High Type Research Articles

Early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Associations of two spirometry criteria with clinical features

BackgroundTwo spirometry criteria have been proposed for early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in young smokers: 1) forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) < the lower limit of normal (LLN), and 2) FEV1 decline ≥60 ml/year. These criteria have yet to be validated. This study explored clinical factors associated with these two spirometry criteria. MethodsThis retrospective study analysed medical check-up data from 13,010 consecutive subjects aged <50 years who underwent current and 3 previous spirometry tests in Japan. Current ≥10 pack-year smokers were the main focus of analysis; those meeting one or more spirometry criteria were diagnosed with early COPD. Early COPD was categorized into three subtypes: FEV1/FVC < LLN and FEV1 decline <60 ml/year (type 1), FEV1/FVC ≥ LLN and FEV1 decline ≥60 ml/year (type 2), and FEV1/FVC < LLN and FEV1 decline ≥60 ml/year (type 3). ResultsOf the 1579 current ≥ 10 pack-year smokers, 488 (30.9%) met the early COPD criteria. Multivariate multinomial logistic models adjusted for age, sex, height, body mass index (BMI) and smoking history indicated that past BMI increase and low exercise were associated with higher type 2 early COPD incidence (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 4.30 [3.10, 6.04], and 0.80 [0.69, 0.93], respectively) but not with higher type 1 incidence. A history of asthma was associated with higher type 3 incidence (OR [95% CI] = 1.98 [1.18, 3.07]). ConclusionsThe 3 types of spirometry-based early COPD have different clinical factors. Their trajectories should be explored in longitudinal studies.

Racial disparities in healthcare utilization and costs in pharmacologically treated medicaid enrollees with developmental disabilities and Type 2 diabetes

Objective: Adults with developmental disabilities have higher prevalence of chronic disease conditions such as diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure, arthritis, CVD and chronic pain. They also have poor healthcare utilization and are screened less for chronic disease conditions. Very few studies have looked at the diabetes related health outcomes in developmentally disabled adults, where distinct racial differences in medication use behaviors have been observed. The objective of this study was to examine the association of race with healthcare utilization and costs in pharmacologically treated Medicaid enrollees with developmental disabilities (DD) and type 2 diabetes. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study that identified adults with DD and type 2 diabetes from the MarketScan® Multi-State Medicaid Database. Enrollees aged 18-64 years who received new medications for type 2 diabetes from January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2006 were included. An index diagnosis date was assigned to each patient and adults with a continuous enrollment for at least 12 months were included. Probabilities of type 2 diabetes related healthcare utilization (inpatient, outpatient and emergency department visits) in adults with DD were computed using multivariate logistic regression models. Multivariate negative binomial regression was used to measure the rate of change in type 2 diabetes related healthcare utilization in patients with DD. Multivariate linear regression with log-transformation was used to determine type 2 diabetes related healthcare costs in Medicaid enrollees with DD. Results: This study had a sample size of 1529 patients. After controlling for all the covariates, compared to Caucasians with DD, African Americans with DD were more likely to have type 2 diabetes related inpatient (OR=1.71; 95% CI, 1.02-2.85) and emergency department visits (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.02-2.73). African Americans with DD and type 2 diabetes had significantly higher healthcare costs compared to Caucasians with DD and type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Racial disparities exist in healthcare utilization in Medicaid patients with DD and type 2 diabetes. African Americans were more likely to have inpatient and ER visits respectively. Also, African Americans were more likely to have higher type 2 related healthcare costs compared to Caucasians.

Nietzsche and Contemporary Ethics

Nietzsche and Contemporary Ethics

Comparing different computational approaches for detecting long-term vertical transmission in host-associated microbiota.

