Higher Crude Fiber Research Articles

Husk Cherry: Nutritional attributes, bioactive compounds and technological applications

Husk cherry ( Physalis pruinosa ; L) is a tropical fruit commonly grown in the Mediterranean region, and widely consumed fresh in most countries of the world. To enhance our knowledge about this promising fruit, the technological, therapeutic, and nutritional quality attributes of the raw fruits were investigated. The fruit had an orange yellowish color and a mild sweetness, with a pulp yield of 93.40 % (w/w) and a juice yield of 64.45 % (v/w). It contains high ratios of total sugar (41.65%), protein (14.56%), crude fibers (11.59 %), ascorbic acid (40.17 mg/100 g), ß-carotene (64.78 μg/g), total phenols (178.53 mg gallic acid 100 g −1 ), anthocyanin (7.01 μg cyaniding-3-glucoside equivalents 100 g −1 ), flavonoids (6.69 mg quercetin g −1 ), and chlorophylls (19.03 μg g −1 ). These fruit showed high antioxidant activities, which were found using DPPH and ABTS assays, and could be considered as a good source of antioxidants. The fruit contained several minerals, including potassium, phosphorus, sodium, and magnesium. The major amino acids in the fruit pulp were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, phenylalanine, proline, valine and alanine. The main polyphenols detected in the fruits were gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, benzoic acid, catechol, ellagic acid, chlorogenic acid, and epicatechin. Several flavonoids can be obtained in high concentrations, such as naringenin, luteolin, and rutin. Six functional food products (juice, jelly, jam, candied fruits, chocolate--coated dried fruits, and fruit leather) were manufactured using husk cherry fruits. The quality attributes of prepared products were determined. The highest crude fiber, ascorbic acid, β carotene, and total sugar compositions were found in chocolate-coated dry fruit products. All the manufactured products were well palatable amongst 25 trained panelists. The findings of this study confirmed the nutritional and technological potential of husk cherry fruits, which might be used effectively within the development of some functional products for food industries.

Antioxidant and physicochemical properties of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit at different ripening stages

Chrysophyllum albidum (African Star Apple) fruit is an indigenous African fruit. The African Star Apple plant popularly referred to as the “alasa” tree grows widely in tropical Africa. Ripening influences biochemical processes and subsequently affects the nutritional and bioactive characteristics of the fruits. This study sampled Chrysophyllum albidum fruit of three maturity stages and determined the colour, proximate, total phenol and antioxidant characteristics of the fruits. Spectrophotometric methods were used in the determination of total antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2-azinobis,3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in the colour of the fruit across all the ripening stages. The ripe stage of the fruit recorded the highest extent of lightness among all the other ripening stages. Both the ripe and over-ripe fruits appeared reddish in colour with the ripe fruit demonstrating a higher red intensity than the over-ripe fruit. The calculated metric chroma of the Chrysophyllum albidum fruits were in the range of 2.33-21.67 for the three ripening stages. Hue angle values recorded were in the range 46.46-92.00. Browning and colour indices for fruits of all the stages of development were of range 6.40-80.30 and -14.30-16.96, respectively. Proximate analysis of the three fruit categories showed that the unripe fruits had higher carbohydrate (69.27 %), crude protein (8.17 %), and crude fat (7.99 %) content relative to fruits which were ripe and over-ripe. The over-ripe fruit had higher crude fibre (7.36 %) and ash (3.86 %) content. Total phenolic content for the unripe fruit (20μg GAE/mg) was also higher than fruits of the other ripening stages. The antioxidant ability of the Chrysophyllum albidum fruit showed that the unripe stage recorded the highest DPPH (29.24 %) and ABTS (99.09 %) radical scavenging activity. The ferric reducing antioxidant potential of the fruit at different ripening stages was significantly different (p<0.05) with the unripe stage recording the highest potential. The unripe fruits demonstrated higher proximate and antioxidant composition than the ripe and over-ripe fruits. Extracts from the unripe fruit can serve as useful nutraceuticals in functional food formulations.

