High Rate Of Urbanization Research Articles

Revisitando a diversidade e estrutura genética de Caiman Latirostris (Alligatoridae: Crocodylia) no Brasil

The distribution of the broad-snouted caiman is concentrated in the Brazilian coastal area, the area with the highest urbanization rate in the country. The anthropic pressure makes constant monitoring a necessary effort. Aiming to conserve the species and expand genetic information of Caiman latirostris, we analyzed the genetic diversity and structure of a population in Serra – ES. We compared it with analyzed data of populations distributed in Brazil. We used ten microsatellite markers from 39 samples collected from five lakes in the industrial complex of Serra – ES and data obtained from the literature with information from the same genetic markers for comparative analysis. We observed that the population of ES is genetically isolated from the other nine Brazilian populations. There are high genetic similarities among the lakes, probably due to the low geographic distance (between 100 m and 3 km) among them. The mean heterozygosity observed for the ES population was 0.434, indicating that this population has lower genetic diversity than the others already studied around Brazil (average of 0.54) and a high inbreeding index (0.271) probably related to the isolation of the population.

Analysis of Typical Layout of Apartment Buildings in Indonesia

It is important to determine typical layouts of residential buildings, even in developing countries for standardization towards a zero-carbon society. In Indonesia, housing development in cities continues rising in parallel with high urbanization rates. This study aims to determine the typical layouts of apartments in Indonesia through qualitative and quantitative building typological analyses. A hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted using the building drawing information constructed across Indonesia from 1986 to 2021. A total of 268 public apartments and 268 private apartments from several major cities were included in the datasets, respectively. As a result, six typical layouts for public apartments and thirteen typical layouts for private apartments were determined for both 1BR and 2BR units. Furthermore, four typical unit layouts from public and private apartments associated with building-scale classifications were proposed, respectively, as the base models for the current typical apartments in Indonesia. The results showed that Indonesian public apartments tended to sacrifice semi-open spaces, such as a wide corridor and an internal void space, to increase the size of units and the number of rooms. Meanwhile, most private apartments were constructed with double-loaded corridor systems without internal voids, which potentially cause poor natural ventilation. The proposed typical layouts will be useful for further building simulations as standard testing models, such as to determine the appropriate cooling techniques for low-carbon apartments.

Estimate Suitable Location of Solar Power Plants Distribution by GIS Spatial Analysis

This study proposes a model for the best investment in renewable energy plants that uses DEM, Spatial Analysis, and analysis of indicator weights by AHP to choose a suitable place to locate the solar plants, which increases their efficiency. This is because renewable energy is the most important component of future sustainability. In addition, the cities of Iraq, including Babylon, have increased the proportion of the population, which has led to high rates of urbanization and a lack of services. In particular, the need for services increased, especially electric power, which is characterized by its inefficiency and insufficiency. Yet, the governorate is a good source of solar energy and regular radiation. Therefore, the trend to use renewable energy is the optimal solution, and this manuscript proposes multiple criteria that can determine the optimal locations for building solar energy farms. So methods of analysis are the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), the slope of the earth, efficient distances from the city center, the main road networks and electricity distribution networks, and average solar brightness (hours/day) quantity. Finally, the spatial analysis of all indicators shows eight sites. By using criteria of analysis based on AHP analysis, the result is that six represent suitable sites chosen as sufficient space to locate solar plants. Consequently, the results of this manuscript for solar energy collection projects show percentages ranging between 2% and 37%, with areas starting with 10 ‎km2 and gradually rising towards the largest proposed area of 155 km2, distributed over the province so that the total proposed areas for solar energy collection projects will be about 422 km2. All that aim to achieve the best service in quality and quantity of renewable energy to establish sustainability and efficiency economic modeling in addition to increasing production efficiency. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-013 Full Text: PDF

Impact of Population Dynamics on Solid Waste Generation Trends in Dar Es Salaam Metropolitan

