Highest Mean Zone Of Inhibition Research Articles

Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy of Fungal-Derived Silver Nanoparticles against Enterococcus faecalis.

Background:The main objective of endodontic therapy is complete elimination and prevention of bacteria from the root canal system; however, it is difficult due to anatomical ramifications of root canal system and growing resistant microbes to available disinfectants. Therefore, to overcome this problem, newer antimicrobial agents have to be developed.Aims:The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of fungal-derived biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Enterococcus faecalis.Materials and Methods:Freshly prepared silver nanoparticles using the endophytic fungi Fusarium semitectum, characterized by different techniques were used to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis by agar well diffusion method measuring the zone of inhibition using different concentrations of nanoparticles (AgNPs) (A [20 μl], B [40 μl], C [60 μl], D [80 μl], and E [100 μl]), F (0.2% chlorhexidine [CHX]), G (2% CHX), H (ampicillin), and I (distilled water) were used as control groups. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey multiple comparison test was done.Results:AgNPs (100 ml) showed highest zone of inhibition 19.5 mm against E. faecalis. CHX (0.2%) 14.52 mm, CHX (2%) 20.02 mm, and ampicillin showed highest mean zone of inhibition 20.5 mm and distilled water showed no zone of inhibition. Results indicate no significant difference between E (100 μl), G (2% CHX), and H (ampicillin) (P < 0.0001).Conclusions:Biosynthesized AgNPs exhibit efficient antibacterial activity against E. faecalis and therefore can be used as root canal irrigant or intracanal medicament for root canal disinfection.

An Original Invitro Study for Evaluating Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ampicillin, Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Metronidazole and Calcium Hydroxide Against Enterococus Faecalis

Aim and objectives: Aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of Ampicillin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, metronidazole and calcium hydroxide against enterococus faecalis. Materials and methods: Ampicillin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, metronidazole &amp; calcium hydroxide were used to assess the antimicrobial efficiency against Enterococcus faecalis using the agar well diffusion test. Agar plates were incubated at 370 ˚C for 24 hours in an incubator. The diameter of bacterial inhibition zones around each well was recorded to the nearest size in mm. Results: Higher mean zone of inhibition was recorded in ciprofloxacin and calcium hydroxide followed by Ampicillin and vancomycin respectively. The lowest mean zone of inhibition was found in vancomycin. Conclusion: From the present study, it can be concluded that ciprofloxacin shows comparable zones of inhibition with that of calcium hydroxide.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Different Crude Extracts of Marine Red Alga Gracilaria corticata From The Gulf of Mannar South Coast, Navaladi, South India

To investigate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of Gracilaria corticata J. Ag against bacterial and fungal strains viz., Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris. Fungal strains Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondi, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, four dermatophytes viz., Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton flocossum. The extracts of G. corticata were extracted with different solvents viz., hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol against bacterial and fungal strains by using disc diffusion method, MIC, MBC and MFC were determined. The ethyl acetate extract of G. corticata showed the highest antibacterial and antifungal activity against all the bacterial and fungal strains tested than the other extracts. The mean zones of inhibition produced by the extracts in agar disc diffusion assays were from 7.1 to 16.0 mm. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) was between 125 and 500?g/ml, while the Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations and Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations (MFC) were between 250 and 500?g/ml. The highest mean zone of inhibition (16.0 mm) was observed in ethyl acetate extract of G. corticata against B. subtilis. The lowest MIC (125?g/ml), MBC and MFC (250?g/ml) values was observed in ethyl acetate extract of G. corticata against B. subtilis. The results suggest that the effective ethyl acetate crude extract of G. corticata showed the presence of phytochemical, terpenoids, tannins and phenolic compounds strongly than the other solvent extracts. These finding suggest that ethyl acetate crude extract of G. corticata have potential antimicrobial activity are under going further analysis to identify the active compounds currently progress.

PRESERVATION OF CITRUS SINENSIS L (SWEET ORANGE) JUICE USING ESSENTIAL OIL FROM TWO MEDICINAL PLANTS

The preservation of freshly squeezed orange juice with essential oils from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus globulus was investigated. Extraction was carried out using volatile oil distillator at 80°C. The quality assessments of juice were analyzed after 28 days of storage at 4oC. The volatile constituents of test plants were analyzed via GC-MS. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Candida sp, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trichoderma sp. were isolated from the freshly squeezed orange juice and branded orthodox juices. Antifungal assay of the oil showed A. flavus exhibiting highest mean zone of inhibition of 10.58 ± 1.10 mm in C. citratus. Quality assessment as days of storage increased indicated an increase in pH values in the control (3.70 to 4.02) while acidity reduced from 3.50 to 3.70 and 3.60 to 3.80 in C. citratus and E. globulus, respectively. Potential browning increased in C. citratus from 1.324 to 1.798 and from 1.215 to 1.764 in E. globulus within the same time of storage. Citronelle (9.5%) and Apha-phellande (8.40%), respectively had highest percentage composition of volatile oils in C. citratus and E. globulus. This study indicated that the volatile oils in the plants have preservative potentials in extending the shelf-life of orange juice.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Various Concentrations of Bamboo Salt against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: An in vitro Study