Long-term vertical transmissions of gut bacteria are thought to be frequent and functionally important in mammals. Several phylogenetic-based approaches have been proposed to detect, among species-rich microbiota, the bacteria that have been vertically transmitted during a host clade radiation. Applied to mammal microbiota, these methods have sometimes led to conflicting results; in addition, how they cope with the slow evolution of markers typically used to characterize bacterial microbiota remains unclear. Here, we use simulations to test the statistical performances of two widely-used global-fit approaches (ParaFit and PACo) and two event-based approaches (ALE and HOME). We find that these approaches have different strengths and weaknesses depending on the amount of variation in the bacterial DNA sequences and are therefore complementary. In particular, we show that ALE performs better when there is a lot of variation in the bacterial DNA sequences, whereas HOME performs better when there is not. Global-fit approaches (ParaFit and PACo) have higher type I error rates (false positives) but have the advantage to be very fast to run. We apply these methods to the gut microbiota of primates and our results suggest that only a small fraction of their gut bacteria is vertically transmitted.

Study of biochemical parameters with insulin resistance type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects

Introduction: Diabetes results from hyperglycemia and improper glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. The elderly population will quadruple in 10 years. LMICs have the highest type 2 DM patients. Insulin resistance and beta cell abnormalities cause T2DM. This study compared HbA1c, FPG, and lipids to controls. Materials and methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry L.LRM Medical College, Meerut. The study was done on 250 individuals, who included 100 uncontrolled type-2 diabetic (Group III), 100 controlled type-2 diabetic (Group II) and 50 healthy individuals (Group I). Blood biochemistry and immunology for various parameters such as Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), High density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), Urea, Creatinine were carried out for all three groups. SPSS16.0 was used to analyse the results. Results: In our study we found highly significant increase (P&lt; 0.001) of fasting blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in group II and group III as compared to group I. In the present study, the patterns of lipid profile parameters in type-2 diabetic subjects were also studied.

Sadomasochism in everyday life

The article examines the phenomenon of sadomasochism in the context of everyday life. It is noted that the constructivist understanding of everyday life is based on the interpretation of social action proposed by M. Weber. Obviously, in Weber's typology, the highest type is the goal rational social action, which assumes a model of a rational person who is guided by rational motives and chooses the most optimal project of action to achieve the set goal. Whereas affective social action is on the margins of sociology's interest. Meanwhile, as Z. Freud demonstrates, the everyday is not some kind of sterile-rational reality, in the everyday the unconscious manifests itself in tricks, erroneous actions, descriptions, etc., which may well be based on unconscious sadomasochistic desires. The author turns to the history of the study of sadomasochism, considering the concepts of such authors as R. von Krafft-Ebing, Z. Freud, E. Fromm, Z. Lew-Starowicz, L. Eidelberg, H. Murray. The article examines the concepts of sadomasochism such modern author as Martin Kantor, who proceeds from the fact that sadomasochism cannot be reduced only to sexual sadomasochism or the practice of BDSM, in fact it is a much broader social phenomenon. According to M. Kantor, in a broad sense, sadomasochism manifests itself in power, control, dominance and submission, a dynamic that is pervasive in our lives, from home to work. We see such examples of sadomasochism as sadomasochistic mothers, children, and fathers in the family circle; sadomasochistic marriages and divorces; corporate sadomasochism; sadomasochistic companies; sadomasochistic workers; sadomasochistic writer's block іn the everyday life. In this perspective, the everyday appears before us as a reality where people act not to achieve rational goals, but because of the desire to dominate and submission.

Prevalence And Allele Frequency Of Colour Blindness In Al-Najaf Al Ashraf Province