Rapid population growth observed across the global landscape can be traced from the dawn of the last half of the twentieth century. The period is marked by enormous land use and land cover changes, the rising rate of declining biological resources as well a continuous high rate of urbanisation. Dar es Salaam City, once a fishing village but now the most industrialised and urbanised city in Tanzania, has not been spared of such changes. This article composition intended to uncover the correlation between population growth and solid waste generation in the city of Dar es Salaam. The data inputs involved Tanzania’s national population census for the years 2002, 2012, and 2022, but also shapefiles for Dar es Salaam City and the United Republic of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam city’s wards, the lowest but one administrative level in Tanzania, were central in this study as the lowest unit of analysis. Data management for this spatiotemporal study was done in Microsoft spreadsheet, while data analysis involved the use of the ArcMap platform of ArcGIS version 10.5. The results show a strong relationship between population growth and municipal solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam city. From the visual results, the overall impact of population on solid waste generation is well presented across both census years. Despite varying at different times in the twenty years of the study period, wards such as Kunduchi, Mabibo, Majohe, Mbagala Kuu, Mbezi, Mianzini, Saranga, Segerea, Vingunguti, Wazo, and Charambe produced significant amounts of solid waste. Across the study period, Vingunguti and Majohe were revealed to be the only two wards in the city that have continued generating high solid wastes. These visual results display the almost exact location of a high waste generation hence delivering information necessary for strategic and informed decision-making, henceforth, policy formulation towards solid generation and management.

Integrating biodiversity and ecosystem services to identify ecological priorities for an ecologically fragile city in China

AbstractA high rate of urbanization comes with high environmental costs, leading to reductions in biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES). How to maximize the efficiency and representation of BES in cities is of utmost urgency. However, in the process of spatial prioritization identification, it remains unclear whether a preference for ecosystem services (ES) promotes or detracts from biodiversity. In this study, a Marxan‐based spatial conservation prioritization framework is provided to achieve a win–win situation for ES provision and biodiversity protection. Using Hohhot city, China as a study case, it sets up different weighting scenarios with species and five ES to determine the optimal protected area network for each possible combination. At the same time, it tests the conservation costs, protected features, and spatial overlap of different scenarios with existing protected areas to quantify their conservation efficiency. We found that (1) closed deciduous broadleaved forests, closed evergreen needle‐leaved forests, and deciduous shrublands could support both high biodiversity and abundant ES at altitudes of 1600–2000 m. (2) Although a positive association is found between ES and biodiversity, there is some spatial variation. The geographical overlap rate with biodiversity prioritization was only 29.72% when only ES were considered. (3) Conservation of ecological hotspots by increasing the weight of ES can reduce conservation expenses by 0.69%–20.32% compared to meeting solely biodiversity targets. Our analyses highlight the need for an appropriate weighting of ES in decisions seeking to identify protected areas. This study provides methodological support for the integration of ES and biodiversity, facilitating more comprehensive conservation planning decisions.

Understanding the Mechanisms of Earth Fissuring for Hazard Mitigation in Najran, Saudi Arabia

Being a fast-growing city with a high rate of urbanization and agricultural development, the city of Najran, situated in the southwest of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, has witnessed a series of earth fissuring events and some other geo-environmental hazards in recent times. These fissures have posed a significant threat to inhabitants and infrastructure in the area. A few studies suggest that excessive groundwater withdrawal is responsible for fissuring activities. Because of the intensity of this geo-hazard, this article presupposes that groundwater extraction alone cannot be responsible for the magnitude of fissuring activity in the area and discusses other severe factors that could be responsible for the earth fissures. The study proposes that the cause of the problem is multifaceted and synergistic, and outlines threatening factors that can inherently trigger more fissures in the region, based on the geologic history of the area and a critical review of investigative studies conducted in the area and beyond. Predicated on the region’s structural history, some undiscovered elements that can potentially cause fissuring in the region were identified and discussed. Some of these include the pre-existence of a fault system, a crack from the bedrock ridge, the existence of paleochannels, the collapsibility of loess, the tectonic (earthquake) history of the area, and differential compaction due to heterogeneity. The use of a metaheuristic and a combined application integrating other optimization algorithms can be utilized to determine optimum hyperparameters and present their statistical importance, thereby improving accuracy and dependability in fissure prediction in Najran. Reliable models would primarily be used to monitor active fissures and identify key factors utilizing spatial information, subsidence, groundwater-related data sets, etc.

