Higher Urine Specific Gravity Research Articles

Socioecological correlates of Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) hydration status at Gombe National Park, Tanzania

Abstract Maintaining water balance is imperative for organismal survival. Various socioecological conditions such as sex, reproductive state, and dominance rank can impact water intake and hydration status. Eastern Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) present an interesting biological model to investigate the socioecological correlates of hydration status, given adult sex differences in behavior. Males are more gregarious than females, which may afford them less behavioral flexibility to reduce dehydration risk. However, females invest heavily in their offspring, producing a water heavy milk for up to 5 years, and adult females experience disparities in access to water in foods dependent on dominance rank, which may cause variation in hydration status. In the present study, we investigated correlates of adult chimpanzee hydration status at Gombe National Park, Tanzania, using a measure of urine concentration—urine specific gravity (USG)—highly concentrated urine results in a higher USG, indicating dehydration. We found that both males and females had significantly higher USG in the dry season, but males had lower USG than females during the dry season. Within females, reproductive state did not significantly impact hydration status; however, females in middle lactation tended to have higher USG than nonpregnant, nonlactating females. Additionally, high-ranking females had lower USG than mid- and low-ranking females. While our study showed consistency with USG values that have been demonstrated at other Chimpanzee research sites, we found evidence that this population may be chronically dehydrated by human standards, but more research is needed across populations to determine the health and fitness effects of chronic dehydration in Chimpanzees.

Children With Type 1 Spinal Muscular Atrophy Are at Increased Risk for Nephrolithiasis

BackgroundNephrolithiasis is not a well-documented condition in children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). It is possible that this condition was underestimated before the era of nusinersen because of a much shorter life expectancy. We present our observational data on nephrolithiasis and its possible risk factors in children with type 1 SMA. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the charts of 20 children with genetically confirmed type 1 SMA. Thirteen patients (aged 9 to 55 months) who underwent urinary tract ultrasonography were included in the study. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for demographic and clinical characteristics, ultrasound results, and metabolic abnormalities. ResultsSeven children (54%) had nephrolithiasis; 5 had multiple stones and two had a single stone. Two patients had microlithiasis (<3 mm), three had a stone in the size of 3 to 5 mm, and one had a stone in the size of more than 8 mm. Two patients with nephrolithiasis had urinary tract abnormalities. Patients with nephrolithiasis were more likely to have a history of urinary tract infections (UTIs) (P = 0.048) and higher urine specific gravity (P = 0.014) than patients without nephrolithiasis. Five of seven children with nephrolithiasis had a urine metabolic evaluation; all had hypercalciuria, three had hyperuricosuria, but none had hyperoxaluria, hypocitraturia, or hypomagnesemia. ConclusionChildren with SMA type 1 are at an increased risk for nephrolithiasis. Hypercalciuria and high urine specific gravity appear to be the most common risk factors for the occurrence of nephrolithiasis. In addition, UTI is more common in patients with type 1 SMA with nephrolithiasis.

Occupational Heat Stress and Kidney Health in Salt Pan Workers

Work in heat affects millions of workers. Although kidney function in agricultural workers is increasingly researched, nonagricultural studies are scarce. In coastal salt pans, the absence of occupational exposures to pesticides and other toxicants allows assessment of heat stress alone. Seven Indian salt pans were surveyed from 2017 to 2020. Job-specific workload was assessed. Heat stress was characterized as exceeding the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT)-threshold limit value (TLV) for high and moderate workloads. Preshift and postshift heart rates (HRs), tympanic temperatures, and urine specific gravity (USG) were measured for 352 workers, as were sweat rates (SwR), serum creatinine (SCr), serum uric acid, and urine dipstick. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; ml/min per 1.73 m2) was computed. Heat-strain symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. The mean WBGT was 30.5 ± 1.3 °C (summer) and 27.8 ± 1.9 °C (winter). Water intake during the workday was low, median was one Litre, and most workers (87%) exceeded the TLV for heat stress. Dehydration-related symptoms were frequent in those with high-heat stress, as were cross-shift increases in temperature (≥1°C; 15%), a high USG (≥1.020; 28%), and a high SwR (≥1 l/h; 53%). An eGFR of 60 to 89 ml/min per 1.73 m2 was observed in 41% of all workers examined, and 7% had eGFR below 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The odds ratio for eGFR<90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 in workers exceeding the TLV, compared to workers below this limit, adjusted for age and gender was 2.9 (95% CI: 1.3-6.4). Workplace interventions to prevent heat stress and dehydration in the salt pans and other at-risk industries are urgently required. The findings strengthen the notion that high-heat stress and limited hydration is a risk factor for kidney dysfunction.

