High Chloride Levels Research Articles

Electrolytes and nitrogen compounds of body fluids and tissues ofOctopus vulgaris Lam.

1. The water content ofOctopus vulgaris blood was found to be about 870 g/kg of wet tissue, while that of solid tissue was between 720–800 g/kg of wet tissue, except for the hepatopancreas that was 680 g/kg. 2. Blood plasma was hyperosmotic to the seawater environment. Urine was isosmotic. 3. The total cation (or anion) charge of blood plasma was 624 mEq/l, of urine 670, and of the seawater environment 646 mEq/l. 4. The ionic concentration of the body fluids was higher than that found in other cephalopods; although in all cephalopods it is within 2% (98%–102%) of the ionic concentration of seawater. 5. Proteins represent the major buffer system inO. vulgaris blood plasma. 6. The concentration of protein and copper in the blood plasma was 10,540 and 25.5 mg% ml respectively, practically all of the copper being bound to proteins and only 0.013 mg/ml being in free form. 7. The ionic concentration in the solid tissues differed slightly according to the tissue examined. High levels of sodium chloride were found in the branchial heart and in the branchial gland. Potassium was higher in the brain and white body, while iron and copper levels were highest in the hepatopancreas. 8. Ammonia and amino acids were the major free compounds inO. vulgaris urine and solid tissue, respectively. The ammonia and urea levels were higher in solid tissues than in blood, and in some tissues (brain and hepatopancreas) they were more than 20 times as high. Uric acid occurred in kidney and hepatopancreas in concentrations above 50 mg/100 g of tissue water, but it was absent from other tissues (except brain).

GROWTH AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS IN STEERS FED HIGH LEVELS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE AND LIMESTONE

Sixty-four yearling steers were fed a fattening diet plus 0.5% NaCl (control), 2% limestone, 5% NaCl, or 5% NaCl plus 2% limestone. Feeding 5% NaCl and 5% NaCl plus 2% limestone resulted in decreased total gain (P < 0.01), average daily gain (P < 0.01) and carcass weight (P < 0.05) while 5% NaCl decreased the efficiency of organic matter utilization (P < 0.05). Sodium chloride supplementation decreased ruminal pH and acetate to propionate ratio at day 62 but there was no effect of NaCl evident in samples collected on day 118. Blood glucose was decreased (P < 0.05) at days 62 and 118 in steers fed 5% NaCl and 5% NaCl plus 2% limestone. Supplementation with high levels of sodium chloride nonsignificantly increased the percentage of starch in cecal and colon digesta samples collected at slaughter. Also the NaCl treatment decreased pH (P < 0.05) in the colon and acetate to propionate ratio (P < 0.10) in the cecum. Although NaCl supplementation altered ruminal and digestive parameters, it did not result in increased performance. Key words: Sodium chloride, limestone, beef cattle, growth

Cystic fibrosis in Jordan: a pilot study.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) was diagnosed in 12 children from a total of 15,314 children admitted to the Paediatric Department at Jordan University Hospital (JUH) over the period 1976-1980. A diagnosis of meconium ileus was made in five children. The remaining seven affected children were diagnosed clinically on the basis of recurrent chest problems, failure to thrive, positive family history and a high level of sweat chloride, range 72-115 mEq/l (mean 97.6 mEq/l). Five children died (41.7%); three of the group with meconium ileus died during the post-operative period and two of the other group died soon after the diagnosis was made. The cause of such a high mortality rate is multifactorial. As CF was only recently recognized in Jordan, it is believed that the prevalence of CF among Jordanian children is underestimated. CF is still a very serious illness that demands early diagnosis and an intensive programme of continuing care. Therefore, further prospective study to evaluate its prevalence and impact on child health in Jordan is urgently needed.