Development of Ambyar Tofu Dregs Crackers Processed as an Effort to Improve the Economy of the Community of Bringinan Jambon Ponorogo Village

Bringinan is a village located in Jambon sub-district, Ponorogo Regency, East Java with an area of ​​138.77 ha (BPS 2021), which was formerly Bringinan Village still in the Sumoroto sub-district. Because the Sumoroto sub-district is very broad, it was divided and formed a new sub-district in Ponorogo Regency, namely Jambon. To overcome poverty, unemployment and reduce the high rate of urbanization, people are also required to be creative and innovative. One way to build a creative economy is through the home industry. The home industry is currently growing quite rapidly in Indonesia, so that the existence of a home industry can help the government in alleviating poverty and reducing unemployment. Therefore, in the aspect of the success of a village and community that has begun to be developed, there must be a new breakthrough to make a product that is later expected to become a village icon and this opportunity lies in the processing of dregs from tofu processing in Bringinan Village.

Spatiotemporal evolution for early warning of ecological carrying capacity during the urbanization process in the Dongting Lake area, China

Early warning of ecological carrying capacity (ECC) is essential for the urbanization process. It provides information on the deterioration of the urban ecological environment and potential hazards and promotes sustainable development. However, research on early warning of ECC in the urbanization process has been limited and mainly focused on a single aspect of ECC, a comprehensive early warning system based on the three perspectives of ecological elasticity (EE), resource carrying (RC), and environmental carrying (EC) is still lacking. Additionally, previous studies did not effectively predict the future evolution trends of ECC and failed to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics. To address these shortcomings, in this study, we propose a comprehensive early warning indicator of ECC incorporating EE, RC, and EC. The state space technique and back-propagation (BP) neural network model were applied to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the warning state in the Dongting Lake area. The results showed that the ECC index decreased from 0.5383 to 0.5364 in 2001–2020, and the risk status was in the range of medium risk. This result was consistent with an analysis of the three subsystems, which indicated that urbanization exceeded the ECC. The early warning index of ECC is predicted to be 0.6257 in 2025. The risk status is predicted to be low risk. From 2001 to 2020, the risk status of counties were significantly different. Most counties in the central area had a low-risk status, and peripheral counties had a medium-risk status. The counties with the most serious risk status were mostly distributed along the edge of the area, in places with higher urbanization rates. Neither the spatial pattern nor the risk status is predicted to change substantially before 2025. Therefore, some targeted measures should be taken to improve the ECC and mitigate the risk.

How the Other Half Died: Immigration and Mortality in U.S. Cities

Abstract Fears of immigrants as a threat to public health have a long and sordid history. At the turn of the 20th century, when immigrants made up one-third of the population in crowded American cities, contemporaries blamed high urban mortality rates on the newest arrivals. We evaluate how the implementation of country-specific immigration quotas in the 1920s affected urban health. Cities with larger quota-induced reductions in immigration experienced a persistent decline in mortality rates, driven by a reduction in deaths from infectious diseases. The unfavourable living conditions immigrants endured explains the majority of the effect as quotas reduced residential crowding and mortality declines were largest in cities where immigrants resided in more crowded conditions and where public health resources were stretched thinnest.

Revisiting China's domestic greenhouse gas emission from wastewater treatment: A quantitative process life-cycle assessment

The wastewater treatment industry could alleviate water pollution but consume a large amount of energy and resources. China has over 5000 centralized domestic wastewater treatment plants and produces an unignorable amount of greenhouse gases (GHG). By considering the wastewater treatment, wastewater discharge, and sludge disposal processes, and employing the modified process-based quantification method, this study quantifies wastewater treatment's on-site and off-site GHG emissions across China. Results showed that the total GHG emission was 67.07 Mt CO2-eq in 2017, with approximately 57% of on-site emissions. The top seven cosmopolis and metropolis (top 1%) emitted nearly 20% of the total GHG emission, while their emission intensity was relatively low due to the huge population. This means that a high urbanization rate may be a feasible way to mitigate GHG emissions in the wastewater treatment industry in the future. Furthermore, GHG reduction strategies can also focus on process optimization and improvement at WWTPs as well as the nationwide promotion of onsite thermal conversion technologies for sludge management.