The Effect of Addition Moringa Leaves (Moringa oleifera) on the Nutritional Content and Sensory Characteristic of Crackers

The leaves of M oleifera contain high protein and crude fiber. Thus the addition of M oleifera leaves is expected to increase protein levels and crude fiber levels of crackers produced. This study aimed to determine the effect of the addition moringa leaves on the characteristics of crackers and the addition of the moringa leaves to product crackers on characteristics acceptable to panelists based on sensory analysis. This study used a Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments, that was the addition of leaves A (4%), B (6%), C (8%), D (10%), E (12%), and 3 replications. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and continued with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at a significant level of 5%. The results show that the addition of moringa leaves a significant effect on moisture content, protein content, fat content, ash content, carbohydrates, crude fiber, but does not significantly affect on color, aroma, taste, and texture of the crackers. Based on nutritional content and sensory test, the crackers of treatment E (the addition of moringa leaves 12%) with the characteristics moisture content of 4.67%; protein content of 14.18%; fat content of 22.52%; ash content of 1.67%; carbohydrates of 56.96%; crude fiber of 15.50%; calories of 456.42 kcal/100g; the color of 3.43 (neutral); aroma of 3.83 (likes); a taste of 3.17 (neutral); and texture of 3.30 (neutral).

OPTIMALISASI KANDUNGAN ZAT GIZI (Protein, Lemak, Karbohidrat dan Serat) DAN DAYA TERIMA COOKIES DENGAN PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG KULIT PISANG RAJA

Plantain peels have a high crude fiber content and can be processed into cookies. The benefits o banana peels as a substitusi for making cookies to increase fiber levels. The research objective was to determine the effect of adding plantain peel flour on nutrients and sensory cookies. The research method used a completely randomized experimental design with 5 formulations with codes F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4. The defference in sensory test is known by the friedman test and the nutrient test is known by the One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and then the difference test is carried out with the LSD test with a level of 5%. The results of the sensory test analysis showed that there was an effect of substitution of plantain peel flour on the sensory cookies of banana peel flour which included color, aroma, teste and texture, indicating that H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted, which was a significant difference. The best or highest analysis results are at 0% substitution and the lowest is 30%. Meanwhile, the analysis off the nutritional test showed that the highest protein contest was in the substitution cookies for plantain peel flour (0%) 0f 8.32, the highest fat (0%) was 17.90, the highest carbohydrate (40%) was 70.10, the highest fiber (40%) of 3.35. conclusion the best cookies are in formula F2 (20%) with consumption o 12 pieces of plantain skin flour cookies/day can prevent or reduce the risk of KEK (Chronic Energy Deiciency) in adolescent.

Effect of Soy Protein Products and Gum Inclusion in Feed on Fecal Particle Size Profile of Rainbow Trout

Replacement of fishmeal (FM) with alternative plant proteins, especially soybean meal (SBM), can cause a diarrhea-like symptom in rainbow trout (RBT), characterized by very fine fecal particles. These fines do not settle out in raceway effluent for collection and can contribute to pollution of receiving waters. In this study, two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 examined effects of nine protein sources (sardine meal, menhaden meal, soy protein concentrates (SPC) (three types), SBM (regular and high protein), corn protein concentrate (CPC), and poultry by-product meal (PBM)) on fecal particle size distribution. Results showed that all five soy-based diets produced feces in RBT having 75.7–89.3% fines and only about 1.0% large particles, while the remaining four diets yielded feces having a balanced particle size distribution. Oligosaccharides present naturally in soy products, thought to contribute fecal fines, were not correlated to fecal particle size classes. Instead, high crude fiber content in soy-based diets was found to be responsible for unbalanced fecal particle distribution in RBT. Experiment 2 examined if improvements in formulation could reduce the negative effect of soy-based ingredients. Eight practical diets (FM, SPC, SPC + 0.3% guar gum, PBM + CPC, PBM + CPC + 20 or 30% SPC, and PBM + CPC + 20 or 30% SPC + 0.3% guar gum) were formulated to contain 40% protein and 20% lipid. Results showed that diets containing mixtures of PBM, CPC, and 20% or 30% SPC plus guar gum produced trout feces with the highest percentage of large particles and lowest of fines, while the diet containing SPC alone (56%) plus guar gum resulted in trout feces having the highest content of mid-size particles. It was concluded that crude fiber in soy protein products (SBM and SPC) caused undesirable fecal particle profiles in RBT, and the addition of guar gum could significantly alleviate this negative effect.