Short-term responses of young Typha domingensis and Typha orientalis plants to high levels of potassium chloride

The responses of young shoots of the emergent species Typha domingensis Pers. and Typha orientalis Presl. to KCl were tested under glasshouse conditions. Preliminary trials had shown that piggery effluent containing 75 mM K and 48 mM Cl was toxic to these species. In the glasshouse both were able to grow at 25–50 mM KCl but only the fresh-weight growth of T. orientalis at 25 mM KCl exceeded that of the control plants. Plants at 75 and 100 mM KCl had chlorotic and wilted leaves. Growth was also measured as dry-weight and leaf-number changes. At the four KCl levels used (25, 50, 75 and 100 mM) the plants accumulated K, 6–8% dry weight, at the expense of Ca and Na accumulation. The growth and salt-accumulation results are discussed in view of the potential of these species to treat wastewater such as that from an intensive piggery.

REINFORCEMENT CORROSION AND THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE BRIDGES.

Keywords TRANSPORT AND ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY, TRRL REINFORCEMENT, CORROSION, DURABILITY, CONCRETE, BRIDGES, SUBSTRUCTURES, SUPERSTRUCTURES, DEICING, SALT, METHODS, PREVENTION, DETECTION, DECKS, LOCALISED, CARBONATION, CHLORIDE, PROBLEMS, DATA, ALTERNATIVE, SITE INVESTIGATION, TESTS, REPAIRS, ANODES, DAMAGE, CATHODIC, CHEMICAL, CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL, EFFECT, STEEL, CARBON DIOXIDE, COVERS, CONTAMINATION, SURFACES UK... Show All

Prolonged Bromide Intoxication Resulting From a Gastric Bezoar

Bromide intoxication is now a relatively uncommon disease. We describe a critically ill patient who had an elevated chloride level and neurologic abnormalities. Bromide levels were also elevated, and remained so for several days. After more than 12 days of abnormally high serum bromide and chloride levels, endoscopy was performed. This procedure disclosed a gastric bezoar containing identifiable pill fragments. The gastric washings from these fragments contained high levels of bromide. We believe that the prolonged course of bromide intoxication secondary to a gastric bezoar makes this case unique.

Resposta do algodoeiro à aplicação de calcário e de cloreto de potássio

Durante cinco anos agrícolas, foi conduzido ensaio permanente de calagem e adubação potássica com o algodoeiro em Latossolo Roxo, ácido, no município de Guaíra (SP) com 2,4% de matéria orgânica (M.O.), 5,1 de índice pH (em água); 0,4, 0,8 e 0,3meq/100cm³ de terra fina seca ao ar (T.F.S.A.) respectivamente de Al3+, Ca2+ e Mg2+, e 38 e 2µg/ml de K e P. Em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, o calcário dolomítico (com poder relativo de neutralização total, PRNT, de 51,8%) foi incorporado às parcelas nas doses de 0, 2, 4 e 6t/ha, no primeiro ano. O potássio foi aplicado anualmente, nas doses de 0, 50, 100 e 150kg/ha de K2O na forma de cloreto. A adubação básica constou de 100kg/ha de P2O5 e 50-60kg/ha de N, conforme o ano. Na ausência de potássio, o efeito da calagem sobre a produção do algodoeiro foi de natureza quadrática, enquanto na presença de dose adequada do nutriente (100kg/ha de K2O) foi sempre linear. Em contrapartida, a reação das plantas a potássio foi mais acentuada na presença de calcário, confirmando a importância de considerar o equilíbrio de bases no critério de recomendação de adubo potássico para o algodoeiro. Na dose mais adequada, a calagem elevou consideravelmente o nível de (Ca2+ + Mg2+) e o pH da camada arável do solo, sendo observada uma estreita correlação positiva da produtividade com as citadas características. O índice pH manteve-se, após o terceiro ano, na faixa de 5,8-6,0. Devido ao baixo teor original de Al3+ e ao excelente efeito da calagem, teria sido determinada uma subdosagem caso fosse adotado o critério de recomendação de corretivo visando apenas neutralizar o Al livre do solo. Com referência à análise química do limbo foliar, a calagem contribuiu para aumentar as concentrações de Ca e de Mg e para diminuir as de K e Mn. Com a aplicação de cloreto de potássio, observou-se exatamente o inverso. Além disso, aumentou de forma sensível a concentração de Cl. Em função da estreita correlação da produtividade com o Cl das folhas, aventou-se a hipótese de toxicidade do nutriente na dose máxima de cloreto de potássio.