Efektivitas Pertanian Perkotaan (Urban Farming) dalam Mitigasi Urban Heat Island di Kawasan Perkotaan

Title: The Effectiveness of Urban Farming for Urban Heat Island Mitigation in Urban Areas Urban farming and greenery are the emerging idea in maintaining a sustainable environment in term of economic, social, and environmental aspects. The existence of urban farming is primarily aimed to maintaining food security for the community, especially in the pandemic crisis. Moreover, the high rate of urbanization also affects the transformation of urban space, which is one of the factors causing climate change. The integration of vegetation in urban area is considered to be a strategy to maintain the quality of the microclimate and reducing the intensity of the urban heat island. This study aims to observe the effectiveness of urban farming/greenery in maintaining the microclimate quality at District of Tompeyan Yogyakarta, which is well known for their urban farming integrated inside the residential areas. Using field measurement and simulation methods, the results show that the vegetation in the outdoor space have a significant impact, especially related to surface temperature and air temperature. The simulation using ENVI-MET shows that there is an increase in the thermal comfort index in the areas with vegetation, although it has not yet reached the ideal value. This represents how the role of vegetation in urban heat island mitigation to provide a comfortable and sustainable environment. The study can be further developed regarding the impact of other physical elements on microclimate to be the foundation for spatial planning recommendations.

Echelon peaking path of China's provincial building carbon emissions: Considering peak and time constraints

The significant differences in the level of economic development, energy structure, and natural resource endowments between provinces in China means that the development trajectories of building carbon emissions also differ significantly. Therefore, conducting peaking studies of building carbon emissions only at the national level may lead to large errors. Using a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches and considering the actual situation of each province, this study constructed a provincial-level building carbon emission model for China and established differentiated scenario parameters based on peak and time constraints. By comparing and analyzing the peak value and peak time under different scenarios, the effective echelon peaking path for provincial building carbon emissions was determined. The results show that the transitional regions with high urbanization rates such as Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and the eastern regions with economically developed such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai should take more responsibility for emission reduction, and reach the peak of building carbon emissions earlier. Instead, a certain time and space for development should be given to the central regions with relatively low urbanization rates and large populations such as Anhui, Henan, Hubei, and to the underdeveloped western regions such as Sichuan, Yunnan, Shannxi. This study provides a decision-making reference to achieve building energy conservation and emission reduction in Chinese provinces and foreign regions.

Adaptation strategies for future coastal flooding: Performance evaluation of green and grey infrastructure in South Korea

Climate change is contributing to an increasing frequency and intensity of floods in Korea. This study predicts areas with a high probability of flooding in coastal areas of South Korea owing to future climate change, which is likely to cause extreme rainfall and sea-level rise, using a spatiotemporal downscaled future climate change scenario with random forest, artificial neural network, and k-nearest neighbor techniques. In addition, the change in coastal flooding risk probability according to the application of different adaptation strategies (green spaces and seawalls) was identified. The results showed a clear difference in the risk probability distribution in the absence and presence of either adaptation strategy. Their effectiveness in moderating future flooding risks is subject to change owing to strategy type, geographic region, and urbanization intensity and the results show that green spaces are slightly more effective than seawalls when forecasting for 2050. This demonstrates the importance of a nature-based strategy. Moreover, this study highlights the need to prepare adaptation measures according to regional characteristics to mitigate the impact of climate change. Korea is surrounded by seas on three sides that have independent geophysical and climate characteristics. The south coast has a higher risk of coastal flooding than the east and west coasts. In addition, a higher urbanization rate is associated with a higher risk probability. This implies that climate change response strategies for coastal cities are necessary as the population and socioeconomic activities of coastal urban areas are likely to increase in the future.