Carcass Proximate Composition and Amino acid Profiles of Hybrid Catfish fed Supplementary Cockroach Meal

The high demand for fish as a protein source in fishmeal with the increasing production pressure on aquaculture has led to the research on the use of insects as an alternative source of protein for fish production. Studies have been reported on nutritional potentials of some insect’s protein on growth indices with little attention on the fish carcass's proximate composition and amino acid analyses; thus, this study was conducted to investigate the carcass proximate and amino acid analyses of hybrid catfish fed supplemented cockroach meal. Four experimental diets were formulated with varying inclusion levels of the insect (Diet A (100% fishmeal), Diet B (100% cockroach meal), Diet C (50% fishmeal and 50% cockroach meal), and Diet D (Commercial diet)). The hybrid catfish were fed twice daily with formulated/commercial diets for 12 weeks. After, the 12-week periods, pool samples of whole fish, were sacrificed for proximate analyses and amino acid analyses. The test fish carcass revealed the highest moisture content (9.22±0.01%) and crude protein (66.23±0.02%) values in Diet A and B respectively. Similarly, the highest crude fiber, ash, and carbohydrate content of 0.73±0.03%, 13.96±0.10%, and 12.55±0.13% were recorded in fish-fed diet B. The amino acid profiles of fish carcass fed diet B recorded the highest values of lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, proline, arginine, cysteine, alanine, and glutamic acid; glycine, threonine, and serine. Whilst other amino acids monitored in fish fed Diet B were moderate amongst others. The fish fed Diet C, also recorded positive (p<0.05) proximate compositions and amino acid profiles compared to the control carcass. The observed carcass proximate compositions and amino acid profiles in fish-fed Diets B and C may be attributed to the presence of cockroach meal in the diets. Hence, the inclusion of cockroaches in the diets of hybrid catfish could be employed as a potential source of protein for catfish fingerlings as revealed by the hybrid catfish carcass proximate composition and amino acid analyses. this makes a potential source of protein for human consumption

Addition of Rodent Tuber Leaf Flour (Typhonium Flagelliforme) In Growth Period Peking Duck

Utilization of local resources to support livestock production in the research location includes rodent tuber leaves found in many areas palm plantations, which have good nutritional content, but have high crude fiber. This study aims to find out the effect of Rodent Tuber Leaf Flour on rations during peking duck growth. The research method used an experimental method with completely randomized design (CRD) consist of 4 treatments and 5 replications, where treatment P1 = control ration feed, P2 = treatment feed with 5% rodent tuber leaves, P3 = treatment feed with 10% leaves rodent tuber and P4 = treated feed with 15% rodent tuber leaves, parameters count was feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion. The results showed significant effect results on ration consumption, the results of body weight gain showed significant effect results and in feed conversion showed significant effect results. The conclusion is the addition of rodent tuber leaf flour to the rations of Peking ducks at the level of 10% in the ration increases ration consumption and body weight gain, and increases the efficiency of ration conversion.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Amino Acid Content Evaluation of Citric Acid by-Product Produced by Microbial Fermentation as a Potential Use in Animal Feed

The production of citric acid produces 70% waste product or by-product. This by-product is produced by microbial fermentation which could be used as an alternative raw material for animal feed because it still contains citric acid, which could help to reduce pathogenic bacteria. The objective of this study is to evaluate the physical and chemical value of citric acid by-product from rice (CABR) to compare the properties with those of rice bran and broken rice and to determine its potential as an alternative energy source in animal feed. The chemical composition of CABR was calculated using proximate analysis. The color of CABR was darker, and the bulk density value was 549.65 (g/L) (p < 0.05). With free flow, the angle of repose was 40°, and the particle size had less polygonal starch granules. CABR had a low pH of 4.77 and contained 19.80% crude protein, 11.97% crude fiber, and 4005.72 kcal/kg of energy. CABR had a higher crude protein value than broken rice and rice bran and a higher gross energy value than broken rice but less than rice bran. It also had a higher crude fiber value (p > 0.05). The results suggest that CABR could be utilized as an energy and protein source for animal feed formulations.