CLINICOPATHOLOGIC EVALUATION OF AN EX SITU POPULATION OF ADULT AFRICAN WHITE-BELLIED PANGOLIN (PHATAGINUS TRICUSPIS).

Death due to illegal trade and trafficking serves as the largest threat to pangolins in their geographic range countries. Appropriate veterinary care is essential to the welfare of sick or debilitated pangolins. Given the challenge of comprehensive physical examination of this species due to its unique anatomic features and poorly studied physiology, laboratory diagnostics can provide essential information to guide appropriate medical care. This retrospective study included previously analyzed blood and urine samples collected from adult (n = 17) African white-bellied pangolins (Phataginus tricuspis) under managed care that were sampled over a 4-yr period as part of routine veterinary examinations. Samples from clinically normal animals were used to summarize results for this species. Pangolins had a lymphocyte-predominant leukogram with a mean neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio of 0.83 (min-max: 0.13-4.81). Seasonal, sex, and age differences were present for several hematologic and serum biochemical analytes. Urine samples had a median urine specific gravity (USG) of 1.040 (min-max: 1.006-1.060), a neutral-to-basic urine pH (6.0-8.6), and contained mainly struvite crystals or infrequently calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals. Winter samples had higher USG than summer samples. The clinicopathologic data provided herein offers applicable information useful for the clinical management of pangolins.

Gambaran Berat Jenis Urin Dan Kadar Protein Urin Pada Ibu Hamil Di Upk Puskesmas Kampung Dalam Pontianak Timur

Laboratory examinations are carried out to determine diseases that can affect pregnancy, one of the tests carried out is routine urine. The presence of the hormone HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin) in the urine can be used for a pregnancy test. Kidney function, can be known through a protein test in the urine, the presence of protein in the urine leads to pre-eclampsia in pregnant women. High urine specific gravity can be caused by lack of fluid consumption, the presence of sugar in the urine, and protein in the urine (usually in people with kidney disorders) or certain medications. This study aims to describe the description of urine specific gravity and urine protein levels in pregnant women in the UPK Puskesmas Kampung Dalam, Pontianak Timur. This is a descriptive survey research using the accidental sampling technique. Measurements and observations of research variables were measurements of urine specific gravity and urine protein content which were carried out at the UPK Laboratory of the Kampung Dalam Puskesmas, Pontianak Timur. The sample used is a urine sample when pregnant women who meet predetermined criteria, the examination is carried out using a Urine Analyzer. Respondents of this study found 30 people. The results of 30 respondents pregnant women measuring urine specific gravity whose normal limit is 1,005-1,030 obtained urine specific gravity of 1,010 as many as 6 respondents (20%), 1,015 as many as 9 respondents (30%), 1,020 as many as 2 respondents (6,7% ). 1,025 as many as 6 respondents (20%), and 1,030 as many as 7 respondents (23.3%). While the results of the measurement of urine protein levels were positive 1 as many as 4 respondents (13.3%), positive 2 as many as 1 respondent (3.4%), and Negative as many as 25 respondents with a percentage (83.3%).

Phthalate exposure among U.S. college-aged women: Biomonitoring in an undergraduate student cohort (2016-2017) and trends from the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005-2016).

ImportancePhthalates are ubiquitous and many are known or suspected human reproductive and endocrine-disrupting toxicants. A data gap exists in reporting on biomonitoring of phthalate biomarkers in college-aged adults.ObjectiveTo analyze phthalate exposure in a cross-sectional sample of female college students using urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and compare to reference populations including college-aged women sampled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).MethodsNine monoester phthalate metabolites were analyzed in spot urine collected from 215 female undergraduates (age 18–22, 2016–2017) at a public university in Charleston, SC USA and a subset of participants completed a questionnaire detailing demographics and behaviors including personal care and cosmetic product use (e.g. in the past 6 or 24 hrs). Urine specific gravity was used to assess effect of urine dilution. Phthalate metabolite concentrations were compared to reference populations and the temporal trends of the same age-group in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed.ResultsTotal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations in individuals ranged three orders of magnitude (geometric mean 56.6 ng/mL, IQR 26.6–114 ng/mL). A third of urine samples had relatively high urine specific gravity levels indicating potential dehydration status. All geometric mean concentrations were similar to the U.S. female population in the most recent NHANES cycle (2015–2016) except for MEP and mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP). Relatively low MEP and MiBP may be explained by a time trend of declining MEP in the general U.S. population, the sociocultural character of this cohort, and the time of day of spot sampling in evening. NHANES data indicate a significant effect of sample timing on phthalate metabolite concentrations and decline in most, but not all, phthalate metabolites sampled in women aged 18–22 years over the decade (2005–2016).SignificanceThis study reports phthalate metabolites in college-aged women, an understudied group, emphasizes the benefit of survey information for interpreting biomonitoring data, and is a useful case study for communicating phthalate chemical exposure risks to college students.