Spatio-Temporal Evolution Characteristics, Development Patterns, and Ecological Effects of “Production-Living-Ecological Space” at the City Level in China

Effective production, living, and ecological space allocation is essential for advancing territorial policy optimization and improving the sustainability of land resource use. Based on the theory of the “production-living-ecological” space (PLES), the present study uses the spatial transfer matrix model, the coupling degree model, and ecosystem service value measurement to analyze the changes in the number and structural characteristics of the PLES and the evolution pattern of development in 336 cities in China from 2000 to 2020 and to evaluate the resulting ecological effects. The results are as follows: the living space is growing; the agricultural production space is decreasing; and the ecological space has been decreasing and then increasing. The evolution of the city space structure has five distinct patterns of development. Cities in the southeast with high urbanization rates have shifted from the pure economic expansion development pattern to the coordinated diversified development pattern. In contrast, the cities in the northeast and northwest, where ecological space accounts for an absolute proportion, still prefer the economic expansion development pattern. There is still a struggle between the “impulse of local development” and the “objective of central coordination”. The development patterns of ecological protection and the coordinated diversified development patterns have higher ecological effects among the five development approaches, confirming the effectiveness of the territorial spatial planning policy under the coordinated development objective. Meanwhile, the optimization of future spatial planning policies should consider not only the rational allocation of space but also the quality development of space.

Ractal structures in architectural design

The high rate of urbanization in the modern world requires a conscious approach to architectural design. A person needs an environment that fills him with new strength and does not drown out his creative potential with monotonous routine. Due to its natural feature, fractal architecture meets these requirements. The article examines the signs of fractal systems in relation to architecture, highlights the concept - "the principle of fragmentation of a fractal", the term "self-similarity" is broader. In addition, the existing experience of fractal architecture has been analyzed, and the relationship between fractality and the success of the project has been revealed using the example of existing objects. The materials of this article can serve for the further development of the theory of creating fractal architecture.

Analysis on the Effect of Agricultural Supply Chain Finance Development on Rural Revitalization

Agricultural supply chain finance is an important innovative model in the field of rural finance. This paper selects provincial panel data of 30 provinces in Chinese mainland from 2011 to 2020, calculates the rural revitalization index, and studies the impact of the development of agricultural supply chain finance on rural revitalization. The research draws the following conclusions: Firstly, the development of agricultural supply chain finance significantly promotes rural revitalization. Secondly, there is a single threshold effect on the promotion effect of agricultural supply chain finance on rural revitalization: taking the Engel coefficient, urban-rural income gap and urban-rural consumption gap as threshold variables, the lower the Engel coefficient of rural residents and the smaller the income and consumption gap between urban and rural areas, the stronger the promotion effect of agricultural supply chain finance on rural revitalization. Finally, the promotion of agricultural supply chain finance development to rural revitalization is more significant in the samples with higher urbanization rates and higher agricultural supply chain finance levels.

Multi-Level Dynamic Analysis of Landscape Patterns of Chinese Megacities during the Period of 2016–2021 Based on a Spatiotemporal Land-Cover Classification Model Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery: A Case Study of Beijing, China

In today’s accelerating urbanization process, timely and effective monitoring of land-cover dynamics, landscape pattern analysis, and evaluation of built-up urban areas (BUAs) have important research significance and practical value for the sustainable development, planning and management, and ecological protection of cities. High-spatial-resolution remote sensing (HRRS) images have the advantages of high-accuracy Earth observations, covering a large area, and having a short playback period, and they can objectively and accurately provide fine dynamic spatial information about the land cover in urban built-up areas. However, the complexity and comprehensiveness of the urban structure have led to a single-scale analysis method, which makes it difficult to accurately and comprehensively reflect the characteristics of the BUA landscape pattern. Therefore, in this study, a joint evaluation method for an urban land-cover spatiotemporal-mapping chain and multi-scale landscape pattern using high-resolution remote sensing imagery was developed. First, a pixel–object–knowledge model with temporal and spatial classifications was proposed for the spatiotemporal mapping of urban land cover. Based on this, a multi-scale district–BUA–city block–land cover type map of the city was established and a joint multi-scale evaluation index was constructed for the multi-scale dynamic analysis of the urban landscape pattern. The accuracies of the land cover in 2016 and 2021 were 91.9% and 90.4%, respectively, and the kappa coefficients were 0.90 and 0.88, respectively, indicating that the method can provide effective and reliable information for spatial mapping and landscape pattern analysis. In addition, the multi-scale analysis of the urban landscape pattern revealed that, during the period of 2016–2021, Beijing maintained the same high urbanization rate in the inner part of the city, while the outer part of the city kept expanding, which also reflects the validity and comprehensiveness of the analysis method developed in this study.

