and stripping at 0.1 mA cm−2 with a capacity of 1 mAh cm−2 per half cycle for over 1700 h at 25 °C. Cells with a lithium metal anode cycled against a state-of-the-art high-energy uncoated layered LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2cathode achieve an initial capacity of 162 mA h g-1 and a capacity retention of 72% after 600 cycles to an upper cut-off voltage of 4.4 V at 0.1 mA cm-2 and 25 °C. Cells with a high-voltage spinel LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 cathode reach an initial capacity of 132 mAh g-1 and a capacity retention of 76% after 300 cycles to an upper cut-off voltage of 5 V at 0.1 mA cm-2 and 25 °C, confirming the high oxidative stability and technological potential of this electrolyte for high-voltage solid-state lithium metal batteries.

A Sulfone-Based Crystalline Organic Electrolyte for 5 V Solid-State Potassium Batteries

Solid-state potassium batteries are promising energy storage systems, but their wide use requires suitable solid electrolytes to ensure high ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, and contacting ability with composite electrodes. For this purpose, this study introduces sulfone-based crystalline organic electrolytes (SCOEs) consisting of dimethyl sulfone (DMS) and potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI). One solid-state SCOE, KFSI/DMS 1:9 by mol, exhibits high ionic conductivity (4.0 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C), oxidation stability (~5.8 V vs. K+/K), and negligible flammability. Moreover, owing to its optimal melting point (94 °C), the SCOE enables seamless contact with the composite electrodes through the melt-casting process, which has been challenging for other solid-state electrolytes. K||KVPO4F cells filled with this SCOE show improved cycle performance (capacity retention 88.8% after 100 cycles vs. 77.6% after 74 cycles at 25 °C) with high Coulombic efficiency (asymptotic value 99.6% vs. 92.0%) compared to cells with a conventional carbonate electrolyte. With these results, the developed SCOE paves the way to room-temperature operable, 5 V solid-state potassium batteries. Figure 1

Sterically Hindered Pyridine-Linked Sulfonated Polytriazoles: Fabrication of Membranes and Investigation of Single Fuel Cell Performance

The semifluorinated sulfonated polytriazoles could integrate the benefits of both enhanced proton conductivity and chemical stability, which makes them one of the best choices for the fabrication of proton exchange membranes (PEM) for fuel cell applications. Herein we report a series of semifluorinated sulfonated polytriazoles, prepared from 2,2′-hindered pyridine functionalized nonsulfonated diazide (PYFAZ) and dialkyne (PYAK). The degrees of sulfonation of the polytriazoles (PYPYSH-XX) were varied by using DSSAZ as one of the sulfonated diazide comonomer in the polymer synthesis. The polymers showed a weight-average molecular weight of up to 450 800 g·mol–1, and their chemical structures were confirmed by FTIR and NMR techniques. The solution cast membranes showed phase-separated morphology with well-defined hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. The membranes were mechanically robust (tensile strength up to 65.5 MPa, Young modulus of 2.37 GPa), were thermally stable, and exhibited a very high oxidative stability of 48 h (PYPYSH-70). The elongation at the break of the membranes was above 13%, somewhat lower in comparison to that of Nafion-117. Nevertheless, it was possible to fabricate a good quality electrode membrane assembly. The membranes show proton conduction in the range of 95–184 mS·cm–1 (80 °C) and a power density of 599–966 mW·cm–2 (H2/O2) depending on their degree of sulfonation. All these results indicate the potential use of these membranes in PEMFCs.

Rational Design of Functional Electrolytes Towards Commercial Dual-Ion Batteries.

Dual-ion batteries (DIBs) based on anion (de)intercalation into low-cost graphitic carbon cathodes hold great promise in grid-scale energy storage. Different from the electrolyte in rocking-chair batteries, which only serves as a charge transporter, both cations and anions in the electrolyte for DIBs participate in battery reactions. Hence, the impact of the electrolyte formulation on cycle life, energy density, as well as cost has become a subject of vital importance. This review discussed the challenges and recent progress of electrolytes for DIBs, with a particular focus on the exploration of electrolytes with high oxidation stability, high salt concentration, high ionic conductivity, and low cost. Moreover, the influence of varied ion concentrations at different state-of-charge levels on the electrolyte properties such as ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability is analyzed. Finally, perspectives on the current limitations and future research directions of electrolytes for DIBs are provided.

