High Electrical Conductivity Research Articles

Enhanced Optical and Electrical Properties of IGZO/Ag/IGZO for Solar Cell Application via Post-Rapid Thermal Annealing.

In this paper, we optimized IGZO/Ag/IGZO (IAI) multilayer films by post-rapid thermal annealing (RTA) to enhance the electrical conductivity and optical transmittance in visible wavelengths for solar cell applications. Our optimized device showed an average transmittance of 85% in the visible range, with a lowest sheet resistance of 6.03 Ω/□ when annealed at 500 °C for 60 s. Based on these results, we assessed our device with photo-generated short circuit current density (JSC) using a solar cell simulator to confirm its applicability in the solar cell. IAI multilayer RTA at 500 °C for 60 s showed a highest JSC of 40.73 mA/cm2. These results show that our proposed IAI multilayer film, which showed a high optical transparency and electrical conductivity optimized with post RTA, seems to be excellent transparent electrode for solar cell applications.

Experimental investigations on metallization in the surface modified additively manufactured plastic substrates using DC sputtering

The application of copper surface coating to plastic structures offers numerous advantages, including high thermal and electrical conductivity, improved mechanical properties, good corrosion resistance, decorative applications, and enhancements in working temperatures. Besides these advantages, producing plastic structures with 3D printing and applying surface coating enables the final structures to become functional plastic structures adaptable to different fields. In this study, 3D plastic structures were produced using the fused deposition modeling method. Pristine, dichloromethane dipping, dichloromethane vapor, cold oxygen plasma, and mechanical abrasion surface treatments were applied to determine the optimal surface treatment between copper and the plastic substrate before copper coating. Subsequently, copper coating on plastic structures was completed using the DC sputtering technique. The surface topography, optical, electrical, and structural properties of the produced plastic structures were examined. According to X-ray diffraction analysis results, the (111), (200), (220), and (311) crystal planes confirm the presence of copper. The electrical conductivity values of the plastic structures reached 7.87 × 105 S/m. Contact angle measurement results indicate that the applied surface treatments increased the contact angles to 88.309°, leading the coated plastic structures to exhibit a more hydrophobic behavior.

Violation of the Wiedemann-Franz Law and Ultralow Thermal Conductivity of Ti3C2Tx MXene.

The high electrical conductivity and good chemical stability of MXenes offer hopes for their use in many applications, such as wearable electronics, energy storage, and electromagnetic interference shielding. While their optical, electronic, and electrochemical properties have been widely studied, information on the thermal properties of MXenes is scarce. In this study, we investigate the heat transport properties of Ti3C2Tx MXene single flakes using scanning thermal microscopy and find exceptionally low anisotropic thermal conductivities within the Ti3C2Tx flakes, leading to an effective thermal conductivity of 0.78 ± 0.21 W m-1 K-1. This observation is in stark contrast to the predictions of the Wiedemann-Franz law, as the estimated Lorenz number is only 0.25 of the classical value. Due to the combination of low thermal conductivity and low emissivity of Ti3C2Tx, the heat loss from it is 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that from common metals. Our study explores the heat transport mechanisms of MXenes and highlights a promising approach for developing thermal insulation, two-dimensional thermoelectric, or infrared stealth materials.

Improving Resistive Heating, Electrical and Thermal Properties of Graphene-Based Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Nanocomposites by Controlled 3D Printing.

This study developed a novel 3D-printable poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based nanocomposite incorporating 6 wt% graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) with programmable characteristics for resistive heating applications. The results highlighted the significant effect of a controlled printing direction (longitudinal, diagonal, and transverse) on the electrical, thermal, Joule heating, and thermo-resistive properties of the printed structures. The 6 wt% GNP/PVDF nanocomposite exhibited a high electrical conductivity of 112 S·m-1 when printed in a longitudinal direction, which decreased significantly in other directions. The Joule heating tests confirmed the material's efficiency in resistive heating, with the maximum temperature reaching up to 65 °C under an applied low voltage of 2 V at a raster angle of printing of 0°, while the heating Tmax decreased stepwise with 10 °C at the 45° and the 90° printing directions. The repeatability of the Joule heating performance was verified through multiple heating and cooling cycles, demonstrating consistent maximum temperatures across several tests. The effect of sample thickness, controlled by the number of printed layers, was investigated, and the results underscore the advantages of programmable 3D printing orientation in thin layers for enhanced thermal stability, tailored electrical conductivity, and efficient Joule heating capabilities of 6 wt% GNP/PVDF composites, positioning them as promising candidates for next-generation 3D-printed electronic devices and self-heating applications.