Nutritional Value of Artemia salina in Broiler Starter Diets

The suitability of brine shrimp, Artemia salina, as a fish meal substitute in a broiler diet was evaluated. Four diets were formulated and tested. The control diet contained 5% menhaden fish meal and the other three contained 2.5, 5, and 10% lyophilized brine shrimp. The substitution of lyophilized brine shrimp for menhaden fish meal at the 5% level did not appear to alter the performance of chicks in the 28-day trial. However, both higher and lower concentrations of Artemia in the diet had a negative impact on the growth rate of chicks. The high level of sodium and chloride found in the Artemia diet could pose problems in commercial poultry rations. However, high concentrations of electrolytes did not adversely affect either weight gain or feed efficiency in this study. Although there were differences in the growth of chicks fed diets containing different levels of lyophilized Artemia, the brine shrimp is a promising source of animal protein for the broiler diet.

Volatile Contaminants in the Welland River Watershed

Surveys of selected volatile contaminants in water of the Welland River, a tributary to the Niagara River, in 1980 and 1981 show high levels of carbon disulfide, methylene chloride, and chloroform immediately below two industrial outfalls. Downstream from these point sources, a rapid decline in the contaminant concentrations is noted due to dilution, degradation, and/ or volatilization of the compounds. Although toxic effects of other components of these effluents have been observed, the concentrations of the volatile contaminants are several orders of magnitude lower than those at which acute toxic effects on biota are observed.

Asparagine synthetases of Klebsiella aerogenes: properties and regulation of synthesis.

We isolated pleiotropic mutants of Klebsiella aerogenes with the transposon Tn5 which were unable to utilize a variety of poor sources of nitrogen. The mutation responsible was shown to be in the asnB gene, one of two genes coding for an asparagine synthetase. Mutations in both asnA and asnB were necessary to produce an asparagine requirement. Assays which could distinguish the two asparagine synthetase activities were developed in strains missing a high-affinity asparaginase. The asnA and asnB genes coded for ammonia-dependent and glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetases, respectively. Asparagine repressed both enzymes. When growth was nitrogen limited, the level of the ammonia-dependent enzyme was low and that of the glutamine-dependent enzyme was high. The reverse was true in a nitrogen-rich (ammonia-containing) medium. Furthermore, mutations in the glnG protein, a regulatory component of the nitrogen assimilatory system, increased the level of the ammonia-dependent enzyme. The glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetase was purified to 95%. It was a tetramer with four equal 57,000-dalton subunits and catalyzed the stoichiometric generation of asparagine, AMP, and inorganic pyrophosphate from aspartate, ATP, and glutamine. High levels of ammonium chloride (50 mM) could replace glutamine. The purified enzyme exhibited a substrate-independent glutaminase activity which was probably an artifact of purification. The tetramer could be dissociated; the monomer possessed the high ammonia-dependent activity and the glutaminase activity, but not the glutamine-dependent activity. In contrast, the purified ammonia-dependent asparagine synthetase, about 40% pure, had a molecular weight of 80,000 and is probably a dimer of identical subunits. Asparagine inhibited both enzymes. Kinetic constants and the effect of pH, substrate, and product analogs were determined. The regulation and biochemistry of the asparagine synthetases prove the hypothesis strongly suggested by the genetic and physiological evidence that a glutamine-dependent enzyme is essential for asparagine synthesis when the nitrogen source is growth rate limiting.

Stimulation of photosynthetic electron transport in a salt-tolerant plant by high chloride concentrations

Halophytes are plants which tolerate high concentrations of electrolytes of which NaCl is normally the dominating salt. Compartmentation of the electrolytes within the cytoplasm has not been unequivocally resolved1. Several soluble enzymes from higher plant halophytes showed similar sensitivity to salinity when tested in vitro as did those from glycophytes2. Also, isolated mitochondria from halophytes and glycophytes showed similar inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by NaCl in vitro3. On the other hand, chloride (plus the accompanying cations) has been shown to be accumulated in the chloroplasts of Limonium vulgare4–6, and it is also an essential cofactor in photosynthetic O2 evolution7–10. In the only report available on the effects of salt on chloroplasts from a halophyte11, it was demonstrated that differences exist in the response to salts of thylakoids from halophytic or mesophytic plants. I show here that thylakoids from mature leaves of the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina, require high chloride levels for photosynthetic electron transport around photosystem II and discuss the possibility of chloride accumulation into the chloroplast as an adaptational mechanism for salt tolerance.