IJU this issue

This issue contains 15 Original Articles, three of which are excellent prospective clinical trials, and one Urological Note. Cabozantinib is a multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting MET (c-MET), VEGFR2, RET, AXL, KIT and TIE-2. In the phase III, randomized, open-label METEOR study, cabozantinib was associated with a significant progression-free survival benefit and a greater objective response rate versus everolimus in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who had progressed after VEGFR-TKI. Tomita et al. (Niigata, Japan) carried out a bridging study to METEOR to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cabozantinib in Japanese patients. This phase II, open-label, single-arm study showed that cabozantinib provided clinical benefits in Japanese patients with renal cell carcinoma, with similar efficacy and safety to the non-Japanese population. Medical lasers are increasingly used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia. Shoji et al. (Isehara, Japan) carried out a randomized prospective study to compare functional outcomes and complications over a period of 12 months in benign prostatic hyperplasia treated with thulium laser enucleation of the prostate or bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate. This study showed that thulium laser enucleation of the prostate is superior to bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate in resected volume, resected rates per prostate volume and transition zone volume, hemostasis, catheterization and hospitalization time, and decrease in prostate-specific antigen. However, excessive laser irradiation time in thulium laser enucleation of the prostate has the possibility to delay improvement of overactive bladder symptoms and decrease sexual function. Loose seeds and stranded seeds are available for low-dose rate brachytherapy. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, such as flexibility and fixation. Tanaka et al. (Kashihara, Japan) carried out a randomized controlled trial to compare the post-implant dosimetric parameters between the conventional method (using only the loose seeds) and the hybrid method. This study showed that the hybrid method of low-dose rate brachytherapy can achieve a higher coverage of the periprostatic region compared with the conventional method, while maintaining an acceptable level of urethral and rectal doses. The intravesical recurrence rate after transurethral resection of bladder tumor carried out for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is high, and some risk factors for recurrence have been identified. Sazuka et al. (Chiba, Japan) evaluated the risk of the residual urine volume and preoperative pyuria in intravesical recurrence after transurethral resection of bladder tumor among NMIBC patients. They found that the presence of residual urine and pyuria raised the risk of intravesical recurrence after transurethral resection of bladder tumor for NMIBC. Furthermore, especially in men, the recurrence-free survival was significantly higher in patients without than with residual urine by propensity score matching analysis. Iwasawa et al. (Tokyo, Japan) investigated the relationship between fluid intake and tumor recurrence in NMIBC patients by using urine-specific gravity as an indicator of daily fluid intake. They found that high urine-specific gravity was associated with tumor recurrence, especially in patients not receiving adjuvant bacillus Calmette–Guérin therapy. This showed that increasing fluid intake might prevent recurrence in relatively low-risk NMIBC patients. Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is a relatively rare condition occurring in the testicular parenchyma that is characterized by multiple bright and small foci without acoustic shadow limited to the testicle on scrotal ultrasonography. TM is a characteristic of testicular dysgenesis syndrome and was shown to be associated with infertility. Hiramatsu et al. (Tokyo, Japan) evaluated the correlation between the degree of severity in TM and several factors. This study showed the prevalence of TM in normal healthy Japanese men who are trying for first-time pregnancy. This also showed that men with TM might have poor semen findings, and that men with severe TM might have even worse semen parameters. None declared.

Reduced recurrence of low-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is associated with low urine-specific gravity.