Two-Dimensional π-d Conjugated Conductive Metal-Organic Framework with Triple Active Centers as High-Performance Cathodes for Flexible Zinc Batteries.

Conductive metal-organic frameworks (C-MOFs) have received extensive interest in high-performance zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) owing to multi-redox sites and high electrical conductivity. Here, we present a π-d C-MOF by coordinating 2,3,5,6-tetraaminobenzoquinone (TABQ) ligands with Cu2+ ions (2D Cu-TABQ) acting as cathodes for ZIBs. Benefiting from a triple active center (Cu2+, C=O, and C=N), 2D Cu-TABQ shows an ultra-high reversible capacity of 297.7 mAh g-1at 0.2 A g-1. Meanwhile, 2D Cu-TABQ also has superior cycle stability with a capacity of up to 98.2 mAh g-1 after 1000 times at 2.0 A g-1. Considering the instability of the ligand bonds of C-MOFs in aqueous electrolytes,this work uses gel electrolytes to reduce the dissolution of organic ligands into the electrolyte, thus suppressing the shuttle effect, significantly improving the cycling stability of 2D Cu-TABQ. The flexible battery assembled by 2D Cu-TABQ shows excellent capacity retention (64.4%) after 50 times at 0.2 A g-1, which is significantly better than 36.4% in the common electrolyte, as well as outstanding bending resistance and electrochemical properties at different folding angles. This investigation will highlight the electrochemical application of C-MOFs in flexible zinc ion batteries and offer novel ideas for the structural design of cathodes with multiple active centers.

Electrospun Mesoporous Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 - CNT - Hollow Carbon Ternary Composite Nanofibers as High Performance Electrodes for Advanced Symmetric Supercapacitors.

Spinel ferrites have attracted considerable interest in energy storage systems due to their unique magnetic, electrical and catalytic properties. However, they suffer from poor electronic conductivity and low specific capacity. We have addressed this limitation by synthesizing composite hollow carbon nanofibers (HCNF) embedded with nanostructured Nickel Zinc Ferrite (NZF) and Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT), through coaxial electrospinning. These ternary composite nanofibers NZF-CNT-HCNF have a high specific capacity of 833 C g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 and have a capacity retention of 90 % after 3000 cycles. Their performance is much better than pure NZF fibers (180 C g-1) or hollow carbon nanofibers (96 C g-1), suggesting synergy between various constituents of the composite. A symmetric supercapacitor fabricated from NZF-CNT-HCNF composite nanofibers (30 % NZF) has a high specific capacity of 302 C g-1 (302 A g-1) at a current density of 1 A g-1 and has a capacity retention of 95 % after 5000 cycles. At the same current density, the device has a high energy density of 39 Whkg-1 and power density of 1000 Wkg-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1. This performance can be attributed to the high specific surface area (776 m2 g-1), mesoporosity (pore size ~4 nm), interconnectedness of the nanofibers and high electrical conductivity of CNTs. These fibers can be used as light-weight high performance electrode materials in advanced energy storage devices.

Transport and material properties of doped BiSbX topological insulator films grown by physical vapor deposition

Abstract Topological Insulator (TI) BiSb is a promising material for spin-orbit torque (SOT) devices because of its high spin Hall angle, relatively higher electrical conductivity, and can be produced at room temperature by physical vapor deposition. In this work, we systematically investigate the effects of doping BiSb with several dopants. We found that doping with elemental dopants does not change the bulk conductivity, but doping with metal-nitride or metal-oxide molecular dopants can substantially increase or decrease BiSb’s bulk film conductivity with minor impacts on its TI properties. Furthermore, doping can significantly improve other TI film material properties such as increased melting point and film hardness, producing smaller grain sizes with improved interfacial roughness, and enhanced (012) film growth texture, all of which can contribute to enhanced atomic migration resistance in and out of the BiSb layer. Thus, our results open a path for using doped BiSb in integrated SOT devices

Influence of hydrogen bond donor compound type on the properties of betaine based deep eutectic solvents: A computational and experimental approach