AQUATIC IMPACTS OF DEICING SALTS IN THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: The fate and effect of sodium chloride applied to Californian highways in the Lake Tahoe, Truckee River, and Yuba River watersheds were studied over a period of 14 months in 1974–75. Chloride levels in streams below major freeways were found to be elevated during the winter. The high chloride levels occurred after the application of salt to roads, decreasing as the time from application increases. Small lakes receiving runoff from major highways were also enriched with chloride. Several of these lakes displayed a temporary chemocline, which was sufficiently strong to stabilize a temperature inversion in one lake.

The effects of dietary levels of chloride and bicarbonate on egg production and shell quality.

AbstractGroups of individually caged Single Comb White Leghorn layers in their seventh month of lay (Trial 1) and pullets entering their first production cycle (Trial 2) were fed a corn-soy diet with four levels of NaCl and four levels of NaHCO3 to maintain a constant level of added sodium of 0.11% and levels of added chloride varying from 0.02 and 0.18%. Analyses for total chloride in the various diets showed a range from 0.08 to 0.23. No significant differences due to treatment were observed in egg shell deformation or shell thickness. In Trial 2, hen-day egg production of the groups fed the lowest level of chloride (0.08%) was significantly lower than production at any of the higher chloride levels. It appears that 0.08% chloride was not adequate for egg production but 0.14% was adequate.

The influence of HCl gas in enhancing corrosion rates in NiCr-base alloys and the implications for coal-fired gas turbines

Laboratory tests using specimens of a Ni-12Cr-6Al alloy showed that 500 vppm HCl(g) in air significantly increased corrosion due to Na 2SO 4(c) at 840°C and the effect became very pronounced with thermal cycling which caused oxide spalling. Addition of 1 % Y to the alloy greatly improved scale adhesion and reduced general corrosion, but intergranular penetration was detected with chlorides prominent. The results of microstructural and micro-analytical examination suggested that the mechanism of enhanced corrosion involved chloridation/oxidation and sulphidation/oxidation cycles and that chlorides have an important influence on the initiation and propagation. Since significant amounts of HCl gas will be present in future gas turbines using fuels from coal with a high level of chloride, the results have implications for this type of operation and these are discussed.

Responces of Typha domingensis to salinity and high levels of maganese in the rooting medium

The response of T. domingensis, a large emergent macrophyte, to salinity and manganese was studied under glasshouse conditions. Plants were grown in saline solutions ranging in concentration from 0.5 to 100 mM NaCI. and in manganese sulfate solutions ranging in concentration from 0.01 to 10 mM. Growth was reduced slightly at 50 mM NaCl and severely at 100 mM NaC1, suggesting that T. domingensis is moderately salt tolerant. Plant parts had highest chloride levels at 25 mM NaCl and highest sodium levels at 100 mM NaCl. The highest sodium chloride treatment reduced the level of potassium in the rhizomes, but not in roots or leaves. Sodium chloride had no effect on the concentration of nitrate in organs, but total nitrogen levels in roots and rhizomes increased at 100 mM NaCI. Sodium was considered to be more toxic than chloride. Growth in manganese solutions was unaffected except at the highest concentration used. Manganese accumulated quickly in leaves to levels which would be toxic to livestock; leaves retaining over 70% of the total manganese in the plant. Manganese applied at high concentrations substantially reduced the levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the leaves. In a field experiment, there were seasonal changes in the levels of selected elements in the leaves of T. domingensis. During leaf senescence. concentrations of sodium, manganese and calcium increased by 20-80%, but levels of phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and maganesium fell by 65-84%. The results are discussed in relation to the use of T. domingensis in Hastewater reclamation.