Effects of long-term frozen storage on the quality and acceptance of gluten-free cassava pasta

Cold storage conditions during long-term periods can be critical for the quality of gluten-free products. The objective of this work was to elaborate gluten-free pasta using cassava starch and study the influence of different storage conditions on the textural and sensorial properties of gluten-pasta compared to regular pasta. Samples were initially frozen at two different temperatures, -50 °C and -150 °C, and then stored for six months at -25 °C. Physicochemical and rheological analyses were used to characterize the pasta dough. Then microbiological, instrumental texture, and sensorial analysis were used to further characterize the pasta throughout the cold storage period of 6 months. The gluten-free pasta's nutritional composition showed low fat and protein content and high crude fiber, carbohydrates, and energy value content in relation to the gluten-containing pasta. Both kinds of pasta dough presented a pseudoplastic behavior; however, the wheat flour pasta presented lower apparent viscosity. The texture profile of frozen pasta during the evaluation period did not significantly vary when comparing the two freezing temperatures. Although the firmness, chewability, and cohesiveness parameters slightly decreased during the storage, losses of firmness were not detected by the judges at the sensorial analysis. Finally, cassava starch pasta had a high acceptance. According to the purchase intention research, the judges routinely consume gluten-free pasta, showing the high commercialization potential of the obtained product.

Provision of location-specific agricultural waste feed to Sumba Ongole cattle’s performance

The study focuses on the feeding of by products on the performance of Sumba Ongole cattle. The byproduct is in the form of concentrate and originates from the site-specific agricultural leftover. The expected goal is that Sumba Ongole cattle can optimally achieve their genetic potential. The research location was in East Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, which is the source of local Ongole cattle. The study used 15 Sumba Ongole cows consisting of seven pregnant cows, four male calves, and four female calves. Basal feed uses rice straw, while the agricultural byproduct consists of several sources, rice bran, peanut straw, corn straw, corncob, leaves of river tamarind, leaves of Gliricidia sepium, and cassava. The results showed that the average change in body weight of broodstock cattle receiving concentrated treatment was higher than those that received bran. On an in-vitro basis, this is consistent with high crude fiber content (36%), low dry matter digestibility (25%), and low bran organic matter digestibility (27%). For the average weight gain in calves, the local concentrate treatment consistently shows crude protein as much as 12.1% compared to rice brand 5.6%. To improve the cattle’s productivity, giving the local-based concentrate is highly recommended, but the presence of rice bran still critical because of its ability to improve daily weight gain and also its high digestibility in dry matter, organic matter, and Total Digestible Nutrients.

Proximate, Mineral and Phenol Content of Dioscorea Rotundata Var. Amula, Dioscorea Cayenensis Var. Igangan-Alo from Farmers’ Plots and Bounty-Fertilized, Infected with Botryodiplodia Theobromae Pat.