Novel deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on Betaine as a hydrogen bond acceptor and Urea, Lactic acid, Glycerol, 1.2 - Propanediol, Xylitol as a hydrogen bond donor were prepared. Using computational approach, a theoretical analysis of compounds reactivity for hydrogen bond formation was carried out to justify the intermolecular interactions reactivity for hydrogen bond formation among the components. Through frontier molecular orbital theory and HOMO−LUMO values and various quantum chemical parameters, viz., ionization potential, electron affinities, electro negativity, chemical potential, global softness and hardness, electrophilicity and nucleophilicity indexes were calculated for all DESs. The calculated parameter namely charge transfer (ΔN) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the formation of the DES. The value of charge transfer varies in the range 0.053–0.2836 eV and is higher for systems Betaine – Glycerol and Betaine – 1,2 - Propanediol. Electronegativity of the HBD varies in 4.2465< χ >7.2179 eV. They are promising options for applications that need to contact with water because of their hydrophilic nature. The formation of hydrogen bonds during the formation of DES was confirmed using the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method. Donors of hydrogen bonds are able to ensure the formation of DES with Betaine, but the choice of the donor depends on the specific conditions of use and requirements for the solvent. Thermal behavior, surface tension, viscosity, electrical conductivity, рН of the prepared DES was investigated. Systems of the Betaine based DES with Xylitol and Urea have higher thermal stability (> 150 ºC). The highest values of surface tension are observed for DESs with Glycerol (65.02⋅103 J/m2) and 1.2-Propanediol (54.29⋅103 J/m2). The Betaine-Urea deep eutectic solvents (DES-1) and Betaine-Lactic acid (DES-2) systems have fairly high electrical conductivity (0.0091 and 0.4160 Sm/m). The effect of water on the properties (electrical conductivity, рН and surface tension) of DESs was investigated. The surface tension measurements revealed a broad range of surface tension, with water content being a major factor. This work has the effect of supplying new theoretical approach for a more deliberate comprehension on design of betaine-based DES as novel solvents for use in applications.

3D N-doped crumpled graphene aerogels for thermoelectric energy harvesting and highly sensitive piezoresistive sensing

Organic thermoelectric (TE) materials have gained increasing attention as sustainable energy-harvesting materials by directly converting waste heat into electricity. They also offer additional benefits such as lightweight, mechanical flexibility, and scalability. However, the lack of high-temperature stability has restricted their broad applications. There is an urgent demand to develop lightweight organic TE materials with better thermal stability and outstanding TE performance, requiring high electrical conductivity (σ), Seebeck coefficient (S), and low thermal conductivity. In this work, novel three-dimensional (3D) porous crumpled graphene aerogels (CGAs) were synthesized from a facile one-pot solution process of crumpled graphene oxide (CGO). Freeze-drying and microwave irradiation were exploited for enhanced electrical conductivity and suppressed thermal conductivity through a well-controlled porous structure. The microwaved CGAs (MW-CGAs) exhibit an ultralow density of 0.0071 g/cm3 and an improved Seebeck coefficient of up to 29.5 μV/K at room temperatures, which is 42 % higher than conventional graphene aerogels (GAs). Furthermore, the MW-CGAs demonstrate excellent thermal stability up to 800 °C and piezoresistive sensing capabilities with a fast response time of 50 ms and high sensitivity to compressive stresses as small as 0.13 kPa. The bottom-up synthesized CGAs indicate significant potential for waste heat recovery and portable/wearable electronics.

In-silico realization of YX (X = N, P, As) pnictide monolayers as highly efficient thermoelectric materials

Exploiting the changes in the electronic and vibrational properties accompanying the reduction of dimensionality from 3D to 2D has now become a widely established strategy for developing materials breaking the figure of merit (ZT) ∼ 1 barrier that was experienced in much of the last century. Several studies have suggested the possibility of developing rare earth pnictides into a new family of prospective thermoelectric (TE) materials owing to the strong p-d hybridization in these materials, leading to dispersive band edges and, consequently, high carrier mobilities in these semiconductors. Motivated by the above developments, we explored the electronic and transport properties of three yttrium pnictide monolayers. We present a detailed investigation highlighting the merit of YX (X = N, P, As) monolayer-based materials for TE applications. We found a high power factor for p-type (n-type) YX monolayers in the y-direction (x-direction). This, in conjunction with low to moderate lattice thermal conductivities 3.335, 1.779, and 1.648 Wm-1K-1 of the YN, YP, and YAs monolayers, respectively, at 500 K, leads to high ZTs in optimally doped YN, YAs and YP of 2.02, 1.39, and 1.18. The finding of high TE performance adds further evidence in support of the conjecture that dimensionality reduction in semiconducting materials with strong p-d hybridization can lead to particularly high electrical conductivities (reaches up to 217.84 × 106 Ω-1m-1 for YN), thereby resulting in excellent ZT. The high TE performance of these materials at 500 K suggests the prospect of developing rare-earth-based materials for energy applications.