Correction - The influence of calcium and phosphorus in prelayer diets and their interaction with sodium chloride and potassium sulfate in layer diets on egg production and shell quality in crossbred layers

In a 43x2 factorial experiment, 576 White Leghorn x Australorp pullets attaining 50% egg production at about 180 days of age were given from 22 to 26 weeks of age pre-layer diets with 10.4 or 25.8 g kg-1 calcium and 6.2 or 10.9 g kg-1 phosphorus. From 26 to 74 weeks of age these pullets were given layer diets with three levels (0, 1.5 and 7.0 g kg-1) of added sodium chloride and two levels (0 and 6.0 g kg-1) of added potassium sulfate. The calcium content of the pre-layer diet had no significant effect on feed intake, bodyweight gain or tibia-ash content between 22 and 26 weeks of age, or on egg production, egg weight, feed conversion efficiency and mortality in the subsequent laying phase. The higher level (25.8 g kg-1) of calcium improved (P<0.05) the shell quality of the first eggs laid and prevented a decline in shell quality due to excess sodium chloride (7.0 g kg-1) in the layer diet. A phosphorus level of 10.9 g kg-1 of the pre-layer diet reduced (P<0.05) feed intake, and in the subsequent laying phase both hen-housed egg production and efficiency of feed conversion were reduced (P<0.05). The adverse effect on feed conversion efficiency was alleviated by adding potassium sulfate to the diet. The level of phosphorus in the pre-layer diet had no significant effect on tibia-ash content or egg shell quality. The dietary level of sodium chloride had no significant effect on egg weight, feed intake and bodyweight gain. The inclusion of sodium chloride at a level of 7.0 g kg-1 diet tended to depress rate of lay by 2.0% and during the first half of the laying cycle, increased mortality by 12.5% (P<0.05) and reduced egg shell weight and thickness (P<0.05) in birds given pre-layer diets with a low calcium content. A daily intake of 137 to 139 mg of sodium per bird was not adequate for maintenance of egg production and efficiency of feed conversion in crossbred layers. The sodium requirement of a crossbred layer given a diet containing meat and bone meal is about 160 mg/day. The adverse effects due to either a low intake of sodium or a high level of sodium chloride in the diet were alleviated by the inclusion of 6.0 g kg-1 potassium sulfate in the diet. The inclusion of potassium sulfate (6.0 g kg-1) in the layer diet increased rate of lay by 2.1% (P<0.05).

The influence of calcium and phosphorus in prelayer diets and their interaction with sodium chloride and potassium sulfate in layer diets on egg production and shell quality in crossbred layers

In a 43x2 factorial experiment, 576 White Leghorn x Australorp pullets attaining 50% egg production at about 180 days of age were given from 22 to 26 weeks of age pre-layer diets with 10.4 or 25.8 g kg-1 calcium and 6.2 or 10.9 g kg-1 phosphorus. From 26 to 74 weeks of age these pullets were given layer diets with three levels (0, 1.5 and 7.0 g kg-1) of added sodium chloride and two levels (0 and 6.0 g kg-1) of added potassium sulfate. The calcium content of the pre-layer diet had no significant effect on feed intake, bodyweight gain or tibia-ash content between 22 and 26 weeks of age, or on egg production, egg weight, feed conversion efficiency and mortality in the subsequent laying phase. The higher level (25.8 g kg-1) of calcium improved (P<0.05) the shell quality of the first eggs laid and prevented a decline in shell quality due to excess sodium chloride (7.0 g kg-1) in the layer diet. A phosphorus level of 10.9 g kg-1 of the pre-layer diet reduced (P<0.05) feed intake, and in the subsequent laying phase both hen-housed egg production and efficiency of feed conversion were reduced (P<0.05). The adverse effect on feed conversion efficiency was alleviated by adding potassium sulfate to the diet. The level of phosphorus in the pre-layer diet had no significant effect on tibia-ash content or egg shell quality. The dietary level of sodium chloride had no significant effect on egg weight, feed intake and bodyweight gain. The inclusion of sodium chloride at a level of 7.0 g kg-1 diet tended to depress rate of lay by 2.0% and during the first half of the laying cycle, increased mortality by 12.5% (P<0.05) and reduced egg shell weight and thickness (P<0.05) in birds given pre-layer diets with a low calcium content. A daily intake of 137 to 139 mg of sodium per bird was not adequate for maintenance of egg production and efficiency of feed conversion in crossbred layers. The sodium requirement of a crossbred layer given a diet containing meat and bone meal is about 160 mg/day. The adverse effects due to either a low intake of sodium or a high level of sodium chloride in the diet were alleviated by the inclusion of 6.0 g kg-1 potassium sulfate in the diet. The inclusion of potassium sulfate (6.0 g kg-1) in the layer diet increased rate of lay by 2.1% (P<0.05).