Fertilizer effects on infection and weight loss by Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat, was determined in white guinea yam Dioscorea rotundata variety Amula from the middle belt-region of Nigeria, and yellow guinea yam D. cayenensis variety Igangan/Alo from South West Nigeria. Tubers of both varieties were sourced from farmers’ plots from within Ogun State ( South West Nigeria) where they had been planted on three or more years previously fallowed plots, and harvested at six months after planting. Another lot of tubers of both varieties were sourced from a yam project plot at the Teaching and Research farms of the Directorate of University Farms (DUFARMS), Federal University of Agriculture (FUNAAB) Abeokuta, where they had been fertilized at the rate of 0.60 ml l-1 of Bounty fertilizer, an 8-mineral component fertilizer, and harvested also at six months after planting. Tubers of both varieties from farmers’ plots were analysed for proximate content (dry matter, moisture, ash, fat, crude protein, crude fibre and carbohydrate) phenol content and ten minerals namely Ca, N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, S, Zn and B. Another set of tubers of the two varieties from farmers plots, as well as those from the Bounty-fertilized yam project plot, were inoculated with Botryodiplodia theobromae in an infection and weight loss experiment. The infection and weight loss experiment was a 2 by 2 factorial arranged in RCBD (randomized complete block design) with 4 treatment combinations and 5 replications. Tubers of both varieties from both sources inoculated with a 7-day old pure culture of B. theobromae were the four treatment combinations. Incubation period was 3 weeks. Infection in Amula (white guinea yam) was over 2500% higher than in the yellow guinea yam, Igangan. Phenol (107.89 mg/100 gdm) and calcium (16.85 mg/100 gdm) were higher in Igangan than in Amula (89.04 and 16.70 mg/100gdm respectively), and is adduced as the reason for the high infection in variety Amula. Weight loss however was 154% higher in Igangan than in Amula. Crude fibre had a negative significant correlation with weight loss (r = -0.9285, P=0.001), and crude fibre with the value 4.49% dm was higher in variety Amula than in variety Igangan (4.02%dm). This is responsible for the higher weight loss in var. Igangan. Phenol content also had a significant negative correlation with weight loss (r = -0.9586, P = 0.05), suggesting that the effect of high crude fibre in reducing weight loss outweighs that of phenol in reducing weight loss. There was high reduction of infection in the Bounty-fertilized tubers, 3.72% compared to farmers’ plot tubers which had 27.22%. Weight loss was also 0% in Bounty-fertilized tubers compared to a high 63.54% in the tubers from farmers’ plots. This indicates that the 8-mineral component fertilizer, Bounty will prolong shelf life in the white and yellow guinea yams Amula and Igangan. Five minerals namely Mg, K, Zn, Mn and B had significant correlation with weight loss (r = 0.9461, 0.9802, 0.9214, 0.9898 and 0.9122) respectively. Three of these minerals namely Zn, Mn and B content were all low with mean values of 0.25, 0.44 and 0.07 mg/100gdm respectively but Mg and K were relatively higher with mean values of 21.59 and 806.67mg/100gdm respectively. This suggests that mineral nutrition to enhance prolonged shelf life in D. rotundata var. Amula and D. cayanensis var. Igangan may be established with a balance of Mg, Zn, Mn and B in lower proportions than K, as potassium is essential in optimum yield in Dioscorea species.

Effect of harvesting age of chicory (Cichorium intybus) on the pattern of planting intercropping dwarf elephant grass in the second regrowth on production and quality

The research was conducted to evaluate the effects of harvesting age in the second regrowth of chicory (Cichorium intybus) in intercropping pattern with dwarf elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott) on productivity and quality. Chicory seeds were spread on the interspatial land between the dwarf elephant grass on a 2.5×2.5 m2 plot, with 1×1 m2 of the distance between each dwarf elephant grass. Plants were harvested on the day- 30, 45 and 60 by defoliation 10 cm above the soil surface. Each treatment had 3 replications, totaling 9 plots. The variable measured in the study were production (dry and organic matter) and nutrient contents (dry matter, organic matter, extract ether, and crude fiber). Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance. Significant data were evaluated on Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results of the study showed that plants that were cut later had the highest production and nutrient contents (P<0.05). Groups harvested at later cutting ages had higher dry matter production (chicory and dwarf elephant grass). However, chicory and dwarf elephant grass on older harvesting also had higher crude fiber (13.07% and 26.87%). Crops harvested at 60 days in the second regrowth demonstrated the most improved yield.

Sensory characteristics of sweet bread from the flour of minor tubers fermented with fungi and bacteria as flour composite flour

Wheat flour is the main raw material for making bread, but with the increase in flour imports, it is necessary to reduce flour by utilizing flour from local plants such as minor tubers which have nutritional value that is not less competitive than wheat flour. Minor tubers have high crude fibre content which can damage the texture, so fermentation is necessary to reduce the crude fibre content. The purpose of this study was to know the sensory characteristic of sweet bread to raw material minor tuber flour modified by fermentation using fungi and bacteria and to get flour that has good quality. This study used a randomized block design method (RBD) 2 factors, namely variations of tubers (V): (Taro tubers, Canna tubers, Arrowrot tubers) and types of microorganisms (M): (Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis). The results showed that the type of flour give different influences a very significant effect on the hedonic value of taste, aroma and colour while the texture was not significantly different. The best quality sweet bread and consumer acceptance are the V1M1 (60% Wheat flour: 40% Taro Flour fermented with bacteria Bacillus subtilis).

Nutritive quality prediction of peaches during storage.

Peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch) are commonly consumed fruits with high nutritional value. We evaluated the nutritive qualities of peach fruit during storage. Heatmap analysis showed that protein, ash, and crude fiber contents clustered together, whereas fat and reducing sugars clustered separately. We then classified the nutrients into two clusters; cluster 1 showed low fat and reducing sugar levels and high protein, crude fiber, and ash levels, whereas cluster 2 showed high fat and reducing sugar levels and low protein, cruder fiber, and ash levels. Partial least squares regression and random forest analyses showed accuracies of 67% and 61%, respectively. Spectra at 1,439 and 1,440 nm indicated reducing sugars, and the spectrum at 2,172 nm indicated protein. Thus, Fourier transform‐near infrared spectroscopy could predict the two clusters based on five nutritive qualities. Our findings may help to establish guidelines for promoting the acceptability of peach fruits among consumers.

Effect of bulking materials over the composting of bio-slurry

Bio-slurry is considered as a good quality organic fertilizer in Bangladesh agriculture. An experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to assess the effect of bulking materials over the composting of bio-slurry. The experiment was conducted with 4 treatments each of 3 replications. The treatments for compost preparation were, T0 (50% Bio-slurry + 50% manure), T1 (50% Bio-slurry + 50% manure and saw dust), T2 (50% Bio-slurry + 50% manure and rice straw), T3 (50% Bio-slurry + 50% manure and tree leaves). Compost moisture, pH, temperature and C: N ratio was assessed every week. Maximum temperature found in T1 (34.030C) and other treatments showed a slower rise in temperature. Highest C:N ratio (19.30) was obtained in T3. The pH of the compost was significantly influenced by saw dust which ranged from 8.28 in T2 to 8.74 in T1. Moisture content of compost was significantly influenced by bulky materials and ranged from 56.34 to 68.83. At 42 day the highest crude fiber was obtained in T2 (25.16%). The results suggest that bulky materials treated bio-slurry can be good compost which will be very effective to soil and crops.&#x0D; Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2020. 49 (2): 142-150

Amino acid, nutrient digestibility and FCR of juvenile vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) at various dosage tofu waste using mixed organism in feed

Tofu dregs are industrial waste that can be used as a source of carbohydrates. However, its use in feed formulations is limited because it contains high crude fiber and low quality. The fermentation process uses a mix of microorganisms. proven to improve the nutritional quality of tofu pulp. This study ams to determine the dosage of fermented tofu pulp in feed against feed amino acids, nutrient digestibility and juvenile food conversion ratio (FCR) of vaname shrimp. The study was designed in a completely randomized design with treatment of 4 doses of fermented tofu pulp in the feed, namely 5, 10, 15 and 20%. The feed was given as much as 10% of total body weight/day to juvenile vaname shrimp measuring 0.5 g per individual kept in a glass aquarium with 20ppt media passage for 60 days. Amino acid measurement results are within the range sufficient for the needs of vaname shrimp. Analysis of variance showed that treatment had a significant effect on total digestibility, protein, crude fiber, carbohydrates and fat, but not on FCR. The highest yield was shown at a dose of 15% protein digestibility (85.62±1.576), crude fiber (87.30±1.117), carbohydrates (90.67±1.231) and a dose of 20% fat digestibility (98.75 ± 0.070) and total digestibility ( 79.70±0.222), the FCR ranges (3.237±.0.35) to (4.141±.0.64). The dosage of fermented tofu dregs with mixed microorganisms can be used 15% in the feed formulation.

Digestibility of fermented copra meal for fish as plant protein source in the Saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Seeds

Copra meal is an alternative protein source as fish meal in fish feed because the nutritional value is almost the same. However, copra meal has a relatively high crude fiber content, so efforts are needed to reduce crude fiber content through the fermentation process using the microbe Rizopus sp. which produces cellulase enzymes. This study aims to determine the digestibility level of fermented copra meal in feed as a source of vegetable protein in the maintenance of saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) seeds. The research were conducted with the addition of fermented, dried and powdered copra meal to the feed with a concentration of: (A) 0%; (B) 15%; (C) 30% and (D) 45%. The fish were given test feed on a daily basis with a feeding frequency of once per day. The results showed that giving 15% of the fermented copra meal as plant protein source in the feed gave a better total feed digestibility compared to the addition of unfermented copra meal.