Energy-efficient synthesis and thermoelectric properties of Ni1-xCrx (x = 0.08, 0.10, and 0.17) alloys

Ni1-xCrx alloys are predominantly used as the p-leg in type E and K thermocouples and have promising applications in energy harvesting, including powering low-power devices and deep space power production. Their high electrical conductivity, long-term stability, and cost-effectiveness also make them attractive for spin caloritronic devices due to the modification of the density of states at the Fermi level by Cr impurities. This study introduces an energy-efficient and sustainable approach for manufacturing Ni1-xCrx alloys (with x = 0.08, 0.10, and 0.17) by incorporating KOH as a mineralizer. Nanosized Ni powders, synthesized via hydrothermal methods, are alloyed with commercial Cr powders, promoting rapid diffusion and alloy formation, followed by consolidation at 1110ºC for 6 hours in a 20 % H2 and 80 % N2 atmosphere. Compared to the traditional melting process, which typically takes over 124 hours for alloy formation, our method offers significant time savings. The Ni1-xCrx alloy with x = 0.10 exhibits the highest thermopower, achieves a maximum power factor of 4.56 μW/cm-K2 at 330 K, and exhibits reduced thermal conductivity compared to alloys produced by powder metallurgy. The dimensionless figure of merit (zT) reaches 0.029 at 330 K and 0.022 at 693 K for the Ni0.90Cr0.10 alloy, surpassing values obtained through powder metallurgy.

Advances in Electrically Conductive Hydrogels: Performance and Applications.

Electrically conductive hydrogels are highly hydrated 3D networks consisting of a hydrophilic polymer skeleton and electrically conductive materials. Conductive hydrogels have excellent mechanical and electrical properties and have further extensive application prospects in biomedical treatment and other fields. Whereas numerous electrically conductive hydrogels have been fabricated, a set of general principles, that can rationally guide the synthesis of conductive hydrogels using different substances and fabrication methods for various application scenarios, remain a central demand of electrically conductive hydrogels. This paper systematically summarizes the processing, performances, and applications of conductive hydrogels, and discusses the challenges and opportunities in this field. In view of the shortcomings of conductive hydrogels in high electrical conductivity, matchable mechanical properties, as well as integrated devices and machines, it is proposed to synergistically design and process conductive hydrogels with applications in complex surroundings. It is believed that this will present a fresh perspective for the research and development of conductive hydrogels, and further expand the application of conductive hydrogels.

The proposed mechanism of glow of mesosphere clouds

The question of the physical mechanism of electromagnetic radiation scattering by mesospheric (noctilucent) clouds is considered. A hypothesis has been expressed about the special electromagnetic characteristics of nanometer-sized ice particles that make up mesospheric clouds. Particle ice consists of a recently discovered crystalline modification of water — ice 0, formed by the condensation of vapor on dust particles at temperatures of –140…–23°C. Ice 0 is a ferroelectric, and upon contact with a dielectric, a layer with high electrical conductivity is formed. Due to plasmon resonance in nanosized layers, strong scattering of electromagnetic radiation occurs over a wide frequency range. This mechanism causes the glow of noctilucent clouds when illuminated by the radiation of the Sun.