Background: Colour blindness or colour vision deficiency is an inability or reduced ability to described certain colours, there are several types of colour blindness but the more common type red-green colour blindness that inherited x-linked disorder, hence it was more distribution in males (hemizygote) but it was less prevalent in females because she had two x chromosomes, she may be affected or a carrier to disorder. We examined 2470 participant (2158 male and 312 female) by using Ishihara plate (24 plates edited). This study conducted to find out the prevalence of colour blindness in Al-Najaf province. In the present study, Among those was screened for colour deficiency, 107 of them(4.33%)were diagnosed with colour blindness, the rate was a difference among gender 105(4.87 %) in male and it was 2(0.64) % in female. The deuteranomaly was the highest type 38(35.51%) then deuteranopia was 31(28.97 %), the protanomaly was 23(21.50%), the protanopia was 10(9.35%), At last, the achromacy was lowest 5(4.67 %) among infected colour blindness. The deutan :protan ratio was 2.03:1. This rate (in our study) was approximately similar to the rate recorded in Al-Qadisiyah University (5.2 % in male and 0.4% in female) and less the rate in the centre and north Iraq (Baghdad, Duhok and Erbil province).

Pathobiology of an NS1-Truncated H3N2 Swine Influenza Virus Strain in Pigs.

ABSTRACTVirus strains in the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) for swine in the United States that was on the market until 2020 encode a truncated nonstructural protein 1 of 126 amino acids (NS1del126). Their attenuation is believed to be due to an impaired ability to counteract the type I interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral host response. However, this mechanism has been documented only in vitro for H3N2 strain A/swine/Texas/4199-2/98 NS1del126 (lvTX98), and several cases of clinical respiratory disease in the field were associated with the LAIV strains. We therefore further examined the pathobiology, including type I IFN induction, of lvTX98 in pigs and compared it with IFN induction in pig kidney-15 (PK-15) cells. lvTX98 induced up to 3-fold-higher type I IFN titers than wild-type TX98 (wtTX98) after inoculation of PK-15 cells at a high multiplicity of infection, while virus replication kinetics were similar. Mean nasal lvTX98 excretion by intranasally inoculated pigs was on average 50 times lower than that for wtTX98 but still reached titers of up to 4.3 log10 50% tissue culture infective doses/mL. After intratracheal inoculation, mean lvTX98 titers in the lower respiratory tract were significantly reduced at 18 to 48 h postinoculation (hpi) but similar to wtTX98 titers at 72 hpi. lvTX98 caused milder clinical signs than wtTX98 but induced comparable levels of microscopic and macroscopic lung lesions, peak neutrophil infiltration, and peak type I IFN. Thus, lvTX98 was partly attenuated in pigs, but this could not be associated with higher type I IFN levels.IMPORTANCE Swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) with a truncated NS1del126 protein were strongly attenuated in previous laboratory-based safety studies and therefore approved for use as LAIVs for swine in the United States. In the field, however, the LAIV strains were detected in diagnostic samples and could regain a wild-type NS1 via reassortment with endemic swIAVs. This suggests a significant degree of LAIV replication and urges further investigation of the level and mechanism of attenuation of these LAIV strains in vivo. Here, we show that H3N2 LAIV strain lvTX98 is only partly attenuated in pigs and is excreted at significant titers after intranasal vaccination. Attenuation and restricted replication of lvTX98 in vivo seemed to be associated with the loss of NS1 functions other than type I IFN antagonism. Our findings can help to explain the occurrence of clinical respiratory disease and reassortment events associated with NS1del126-based LAIV strains in the field.

Correcting the Bias Correction for the Bootstrap Confidence Interval in Mediation Analysis.

The bias-corrected bootstrap confidence interval (BCBCI) was once the method of choice for conducting inference on the indirect effect in mediation analysis due to its high power in small samples, but now it is criticized by methodologists for its inflated type I error rates. In its place, the percentile bootstrap confidence interval (PBCI), which does not adjust for bias, is currently the recommended inferential method for indirect effects. This study proposes two alternative bias-corrected bootstrap methods for creating confidence intervals around the indirect effect: one originally used by Stine (1989) with the correlation coefficient, and a novel method that implements a reduced version of the BCBCI's bias correction. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, these methods were compared to the BCBCI, PBCI, and Chen and Fritz (2021)'s 30% Winsorized BCBCI. The results showed that the methods perform on a continuum, where the BCBCI has the best balance (i.e., having closest to an equal proportion of CIs falling above and below the true effect), highest power, and highest type I error rate; the PBCI has the worst balance, lowest power, and lowest type I error rate; and the alternative bias-corrected methods fall between these two methods on all three performance criteria. An extension of the original simulation that compared the bias-corrected methods to the PBCI after controlling for type I error rate inflation suggests that the increased power of these methods might only be due to their higher type I error rates. Thus, if control over the type I error rate is desired, the PBCI is still the recommended method for use with the indirect effect. Future research should examine the performance of these methods in the presence of missing data, confounding variables, and other real-world complications to enhance the generalizability of these results.