ABSTRACT Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) remains the gold standard against which any new endodontic irrigant is compared. But, its inadvertent extrusion beyond the confines of the root canal can be caustic to vital periapical or periodontal tissues. There has been an increase in the use of herbal medicines as irrigants over the last two decades. Bamboo salt is a Korean folk medicine, which shows promising antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this in vitro study was to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of 1, 3, and 5% bamboo salt against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans using agar diffusion test; 4% NaOCl was used as control. The experiment was performed in triplicate and the zone of inhibition (ZOI) was measured. The results of the present study showed that 4% NaOCl and 5% bamboo salt showed significantly higher mean ZOI than the other groups against E. faecalis; 4% NaOCl showed significantly higher mean ZOI than the other groups against C. albicans, followed by 5 and 3% bamboo salt. Hence, it can be concluded that 4% NaOCl proved to be the most effective antimicrobial against both the species; 5% bamboo salt was as effective as 4% NaOCl against E. faecalis, but significantly less effective against C. albicans. How to cite this article Santosh Kumar P, Vidhya S, Mahalaxmi S. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Various Concentrations of Bamboo Salt against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: An in vitro Study. J Oper Dent Endod 2017;2(2):65-68.

Antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Plectranthus ambionicus and Phyllanthus amarus

Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaves of Plectranthus ambionicus and Phyllanthus amarus were screened for their antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Antimicrobial activity was carried out by disc diffusion method, determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) against four strains of Gram positive bacteria, three strains of Gram negative bacteria and three species of fungi. The antimicrobial activity of various extracts of Plectranthus ambionicus and Phyllanthus amarus showed varied levels of antimicrobial activity against the studied bacterial and fungal pathogens. The mean zone of inhibition produced by all the tested extracts ranged from 7.0 ± 0.50 mm to 29.5 ± 0.50 mm. The MIC, MBC and MFC values were between 15.62 and 1000 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract of Plectranthus ambionicus showed good antimicrobial activity with the highest mean zone of inhibition (29.5±0.5 mm), lowest MIC (15.62 μg/mL) and MBC (31.25 μg/mL) values followed by ethyl acetate extract of Phyllanthus amarus(23.6±0.50 mm; MIC=62.5; MBC=125 μg/mL) against Aspergillus fumigates.

Antimicrobial Effects of Ferula persica Gum Extract and Gold Nanoparticles on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background: In the treatment of bacterial infections, drug resistance is a global problem; Pseudomonas aeruginosa is no exception. This bacterium is among the important causes of nosocomial infections, especially burn wound infections, and it is resistant to most applicable antibiotics. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-bacterial effects of Ferula persica gum extract and gold nanoparticles on P. aeruginosa strains isolated from burn wound infections in Isfahan in 2012. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 150 P. aeruginosa strains carrying the blaSPM-1 gene were isolated from burn wound infections and were confirmed by biochemical tests. The anti-microbial activities of Ferula persica gum extract and gold nanoparticles were evaluated by agar well-diffusion assay and microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests. The results were compared to ciprofloxacin. Results: The highest mean zone of inhibition (18 mm) was observed in a concentration of 250 mg/mL of F. persica extract, which was equal to that of ciprofloxacin. In the gold nanoparticles, the highest mean growth inhibition zone (10.18 mm) was observed in the dilution of 50 ppm. The highest zone of inhibition of nanoparticle-extract synergy was observed in the dilution of 125 mg/mL extract + 25 ppm nanoparticle (9.89 mm). The MIC and MBC of the extract were 69.25 ± 42.36 mg/mL and 102.25 ± 16.76 mg/mL, respectively. The MIC and MBC of the nanoparticle-extract mixture were 50.78 ± 19.26 mg/mL and 54.11 ± 19.72 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that the extract of F. persica gum and the gold nanoparticles had antiPseudomonas aeruginosa effects, which were more pronounced when they were used separately.

Antibacterial activity of different solvent extracts of Caulerpa chemnitzia (Esper) J.V. Lamououx, from Mandapam, Gulf of Mannar Southeast Coast, Tamilnadu, India

Phytochemical analyses and in vitro antibacterial activity of different extracts of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of green algae, Caulerpa chemnitzia (Esper) J.V. Lamououx, against Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Vibrio cholerae. The extent of the inhibitory zone, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined. The ethyl acetate extract of C. chemnitzia showed the presence of phytochemicals, terpenoids, tannins and phenolic compounds strongly than the other solvent extracts. The mean zone of inhibition produced by the extracts in agar diffusion assays against the tested bacterial strains ranged from 7.1 to 13.6 mm. The MIC was between 125 and 500 μg/mL while the MBC were between 250 and 1000 μg/mL. The highest mean zone of inhibition (13.6 mm) and the lowest MIC (125 μg/mL) and MBC (250 μg/mL) values were observed in ethyl acetate extract against B. subtilis. These findings suggest that the ethyl acetate extract of C. chemnitzia can be used as an antibacterial substance for the treatment of bacteria causing acquired infection.

Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous, Ethanol and Acetone Extracts of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Ocimum sanctum&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Linn

Aqueous, ethanol and acetone leaf and root extracts of <i>Ocimum sanctum</i> Linn were investigated for their antibacterial activities at various concentrations against <i>Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> using standard methods. Antimicrobial studies indicated that both the acetone leaf and root extracts of <i>O. sanctum</i> were found comparatively more effective against these bacteria than any other extract tested while aqueous extract being the least effective against the tested microbes. The highest mean zone of inhibition of acetone leaf extract against <i>P. aeruginosa</i> was 20.74± 0.68 followed by 19.36± 0.29 at concentration 150mg/ml and 100 mg/ml respectively. The aqueous and ethanol root extracts of <i>O. sanctum</i> for had no inhibitory effect against the test microorganisms. Generally the acetone crude extracts showed activity against the three bacteria species with highest average zone of inhibition compared to other extracts. The antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract was more pronounced against test microbes than root extract. The study revealed that the plant possessed antimicrobial properties and could be a potential source of antibacterial agent in the treatment of bacterial infections.

Screening of selected medicinal plants for in vitro antidermatophytic activity

Different solvent extracts of leaves of Achyranthes aspera, Aegle marmelos, Cleistanthus collinus, Curcuma aromatica and Strychnos nux-vomica were screened against dermatophytes viz., Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T.rubrum, Microsporum gypseum, M.canis and Epidermophyton floccossum var. nigricans. The mean zones of inhibition were between 7.1 and 26.5mm. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were from 7.81 to 500 and from 15.62 to 1000μg/mL respectively. The highest mean zone of inhibition (26.5mm), the lowest MIC value (7.81μg/ml) and the lowest MFC (15.62μg/ml) were observed in ethyl acetate extract of A.aspera against T.rubrum. The standard antifungal drug ketoconazole (10μg/disc) was used as the positive control and mean zones of inhibition were from 23 to 29mm. Further separation of active principle from ethyl acetate extract of A.aspera is under progress.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of different parts of Leucas aspera

ObjectiveTo evaluate antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of different parts (root, flower, leaf and stem) of Leucas aspera (L. aspera) (Labiatae). MethodsDifferent parts of L. aspera were extracted with 80% (v/v) methanol. The methanol extracts were subjected to antioxidant, antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality assay. ResultsAll the extracts showed moderate to potent antioxidant activity, among which the root extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity with the IC50 value of 6.552μg/mL. Methanol extract of root possessed antioxidant activity near the range of vitamin E and thus could be a potential rich source of natural antioxidant. In case of antimicrobial screening, crude extracts of root, flower, leaf and stem showed notable antibacterial activity against tested microorganisms. The root extract showed the highest mean zone of inhibition ranging from 9.0–11.0 mm against tested microorganisms, at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, it was evident that the methanol root extract did not show significant toxicity. The LC50 value for 12 h and 24 h observation was 2.890 mg/mL and 1.417 mg/mL, respectively. ConclusionsThe present finding suggests that the methanol root extract of L. aspera could be developed as pharmaceutical products.

Comparative Efficacy Of Topical Ciprofloxacin On Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas Aureginosa in vitro

Ciprofloxacinis often considered drug of first choice in the treatment of bacterial keratitis.Most of the ocular infections are caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study set to compare the efficacy of ciprofloxacin on these two microorganisms in vitro. The “agar well diffusion” and the 10-fold serial dilution techniques were used respectively for the tests. Results of sensitivity test showed that P. aeruginosa aeruginosa had a higher meanzone of inhibition(4.72cm) than S. aureus (3.73cm), showingthat ciprofloxacin ismore efficacious against P. aeruginosathanagainst S. aureus. Ciprofloxacin is therefore recommended as drug of first choice in the treatment of ocular infections from Pseudomonas aeruginos.

Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from the Peel of Ponkan (Citrus reticulate Blanco)

The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from the peel of Ponkan (Citrus reticulate Blanco) was assayed against 6 microorganisms commonly associated with food spoilage and food safety such as Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21616, Penicillium chrysogenum ATCC 10106, Aspergillus niger ATCC 16888 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results by disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination method showed that the essential oil had promising antimicrobial activity against all the microorganisms tested. The highest mean zone of inhibition and lowest values of MIC were recorded against S. cerevisiae followed by P. chrysogenum ATCC 10106 and E. coli ATCC 25922. The results of the present study suggested that the essential oil of Pokan would be a natural alternative for chemicals in food preservation.

Antibacterial activity of the leaf essential oil of Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merr.

The antibacterial activity of the leaf essential oil of Blumea mollis was assayed against 14 clinically isolated bacterial strains on Muller–Hinton Agar medium and Muller–Hinton Agar medium with 5% sheep blood. The essential oil had promising antibacterial activity against all the bacterial strains tested. The highest mean zone of inhibition and lowest values of minimum inhibitory concentration were recorded against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus followed by beta hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes. The Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive than Gram-negative bacteria. Among the bacterial strains tested, Psudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to the essential oil. The results of the present study suggest that the essential oil of B. mollis is one of the new medicinal resources as an antibacterial agent against the bacterial strains tested.