A novel label free electrochemical aptasensor based on poly(anthranilic acid-co-aniline) for detection of miRNA-155, a cancer biomarker

Traditional electrochemical biosensors often rely on expensive materials like gold nanoparticles within their electrode structures. In contrast to existing methods, this research introduces a novel, groundbreaking, label-free aptasensor. This sensor comprises simple and inexpensive materials, making it accessible and budget-conscious. It boasts exceptional sensitivity, allowing for the identification of leukemia cancer biomarker (miRNA-155) in its early stages. The proposed aptasensor consisted of a copolymer of poly anthranilic acid and polyaniline on the graphite sheet, in which the receptor of miRNA-155 was self-assembled on the copolymer. The substrate of receptors has benefits, including high electrical conductivity, excellent stability, good biocompatibility, and simple synthesis. The important variables affecting the adequacy of the designed aptasensor were examined in the presence of [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a redox probe. The proposed aptasensor was successfully used in human blood plasma. Due to the ease of preparation, cost, and time effectiveness, the proposed aptasensor is promising for mass production. Finally, at optimum conditions, the sensor exhibited a linear response within a concentration range of 0.1 nM to 1 aM with a detection limit of 1 aM.

Stretchable and High-Performance Fibrous Sensors Based on Ionic Capacitive Sensing for Wearable Healthcare Monitoring.

Electronic textiles with remarkable breathability, lightweight, and comfort hold great potential in wearable technologies and smart human-machine interfaces. Ionic capacitive sensors, leveraging the advantages of the electric double layer, offer higher sensitivity compared to traditional capacitive sensors. Current research on wearable ion-capacitive sensors has focused mainly on two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) device architectures, which show substantial challenges for direct integration with textiles and compromise their wearing experience on conformability and permeability. One-dimensional (1D) stretchable fiber materials serve as vital components in constructing electronic textiles, allowing for rich structural design, patterning, and device integration through mature textile techniques. Here, a stretchable functional fiber with robust mechanical and electrical performances is fabricated based on semi-solid metal and ionic polymer, which provided a high stretchability and good electrical conductivity, enabling seamless integration with textiles. Consequently, high-performance stretchable fiber sensors are developed through different device architecture designs, including pressure sensors with high sensitivity (7.21kPa-1), fast response (60ms/30ms), and excellent stability, as well as strain sensors with high sensitivity (GF = 1.05), wide detection range (0-300% strain), and excellent sensing stability under dynamic deformations.

Conceptual groundwater model of the north-eastern flanks of Mount Kenya

Despite serious concerns over declining river flows and prolonged dry spells in the north-eastern region of Mount Kenya and the Ewaso Ng’iro River watershed many aspects of the groundwater system remain unexplored. In particular, the recharge-discharge dynamics of the Ewaso Ng’iro River have not been studied, and no conceptual groundwater model currently links the recharge areas in the high-elevation humid regions to the drier lowlands. This study aims to address this significant knowledge gap by assessing the recharge-discharge dynamics of the Ewaso Ng’iro River and identifying the relevant groundwater subsystems and the main flow paths within the various lava layers constituting the aquifer system. Hydrochemical and stable isotope analyses revealed three distinct subsystems with slightly different chemistries and different recharge zones, all of recent meteoric origin. Groundwater from Mt. Kenya is of the HCO3-Na-Mg-Ca type with no dominant cations, whereas groundwater from the Nyambene Range, the other surrounding volcanic hills in the area, is of the HCO3-Na type. Groundwater in the third subsystem in between is of the HCO3-Mg type and is confined or semi-confined. In this area, carbon-13 analysis showed a strong influence of mantle-derived CO2 on the groundwater chemistry (very high electrical conductivity and left-shifted oxygen-18 ratios). Finally, major ions and stable isotopes (ẟ18O and ẟ2H) confirmed that during the dry season, the river is entirely groundwater-fed, with the Mt. Kenya subsystem contributing half of the maximum river flow rate of 800 l/s.

Enhanced Mechanical and Multifunctional Properties of GNPs/CNTs Hybridized PLA Nanocomposites by Implementing Dual‐Processing of Pickering Emulsion‐Melt Blending Methods

AbstractPolylactic acid (PLA) composites with multifunctional properties and minimal filler content are increasingly in demand across various industries. However, achieving a balance between high mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding remains challenging. In this study, a dual‐processing strategy combining Pickering emulsion templating and melt blending is presented to hybridize 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 2D graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) within a PLA matrix. This approach successfully forms a stable dual‐filler network, ensuring uniform dispersion of the fillers. The results show that this method significantly enhances the performance of the resulting PM‐PGxCy composites (P: Pickering emulsion; M: melt blending; x and y: mass fractions of GNPs and CNTs, respectively). Specifically, the PM‐PG1.43C1.43 composite exhibits remarkable improvements in mechanical strength (56.2 MPa), electrical conductivity (43.5 S m−1), EMI shielding effectiveness (20.1 dB), and thermal conductivity (0.34 W m·K−1), outperforming composites prepared using either method alone. These findings indicate that the dual‐processing strategy effectively combines 1D and 2D fillers, facilitating superior interfacial interactions and enhancing the multifunctional properties of PLA‐based composites. This study offers a new approach to achieving high‐performance PLA composites with low filler content, offering significant potential for applications in electronics, packaging, and EMI shielding technologies.