To investigate the association between urine-specific gravity and oncological outcomes in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. We identified 433 primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients who underwent transurethral resection between 2002 and 2016. The association between urine-specific gravity and tumor recurrence was statistically evaluated. A total of 211 (48.7%) patients received adjuvant bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy. During the median follow-up period of 60months, 155 (35.8%) patients experienced at least one tumor recurrence. Of them all, 95 (21.9%) and 338 (78.1%) patients had high (>1.020) and low (≤1.020) urine-specific gravity, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier curve suggested that recurrence-free survival was significantly lower in patients with a high urine-specific gravity; however, the multivariate analysis failed to show that urine-specific gravity is significantly associated with tumor recurrence. In 222 (51.3%) patients who had not received bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy, the Kaplan-Meier curve also suggested that recurrence-free survival was significantly lower in patients with a high urine-specific gravity. Multivariate analysis showed that age >70years (hazard ratio 1.69, P=0.02), grade3 tumor (hazard ratio 1.81, P=0.03) and high urine-specific gravity (hazard ratio 1.87, P<0.01) were independent risk factors for tumor recurrence. High urine-specific gravity is an independent risk factor for tumor recurrence in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients who have not received bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy. Our results suggest that hydration status might have some clinical impacts on bladder tumor recurrence.

Spot Sample Urine Specific Gravity Does Not Accurately Represent Small Decreases in Plasma Volume in Resting Healthy Males

ABSTRACTBackground: Urine specific gravity (USG) is often used to assess hydration status, particularly around athletic competition, but it is unknown whether high USG is indicative of plasma volume (PV) reduction (i.e., hypohydration). We tested the hypothesis that if high USG is reflective of reduced PV, subsequent fluid ingestion would increase PV.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine 24-hour changes in USG and PV in individuals presenting with high and low spot USG.Methods: Nineteen healthy males were provided food and water over 24 hours with a total water volume of 35 ml·kg−1 body mass. Absolute PV and blood volume (BV), measured using the CO-rebreathe technique, along with USG were measured before and after a 24-hour intervention period. Based on a preintervention morning spot USG, subjects were post hoc assigned to groups according to USG (≤1.020 or >1.020; low and high USG, respectively).Results: Despite presenting with an elevated spot USG (1.026 ± 0.004), subsequent fluid ingestion over 24 hours did not lead to changes (∆) in PV (−75 ± 234 ml) or BV (−156 ± 370 ml) in the high USG group (p > 0.05). However, a spot USG after the 24-hour intervention in this group decreased (p = 0.018) to a level indicating improved hydration status (1.017 ± 0.007). In the low USG group, there were no changes in PV (−39 ± 274 ml), BV (−82 ± 396 ml), or USG (0.003 ± 0.007) over the 24-hour fluid intervention (all p > 0.05).Conclusions: Despite a high preintervention USG and subsequent decrease after 24-hour fluid intake, measures of PV and BV were not indicative of this seemingly improved hydration status. This suggests that a highly concentrated spot sample USG and subsequent changes are not accurately representative of PV or BV.

한국 노인의 일일 수분섭취 상태에 따른 주요 만성질환 유병률 및 탈수 예측 생리적 지표 탐색 연구: 2015년 국민건강영양조사 결과를 바탕으로

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of major chronic diseases related to daily oral water intake and to identify the physiological parameters related to dehydration in Korean elderly. Methods: The data were collected from the sixth Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES), which was a nationwide and cross-sectional survey in 2015. We analyzed 1,392 participants using t-test and logistic regression. All participants were divided into the adequate water intake (AWI) group and the non-adequate water intake (NAWI) group based on the dietary reference intakes for Koreans. Results: There was a significant difference in the water intake between the AWI (6.8 cups in a day) and NAWI (2.8 cups) groups (p<.001). There was no statistically significant association between the level of water intake and any of the major chronic diseases. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and BUN/Creatinine (Cr) ratio were significantly higher in the NAWI group. Especially, BUN/Cr ratio shows that the NAWI group reached dehydration status. Older age (adjusted odd ratio, OR=1.07, 95% confidence interval, CI [1.04-1.10]), female gender (adjusted OR=1.56, 95% CI [1.05-2.33]), lower body mass index (BMI) (adjusted OR=1.00, 95% CI [0.92-1.00]), higher BUN (adjusted OR=1.04, 95% CI [1.01-1.08]), and higher urine specific gravity (USG) (adjusted OR=1.56, 95% CI [1.19-2.05]) were factors associated with the NAWI group. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the level of water intake needs to be considered in relation to age, gender, BMI, BUN, and USG. These are sensitive physiological parameters used for predicting dehydration of the elderly according to their daily oral water intake. It would be helpful to develop strategies to prevent dehydration in elderly individuals and enhance their water intake. Key Words: Chronic disease; Water intake; Dehydration; Physiological parameter; Aged Key Words: 만성질환; 수분섭취량; 탈수; ìƒë¦¬ì  지표; ë ¸ì¸

High Urine Specific Gravity among Clean Room Workers

High Urine Specific Gravity among Clean Room Workers

Urine Specific Gravity is Unrelated to BIA or Skinfold- Derived Body Fat Percent, But Is Related to Weight in Professional Racehorse Jockeys.