The Nutritional Value of Fermented Banana Peels using Different Levels of Palm Sap

Banana peels are banana processing wastes that can be used as poultry feedstuff, but bacause of its high crude fiber content, so to reduce the high crude fiber content it need processing such as fermentation. Fermentation process requires soluble carbohydrates such as palm sap. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of palm sap as an additive on the nutrient composition of banana peels. An experimental method was used in this research with a completely randomized design consisted of five treatments and four replications. The five treatments were banana peel with 0%, 12,5%, 15%, 17,5% and 20% addition of palm sap. The parameters measured were dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, fat, and ash content. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that increasing levels of palm sap reduced the content of dry matter, crude fiber and crude fat, increased crude protein content, but it did not affect the ash content of banana peels. The use of 20% of palm sap produced the highest protein content and the lowest crude fiber content.

Transcriptomics analysis reveals the effect of Broussonetia papyrifera L. fermented feed on meat quality traits in fattening lamb.

To date, utilization of feed grains is increasing, which competes for human food. It is imperative to develop and utilize unconventional feed materials. Broussonetia papyrifera L. (B. papyrifera) is a good feeding material with high crude protein, crude fat, and low crude fiber, which is widely distributed in China. In this study, 12 Dorper ♂×Hu ♀ crossbred weaned male lambs were seleted into four groups based on the feed that ratio of the B. papyrifera fermented feed in the total mixed diet (0%, 6%, 18%, and 100%), to character the lambs’ longissimus dorsi (LD) fatty acids, morphology and transcriptome. Results showed that the muscle fiber’s diameter and area were the smallest in the 100% group. The highest content of beneficial fatty acids and the lowest content of harmful fatty acids in group 18%. RNA-seq identified 443 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the LD of lambs from 4 groups. Among these genes, 169 (38.1%) were up-regulated and 274 (61.9%) were down-regulated. The DEGs were mostly enriched in in fatty acid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and PPAR signaling pathways. Our results provide knowledge to understand effect of different ratios of B. papyrifera fermented feed on sheep meat quality traits, also a basis for understanding of the molecular regulation mechanism of B. papyrifera fermented feed affecting on sheep meat quality.

Evaluation of the Phytochemical and Nutritional Profiles of Cnidoscolus chayamansa (Mc Vaugh) Leaf Collected in Jos, North Central, Nigeria

Background: Plants could either be ornamental, medicinal, as well as nutritional, hence there has been a high level of reliance on plants as a whole by both man and animals for survival.&#x0D; Aim of the Study: This study aimed to evaluate the Phytochemical contents and Nutritional Profiles of Cnidoscolus chayamansa Leaf Collected in Jos, North Central, Nigeria.&#x0D; Study Duration: This study was conducted on 30th June, 2019 at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria.&#x0D; Methodology: The proximate and phytochemical compositions were investigated in accordance with standard procedures. Mineral concentrations were determined by using flame photometer, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, calorimetry. Crude protein content was determined by Kjeldahl method and amino acid profile were analyzed using Technicon sequential Multi-Sample Amino Acid Analyzer (TSM).&#x0D; Results: The preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoids, tanins, saponins, terpenes and steroids, balsam and phenol with the absence of cardiac glycosides, and resin. The proximate analysis showed high carbohydrate (27.48±0.02), crude fibre (25.18±0.02) and protein (18.63±0.01), moderate concentration of moisture content (12.62±0.00) and ashes content (11.68±0.01), low concentration of crude lipid (4.40±0.01). The minerals detected were calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, manganese, cobalt, sulphur, aluminium, zinc, molybdenum, and Phosphorus. Seventeen amino acids were analysed; nine essential amino acids namely; Leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, trptophane, valine, threonine, arginine, methionine and histidine and Eight non-essential amino acids namely; proline, tyrosine, cysteine, alanine, glutamate, gycine, serine and aspartic. Glutamic and leucine acids were found in higher concentration as 10.14+ 0.016 and 8.99+ 0.000 respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: This investigation shows that Cnidoscolus chayamansa leaf from Jos, Nigeria contains high medicinal and nutritional compositions which could be exploited for the treatment of diseases as well as nutritional supplements.