Insights into LiMXO4F (M-X = Al-P and Mg-S) as Cathode Coatings for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Cathode coatings have received extensive attention due to their ability to delay electrochemical performance degradation in lithium-ion batteries. However, the development of cathode coatings possessing high ionic conductivity and good interfacial stability with cathode materials has proven to be a challenge. Here, we performed first-principles computational studies on the phase stability, thermodynamic stability, and ionic transport properties of LiMXO4F (M-X = Al-P and Mg-S) used as cathode coatings. We find that the candidate coatings are thermodynamically metastable and can be synthesized experimentally. The coating materials possess high oxidative stability, with the materials predicted to decompose above 4.2 V, suggesting that they have good electrochemical stability under a high-voltage cathode. In addition, the candidate coatings exhibit significant chemical stability when in contact with oxide cathodes. Finally, we have studied the Li-ion transport paths and migration barriers of LiMXO4F (M-X = Al-P and Mg-S) and calculated the low migration barriers to be 0.19 and 0.09 eV, respectively. Our findings indicate that LiMXO4F (M-X = Al-P and Mg-S) are promising cathode coatings, among which LiAlPO4F has been experimentally confirmed. The theoretical cathode coating computational methods presented here can be extended to the solid-state battery system.

A Self‐Standing Flexible Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Dendrite‐Free Lithium‐Metal Batteries

AbstractWe discuss here a self‐standing and flexible homogeneous amorphous gel polymer electrolyte (abbreviated as LiGPE) as an alternative electrolyte for lithium‐metal batteries. The LiGPE, comprises of a large volume of liquid lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) salt in tetra ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) electrolyte confined inside in situ synthesized network of acrylonitrile and acrylate, which is poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate or PEGMEMA. The glyme‐based liquid electrolyte in the LiGPE discussed here, which is completely devoid of ionic liquids, essentially plays the role of a plasticizer. The LiGPE exhibits high room temperature ionic conductivity (2.3 mS cm−1), high lithium‐transference number of approximately 0.6, good thermal stability (155 °C) and excellent electrochemical properties. At varying current densities, it facilitates a dendrite free plating and de‐plating of lithium across its interface for long periods of time. The high oxidative stability against lithium (Li) up to 5.3 V strongly suggests that it will provide a safer operating Li‐metal battery compared to conventional liquid electrolytes. The LiGPE, when assembled in Li‐metal cell comprising of Li‐metal anode and Li‐ion insertion cathode material (LiFePO4, LFP), demonstrated excellent stability and delivered 90 % of theoretical capacity when cycled over 100 cycles. We discuss here a self‐standing and flexible homogeneous amorphous gel polymer electrolyte (abbreviated as LiGPE) as an alternative electrolyte for lithium‐metal batteries. The gel shows superior interfacial properties with lithium (Li) metal, supressing dendritic growth and enhancing Li‐ion transference number (0.64). The high oxidative stability against Li up to 5.3 V strongly suggests that it will provide a safer operating Li‐metal battery. The LiGPE, comprises of a large volume of liquid lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) salt in tetra ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) electrolyte confined inside in‐situ synthesized network of acrylonitrile and acrylate, which is poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate or PEGMEMA. The glyme‐based liquid electrolyte in the LiGPE discussed here, which is completely devoid of ionic liquids, essentially plays the role of a plasticizer, enhancing the ionic conductivity (2.3 mS cm−1) without compromising with the mechanical stability or thermal stability (155 °C) of GPE.

Developing ester-based fluorinated electrolyte with LiPO2F2 as an additive for high-rate and thermally robust anode-free lithium metal battery

The electrolyte of 1 M LiPF6 in FEC/TTE/EMC (FTE 352) has been demonstrated to increase cycle life, safety, and energy density of anode-free lithium metal battery (AFLMB) due to its high oxidative stability, nonflammability, and capability to form lithium fluoride (LiF) rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Methyl acetate (MA), a linear ester, is selected to reduce the use of expensive FEC and expand the adaptability of an electrolyte for high rates and lower temperature applications. Due to its lower LUMO value, a complementary additive LiPO2F2 was applied to tune the SEI. In this work, 1 M LiPF6 in FEC/TTE/EMC/MA (1/5/2/2 vol ratio) + 1 wt% LiPO2F2 was thus developed, which has high ionic conductivity, high oxidative stability (>5 V), high-rate capability, thermal stability, and tolerance to low temperature (0 °C). Using an anode-free configuration, this electrolyte delivers an average coulombic efficiency of 97.5% at room temperature and 96% at 0 °C. In contrast, the average coulombic efficiency of 1 M LiPF6 in FTE 352 is 94.4% at 0 °C. This electrolyte also holds capacity retention of 48% under a current density of 2 mA/cm2 using Cu||NMC111, while the reference electrolyte's capacity retention is 35%.