Racehorse jockeys are known to be under stress to sustain standard weight so as to meet specific racing requirements. Nevertheless, there are few published data on whether strategies used to sustain the desired weight have an impact on health and body composition. PURPOSE: So as to investigate whether weight-sustaining strategies have an impact on health risk and body composition, urine specific gravity (USG) and anthropometric measures were obtained as part of a larger study assessing health and nutrition in racehorse jockeys. METHODS: Jockeys were assessed at three professional racetracks on typical race days using Georgia State University IRB approved protocols. Data included anthropometric, body composition, blood, urine, health history, and dietary intake data. This abstract reports on the relationship between USG and body fat percent (BF%), predicted from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and skinfolds, and weight (WT). RESULTS: We assessed 53 jockeys (males=47; females=6) on fasting USG, BF%, and WT. Mean age was 33.7 yr (± 10.43) for the males (M) and 33.6 yr (± 9.34) for the females (F). The study population was predominantly Caucasian (35.2%) and Hispanic (53.7%) with a few Asian-and African-Americans. Normal USG range is 1.002 to 1.028. The mean USG was 1.0207 (± .00752) in M and 1.0200 (± .00300) in F. Mean M weight was 52.8kg (± 2.09) and 48.7kg (± 2.04) in F. None of the F had USG outside the normal range and only 6 of the M had USG above 1.028. There was no relationship between USG and either method for predicting BF%, for M or for F. M with high USG had significantly higher weight (54.2kg vs. 52.1kg; p=.001) than those with normal USG, but there was no relationship between USG and either method for predicting BF%, even when assessing only those jockeys with high (>1.028) USG. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that female jockeys are at lower risk for poor hydration than male jockeys. Although most jockeys (n=42) had USG within the normal range, those with high USG (n=6) were significantly heavier. Heavier jockeys, therefore, may be more likely to resort to dehydration strategies to achieve the desired race weight. In no case was BF%, predicted from both BIA and skinfolds, associated with USG.

Consistently High Urine Specific Gravity in Adolescent American Football Players and the Impact of an Acute Drinking Strategy

Consistently High Urine Specific Gravity in Adolescent American Football Players and the Impact of an Acute Drinking Strategy

Consistently High Urine Specific Gravity in Adolescent American Football Players and the Impact of an Acute Drinking Strategy

The purpose of this study was to determine whether high-school football players showed risks of fluid deficits during two-a-day training (Part 1), and whether implementing a drinking strategy could acutely improve the markers of hydration (Part 2). In Part 1, pre-training urine specific gravity (USG) and pre- and post-training body weight were measured at the morning session for 5 consecutive days of two-a-day practices to monitor the hydration status of 13 varsity players. The mean pre-training body weight was consistently lower (mean decrease of 0.5 kg, p<0.05) following the first day of measurement. Pre-training USG values remained consistently high each day (range for daily means: 1.022+/-0.003 to 1.024+/-0.005). Part 2 consisted of assessing hydration status in 46 varsity and junior varsity players prior to morning training during two-a-day training before and following implementing a drinking strategy. In association with the strategy, mean body weight increased 0.5 kg (p<0.01) and mean USG decreased from 1.021 to 1.016 (p<0.01) following the drinking protocol. The slight decline in body weight and consistently high USG (Part 1) suggested that standard fluid replacement strategies were less than optimal for a majority of the players. Implementing a drinking strategy appeared to improve hydration status based on changes in body weight and USG (Part 2).