Electrogenesis in the Euryhaline Osmoconformer Cordylophora Lacustris (Hydrozoa)

ABSTRACT The electrical signals propagated through the ectodermal epithelium of Cordylophora lacustris (the Josephson pulses) were recorded as trans-epithelial action potential-like events. Experiments on the ionic basis of electrogenesis of these action potentials suggested that they result from an outward flow of chloride ions from the ectodermal cells into the enteron. Further evidence for this hypothesis came from measurements of the ionic concentrations in the tissues of Cordylophora, which showed that these cells have unusually high levels of chloride. Chloride dependent electrogenesis allows this excitable system to function in media of low and variable ionic strength, which are a typical feature of this organism ‘s natural environment.

Effects of Sodium Plus Potassium to Chloride Ratio in Practical-Type Diets on Blood Gas Levels in Three Strains of White Leghorn Hens and the Relationship Between Acid-Base Balance and Egg Shell Strength ,

A 3 × 6 factorial experiment involving three strains of Single Comb White Leghorn hens and six dietary ratios of sodium plus potassium to chloride ((Na + K)/C1) of .40, .91, 1.92, 2.83, 4.04, and 7.69 was done with 108 individually caged hens. The six corn-soybean meal-brewers’ dried grains diets included comparisons among low and high levels of sodium and chloride. Feed and distilled water were provided ad libitum from 403 to 487 days of age. Egg and shell measurements were taken on eggs laid between 479 and 483 days. At the completion of the experiment, blood pH and gases (pCO2, pO2) and plasma Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, and Mg were measured for each hen. Blood bicarbonate was calculated from the pH and pCO2 values. Much of the variation in blood gas levels and 485-day body weight could be attributed to the effects of the .40 diet. The effects of dietary sodium and chloride levels appeared independent of each other with decreasing levels of sodium and increasing levels of chloride reducing blood pH, pCO2, and bicarbonate; these ions had the reverse effect on plasma K. Significant differences in feed intake, feed efficiency, and egg production were apparently due to extremely poor performance of birds fed the .40 diet. Differences among strains were significant for feed intake, productivity, egg and shell weight, percent shell, shell weight per unit surface area, and egg specific gravity but were not significant for blood gas and plasma inorganic ion levels, nondestructive deformation, compression fracture force, and interior quality. Increasing dietary chloride levels significantly reduced deformation and fracture force. There were few dietary (Na + K)/Cl ratio × strain interactions. Partial correlation coefficients indicated very weak relationships (r = −.19 to .14) between blood pH or bicarbonate and specific gravity, deformation, or fracture force. The results of this experiment indicate that although the acid-base balance of laying hens was influenced by the (Na + K)/Cl ratio of the diet, there was no relationship between acid-base balance and egg shell strength.

Water Pollution from Snow Removal Operations

Analyses performed on snow samples obtained from snow removal dump sites indicates the presence of substantial quantities of contaminants. This snow, removed from roads, highways and parking areas, contained high levels of total solids, suspended solids, chlorides, COD and lead. Over a 2-yr period the mean concentrations for these five pollutants were 5,080 mg/l, 1,570 mg/l, 2,470 mg/l, 281 mg/l and 3.4 mg/l, respectively. Of particular concern is the high lead concentration, presumably originating from automobile exhaust. Essentially all of the lead was found to be associated with the particulate matter. Lead analyses performed on sediment samples from the river into which the dumped snow is pushed indicates that the lead from the snow may become trapped in the river sediment near the site due to inhibition of the transport of the suspended lead rich material.