DDX41 is required for cGAS-STING activation against DNA virus infection.

SUMMARYUpon binding double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is activated and initiates the cGAS-stimulator of IFN genes (STING)-type I interferon pathway. DEAD-box helicase 41 (DDX41) is a DEAD-box helicase, and mutations in DDX41 cause myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we show that DDX41-knockout (KO) cells have reduced type I interferon production after DNA virus infection. Unexpectedly, activations of cGAS and STING are affected in DDX41 KO cells, suggesting that DDX41 functions upstream of cGAS. The recombinant DDX41 protein exhibits ATP-dependent DNA-unwinding activity and ATP-independent strand-annealing activity. The MDS/AML-derived mutant R525H has reduced unwinding activity but retains normal strand-annealing activity and stimulates greater cGAS dinucleotide-synthesis activity than wild-type DDX41. Overexpression of R525H in either DDX41-deficient or -proficient cells results in higher type I interferon production. Our results have led to the hypothesis that DDX41 utilizes its unwinding and annealing activities to regulate the homeostasis of dsDNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), which, in turn, regulates cGAS-STING activation.

Study of the radiation pattern of a rectangular horn antenna in the operation of multimode propagation of electromagnetic waves

The object of research in the work is the process of radiation of electromagnetic waves and the directional properties of a rectangular horn antenna in a multimode operation. The existing problem is that in practice when developing and researching horn antennas, only the single-mode mode of their operation is taken into account. The fundamental mode of the rectangular waveguide that feeds this horn antenna is chosen as the base mode of the emitted electromagnetic wave. Radiation of higher types of electromagnetic waves is not taken into account. To take into account the impact of higher types of electromagnetic waves on the directional properties of a rectangular horn antenna, it is proposed to investigate a multimode mode consisting of three types of magnetic waves H10, H20, and H30. Horn antennas have high-quality wide-range properties and make it possible to obtain a maximum frequency coverage ratio of 1.5–1.8. In this paper, the directional properties of a rectangular horn antenna are determined by the example of calculating and modeling normalized radiation patterns of a standard horn-type for a wide frequency range with an average frequency of 12 GHz and a frequency overlap factor of 1.67. It has been established that when emitting three higher types of waves, it is possible to simultaneously improve the characteristics and directional properties of a horn antenna by changing the amplitude of each component of the constituent waves of electromagnetic radiation. The work aimed to study the normalized radiation patterns of a rectangular horn antenna to improve its directional properties. It was found that with increasing frequency, starting from the middle frequency of the operating frequency range, the radiation pattern of a rectangular horn antenna expanded. That is, the opening angle increased in the direction of the main radiation, with a decrease in the radiation amplitude, the level of the side and rear lobes increased, which leads to a deterioration in the characteristics of the horn antenna. For the selected geometric dimensions of the horn antenna in the frequency range of 12–12.5 GHz in the multimode mode, it was possible to provide almost the same beam width in the horizontal and vertical planes at the level of 13.2–13.6°.