Impact of glucose syrup and antioxidants on properties and oxidative stability of microcapsules loaded with skipjack tuna eyeball oil

Effects of glucose syrup (GS) at different ratios as wall materials on encapsulation efficiency (EE) and properties of micro-encapsulated skipjack tuna eyeball oil (ME-STEO) were determined. Highest EE (90.45-90.61%) was obtained when the mixtures of fish gelatin (FG), sodium caseinate (SC) and GS at ratios of 1:1:1 and 1:1:2 (w/w/w) were used. Moisture content, water activity and lightness (L*) of ME-STEO were declined when the amount of GS was augmented, but redness (a*), yellowness (b*), total difference in color (∆E*) and surface shrinkage of ME-STEO were increased. When α-tocopherol (AT) in combination of ascorbyl palmitate (AP) were incorporated in STEO, lower peroxide and thiobarbituric acid substances were found in ME-STEO than others (P < 0.05). Mixtures of wall material (FG:SC:GS=1:1:2) and the addition of 200 ppm AT in combination with 200 ppm AP yielded STEO as a core with higher oxidative stability during 30 days of storage at room temperature.

Impact of Various Visible Spectra on Attached Microalgal Growth on Palm Decanter Cake in Triggering Protein, Carbohydrate, and Lipid to Biodiesel Production

Attached microalgal growth of Chlorella vulgaris on palm decanter cake (PDC) under irradiation with various visible monochromatic and polychromatic spectra to produce biodiesel was studied in this work. The results demonstrated that the white spectrum cultivation exhibited the highest microalgal density of 1.13 g/g along with 1.213 g/L day of microalgal productivity. Correspondingly, the biodiesel obtained was comprised mainly of C16 and C18 fatty acids, possessing a high cetane number and oxidation stability from the high saturated fatty acid content (70.38%), which was appealing in terms of most biodiesel production requirements. Nevertheless, the highest lipid content (14.341%) and lipid productivity (93.428 mg/L per day) were discovered with green spectrum cultivation. Blue and white spectra led to similar protein contents (34%) as well as carbohydrate contents (61%), corroborating PDC as a feasible carbon and nutrient source for growing microalgae. Lastly, the energy feasibilities of growing the attached microalgae under visible spectra were investigated, with the highest net energy ratio (NER) of 0.302 found for the yellow spectrum. This value outweighed that in many other works which have used suspended growth systems to produce microalgal fuel feedstock. The microalgal growth attached to PDC is deemed to be a suitable alternative cultivation mode for producing sustainable microalgal feedstock for the biofuel industry.

Improved stability against moisture and lithium metal by doping F into Li3InCl6

The halide Li3InCl6 (LIC) has emerged as a promising solid electrolyte for its high ionic conductivity and oxidation stability, while the development of applicable LIC for solid-state Li batteries is severely hampered by the poor stability against moisture and lithium metal. In this work, fluorine doping of LIC is proposed to solve the aforementioned issues. The doping of fluorine into the LIC lattice can be simply achieved by ball-milling with low-temperature annealing. The ionic conductivity of optimized F-doped LIC (Li3InCl5.6F0.4, LICF0.4) reaches 1.37 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 30 °C. Benefiting from the in-situ formed F-rich interface, the Li symmetric cells with LICF0.4 electrolytes exhibit lower resistance and smaller polarization than those with LIC electrolytes. Moreover, the LICF0.4 shows enhanced moisture-stability owing to the formation of Li–F bond in the crystal structure. This work indicates that fluorine doping is a simple and effective way to improve the stability of Li3InCl6 against moisture and Li metal, which is helpful for the real application of Li3InCl6

Polyamine based solid CO2 adsorbents for [11C]CO2 purification and radiosynthesis

Silica-grafted polyamines developed for CO2 capture are capable of reversibly and selectively capturing CO2 at ambient temperature. In this study, the feasibility of solid phase chemical adsorbents for purifying [11C]CO2 from cyclotron target gas was investigated as an alternative to physical adsorption. Silica grafted polyethyleneimine (Si-g-PEI) demonstrated a high selectivity for [11C]CO2 at room temperature with no detectable radiochemical impurities. Capture efficiencies from cyclotron target gas were 79 ± 12% for Si-g-PEI. Pure [11C]CO2 was obtained in under 10 min via temperature-swing desorption. Si-g-PEI was easily regenerated with mild heating, though capture efficiencies decreased over multiple cycles. As a proof-of-concept, the positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceutical [11C]SL2511.88 was successfully synthesized from Si-g-PEI purified [11C]CO2, providing molar activities on par with conventional methods. This work presents the first reusable, solid phase chemical adsorbents for capture and purification of [11C]CO2 under mild conditions. Future work will focus on improved material longevity using materials with high thermal and oxidative stability.