Investigation of particle size distribution and ultrafiltration of digestates from short-fibre residues in paper mills

ABSTRACT Industrial digestates from short-fibre residues, generated in paper recycling mills, are driving interest in resource recovery. This study aims to explore their potential for water recovery. Understanding particle dynamics aids in optimizing dewatering for digestate management. The particle size distribution in this study revealed significant fractions: &amp;lt;0.63 μm (6–20%), 0.63–20 μm (38–52%), and &amp;gt;20 μm (11–16%). Pre-treatment with Na4P2O7 and H2O2 enhances settling and lowers total dissolved solids (TDSs) but results in variation of size distribution. Additionally, this study investigates further water reuse in paper mills, focusing on the quality of ultrafiltration (UF) permeate obtained from the digestate of short fibres. UF permeate analysis reveals deviations from freshwater standards in paper mills. Despite effective TS removal, UF permeate falls short of paper mill water standards due to high TDSs, electrical conductivity, and nutrient concentrations, necessitating further downstream treatment with nanofiltration or reverse osmosis. A substantial reduction of permeate flux from 31 to 5 L/(m2·h) over the time indicated fouling and inefficient membrane wash. The silt density index of the UF membrane at 30 min registered 2.1, suggesting potential fouling. Further investigations on optimizing UF operations to enhance permeate flux and exploring alternative UF membranes are required.

Investigation of Bi2MoO6/MXene nanostructured composites for photodegradation and advanced energy storage applications

This study presents nanostructured composite Bi2MoO6/MXene heterostructure by using hydrothermal method for photodegradation of the congo-red dye and also for energy storage devices. X-ray diffractometer (XRD), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) were performed to examine the structural properties along with surface area and porosity of the material. Due to addition of MXene the larger surface area and improved pore size help to quickly break down additional organic pollutants by adsorbing them. The band gap of Bi2MoO6/MXene nanostructured composite reduced to 2.4 eV suggesting transfer of electrons from VB to CB. Bi2MoO6/MXene exhibits a high (92.3%) photocatalytic degradation rate for a duration of 16 min which was verified using UV-visible spectroscopy, also scavenger test was conducted to ascertain the reactive agent along with the degradation pathway was confirmed by LCMS. Elemental content was also established by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). For estimating energy storage capacity cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed. It was observed Bi2MoO6/MXene nanostructured composite electrodes had specific capacitance of 642.91Fg− 1, power density of 1.24 kWkg− 1, and energy density of 22.32 Whkg− 1 at a current density of 5Ag− 1 also it exhibited 64.42% capacity retention having current density 20 Ag− 1 throughout 10,000 Galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) cycles. High electrical conductivity of Bi2MoO6/MXene electrode was again examined by Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). These findings demonstrate the potential of Bi2MoO6/MXene nanostructured composites in both photodegradation and energy storage applications.

Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing of Copper: Influence of Exposure Parameters on Green Part Strength

Copper’s high thermal and electrical conductivity enables its application in heat exchangers and high-frequency components. For those applications, additive manufacturing has advantages with respect to functional integration, miniaturization, and reduced waste. However, the processing of copper is a challenge for established laser-based processes since copper’s high reflectivity impedes energy input. Sinter-based additive manufacturing processes do not exhibit this limitation since the energy for the fusion of material is applied by thermal energy during sintering. This makes them an ideal candidate for copper manufacturing. In the following work, Lithography-based Metal Manufacturing (LMM) of copper is demonstrated. Curing behavior is investigated by single-layer exposure (SLE) tests measuring curing thickness for different loading factors, particle sizes, and exposure times. Bending strength is investigated as a function of exposure time, loading factor, and orientation in the building space. A higher exposure time and lower loading factors increase bending strength. Furthermore, samples with different loading factors are produced to measure the impact of the loading factor on sintered density. For these parameters, no clear trend is demonstrated.