Lambs grazed on saltbush are more hydrated at slaughter

Dehydration in livestock before slaughter not only compromises animal welfare, but reduces carcass yields and reduces profits to farmers and abattoir processors. Dehydration is attributed to a failure to drink in lairage. Strategic feeding with saltbush may prevent the dehydration of lambs before slaughter. Saltbush, which is widely used to revegetate saline land, has high concentrations of sodium chloride. Ingesting a high sodium diet is known to increase the ionic concentration of the extracellular fluid and stimulate the lamb’s thirst. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that if the lambs maintain the high water requirement when they arrive in lairage, and consequently drink more water, they will be more hydrated and have less carcass shrinkage. Urine specific gravity, muscle dry matter percentage and urine weight are considered to be useful indicators of the hydration status of lambs (Pethick et al. 2003). High urine specific gravity (USG) occurs when the urine is concentrated. Concentrating the urine is a physiological mechanism used by an animal to conserve water when dehydrated. This study was conducted 20 km from Goomalling, Western Australia. Fifty (2 x 25) 6 month old merino lambs (average liveweight of 38 kg) grazed either a saltbush-dominant saline pasture or a ‘control’ barley stubble/pasture plot. Both groups were supplemented with approximately 200 g/d of barley grain. Following 14 weeks of grazing, the lambs were commercially slaughtered after undergoing a 24 hour period in farm curfew, followed by transport to the abattoir and 24 hours in lairage. After slaughter, 2 g samples of the m. semimembranosus (SM) and the m. semitendinosus (ST) were taken and used to calculate muscle dry matter percentage. The bladder of each sheep was also collected after slaughter and the urine extracted, weighed and a sample taken to determine USG.

Does fluid amount and choice influence urinary stone formation in persons with spinal cord injury?

Chen Y, Roseman JM, DeVivo MJ, Funkhouser E. Does fluid amount and choice influence urinary stone formation in persons with spinal cord injury? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:1002-8. Objective: To examine the effects of fluid intake and beverage type on stone formation in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: A matched case-control study. Setting: A rehabilitation center within a university hospital. Patients: Forty-one patients with SCI who were diagnosed with urinary stones between 1992 and 1998 (stone cases) and 171 age- and duration-matched controls were interviewed by telephone. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Urinary stones. Results: Stone cases were more likely than controls to be white, to be current smokers, to be users of indwelling catheterization, and to have a lower body mass index (kg/m2), worse renal function, and higher urine specific gravity (P<.10). In a multivariable model that adjusted simultaneously for other possible risk factors, the greater consumption of juice (>207mL/d) was associated with a 70% decreased risk (odds ratio=0.3; 90% confidence interval, 0.1–1.0). An interesting, but not significant (P=.15), increased risk for coffee consumption was observed. There was no association for total fluid intake. Conclusion: Total fluid intake does not appear to determine stone occurrence; however, fluid type may influence stone formation in persons with SCI. Further study is required to verify these findings, thus possibly leading to an effective fluid regimen for stone prophylaxis. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Prerenal and Intrinsic Renal Failure

Acute renal failure has been divided into three diagnostic categories: prerenal, intrarenal (also called organic and intrinsic), and postrenal failure. Prerenal failures are responses of a structurally intact kidney to extrarenal processes. In most instances, the kidneys recover rapidly as soon as the course is reversed. Intrinsic renal failure is caused by structural changes within the kidneys, and postrenal failure is due to structural abnormalities in the ureters, bladder, or urethra. Prerenal failure usually is due to decreased effective blood volume or heart failure from such conditions as dehydration or shock. Laboratory studies demonstrate hemoconcentrates, few abnormalities of the urine, preserved tubular integrity, high urine-specific gravity, and low urinary sodium.

Hypersthenuria and Carbenicillin

Letters and Corrections1 November 1978Hypersthenuria and CarbenicillinCLEMENT DEZIEL, M.D.CLEMENT DEZIEL, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-89-5-723_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: We read with interest the paper by Zwelling and Balow in the August issue, "Hypersthenuria in High-Dose Carbenicillin Therapy" (Ann Intern Med89:225-226, 1978). The authors may be interested to learn that we previously reported this phenomenon (1). Further, we suggested that, as a bedside rule, when a patient with normal kidney function is receiving carbenicillin, his real specific gravity could be calculated by subtracting from the measured specific gravity a factor equal to six times the urine carbenicillin concentration; that concentration is obtained by dividing 80% of the daily carbenicillin load by the 24-h urine volume....Reference1. DEZIELDAIGNEAULTMARC-AURELEALBERTBRODEUR CBJGA: High urine specific gravity induced by carbenicillin. Lancet 2:980, 1977 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur Montreal, PQ H4J 1C5 Canada PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 November 1978Volume 89, Issue 5_Part_1Page: 723-723KeywordsAttentionKidneysUrine Issue Published: 1 November 1978 PDF downloadLoading ...