Smart Environment Planning for Smart City Based On Regional Medium-Term Development Plan Surabaya City 2021-2026

The high rate of urbanization in urban areas has a significant impact on urban governance related to environmental issues. Over the past ten years, there has been a degradation of environmental quality in Surabaya due to high levels of environmental pollution. Surabaya city has also been known as a city that applies the concept of the smart city wherein the concept there are also smart environment indicators. of the smart environment in the RPJMD planning document 2021-2026. The research method used is qualitative with case studies in Surabaya using descriptive qualitative data analysis techniques on secondary data. The results of this study show that the Surabaya City Government in RPJMD 2021-2026 has not implemented the concept of a smart environment as a whole. This is seen in the RPJMD document of Surabaya City 2021-2026 which only plans programs such as green buildings by planning in green infrastructure but for planning green buildings have not been planned.

Population dynamics of the mona monkey, Cercopithecus mona (Schreber, 1774) and anthropogenic threats in selected areas of Lagos State, Nigeria

The mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona) is the major non-human primate adapted to swamp forests that characterizes Lagos State. It is useful in ecological services as seed disperser and reforestation. Efforts to legally conserve this species have been ineffective due to non-enforcement of conservation laws. This study determined the population estimate and threats to C. mona in order to provide useful information for its conservation in Lagos State. Using total head count and questionnaires, the occurrence, abundance, population composition, and the anthropogenic threats to the C. mona in three Local Government Areas (LGAs) viz: Eti-Osa, Ibeju-Lekki and Kosofe were determined. Population surveys were conducted during the wet and dry seasons from September, 2021 to April, 2022. Data were collected through field surveys and administration of questionnaires. The data were analysed descriptively and inferentially. Significant differences were at p<0.05. Mona monkeys were sighted in all the three LGAs. The estimated population was 466 individuals. The highest wet and dry season’s population of 206 and 196, respectively were recorded in Ibeju-Lekki LGA. The juveniles (185) and adult females (104) were the most abundant in the three LGAs. There was a significant difference (Chi-square = 16.18, p< 0.05) in the population of infants in Ibeju-Lekki and Kosofe LGAs. A decline in C. mona population was indicated by 54.4% of the respondents, while 50.8% showed that high rate of urbanization was a major threat to the monkeys. Most respondents (74.7%) indicated that decline in forest cover over the years was affecting the monkeys’ population. The need for conservation of C. mona is critical in Lagos State. This could be achieved through the effective enforcement of existing conservation laws and promulgation of new efficient ones.

Quantifying the spatial pattern of urban expansion trends in the period 1987–2022 and identifying areas at risk of flooding due to the impact of urbanization in Lao Cai city

Analyzing urban expansion trends and its drivers is extremely important for sustainable urban development. However, in Vietnam, the urbanization process has been considered mainly in big cities, often ignoring the mountainous and border ones. The present study examined urban expansion and urbanization trends in different directions in Lao Cai city, northern Vietnam based on remote sensing and GIS data. After 35 years, the city's urban areas are mainly concentrated on the riverside and in the north-northwest direction (accounting for 27.95% of urban land area) due to the impact of the border gate economy. It is also for the reason that the intensity of urbanization (UII) in the range of 70–100% is mainly concentrated in the north-northwest region. With the urban intensity in 35 years reaching over 43%, Lao Cai is experiencing in a high rate of urbanization, but it has great potential flood risk. To determine flood risk in the study area based on natural and socio-economic factors, we used the Gauss process regression (GPR) model. However, due to the limitation of the GPR model, we combined GPR with Firefly algorithm (FA) to contribute to optimizing model performance. The results proved that the FA-GPR model is suitable for flood risk mapping in Lao Cai city. With R2 = 0.87, this work shows that the greater intensity of urbanization performs the greater flood risk. Therefore, for sustainable development, it is necessary to ensure harmony between economic goals and environmental protection goals.