Bid signaling in first-price royalty auction

It is common that seller’s post-auction input affects winner’s valuation in the widely used royalty auctions. This study considers bidders’ signaling incentives and seller’s choice of reserve price in the first-price royalty auction. We first characterize the unique symmetric D1 PBE in which the quasi-separating bidding strategy can be decomposed into the equilibrium bid without signaling incentive and the signaling premium. The signaling premium increases in bidder’s type, indicating that a higher type has more incentive to raise bid to induce more effort from the seller. The optimal reserve price is lower than that under the post-auction complete information scenario, which leads to a more efficient allocation and a higher payoff for the seller. The optimal reserve price is non-monotonic in royalty rate while the seller’s equilibrium payoff increases in it, and full surplus extraction is obtained when the royalty rate approaches 100%.

Different land uses influenced on characteristics and distribution of microplastics in Qarasu Basin Rivers, Gorgan Bay, Caspian Sea.

Concerns about the negative effects of microplastics (MPs) on human health have led to increasing attention to the occurrence of MPs in the aquatic environment. Recent studies have focus on the spatio-temporal distribution of MPs in rivers for residential and agricultural areas. Qarasu River Basin, watershed to Gorgan Bay, is the site of many permanent rivers and the levels of MP pollution in those rivers are unknown. This research was conducted in three different types of land use: forest, residential, and agricultural along 8 different rivers. A total of 9 fish species were identified and the presence of MPs in 87% of fish was confirmed. The prevalence of MP among species was Liza sp. > Carassius gibelio > Gambusia holbrooki > Rutilus rutilus > Neogobius melanostomus > Cyprinus carpio = Vimba vimba > Rutilus frisii > Barbus sp. The highest frequency of MPs was observed in Qarasu River (1880 ± 251 n/kg) and Mohammadabad River (184 ± 1340 n/kg) in agricultural land use, and the lowest frequency was related to Baghu and Ziarat Rivers with 660 ± 77 and 600 ± 91 n/kg found in forest land use respectively. The highest type, color, and size of MP sediments were fragment, black, and 1-2mm, respectively. The highest type, color, and size of MP in fishes were fiber, black, and 0.5-0.1mm respectively. Overall according to the source tracing result, agricultural land use was the main source of MP pollution of Gorgan Bay. The Bay is strongly affected by the incoming rivers, the Qarasu River Basin as the most important river supplying water.

Three-dimensional assessment of the favorability of maxillary posterior teeth intrusion in different skeletal classes limited by the vertical relationship with the maxillary sinus floor

BackgroundUnderstanding the anatomical relationship between the maxillary sinus floor (MSF) and the posterior maxillary teeth (PMT) is important when planning the orthodontic intrusion of the posterior teeth. This study aimed to determine the vertical relationship between posterior maxillary teeth and maxillary sinus floor in different skeletal classes in the Chinese adult population.MethodsThis is a retrospective cross-sectional study involved cone beam computed tomography images of 298 adult patients (145 males and 153 females) between 20 and 45 years old. The sample was categorized according to A point, Nasion, B point (ANB) angle into 102 Class I, 102 Class II, and 94 Class III malocclusion. Non-parametric Wilcoxon Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to compare the studied groups. The Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the intra- and inter-observer reliability analysis.ResultsOverall, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean distance between both genders (P < 0.001). The measured distance increased with age in all posterior tooth roots (P < 0.001). The root apex in the sagittal view appeared to be closer to the maxillary sinus than in the coronal view; 2.2 ± 4.3 and 3.1 ± 5.5 mm, respectively. The most frequent root scores were Type 1 and Type 2P. In both sagittal and coronal views, Class I demonstrated a higher Type 2P prevalence, whereas Class III showed a lower prevalence. The second molars’ mesiobuccal root had the largest number of penetration in the three examined skeletal classes.ConclusionsMaxillary molars of Class I malocclusion with the majority of Type 2P root-sinus relationship have the highest possible risk of root resorption during molar intrusion due to cortical bone encroachment, while Class III malocclusion showed the least possible risk.

Evaluation of the Content of Math Courses at the Faculty of Education- Sana’a University in light of Quality Standards

This study aimed to examine the availability of quality standards pertinent to mathematical thinking styles, objectivity and creative problem solving in math courses at the Faculty of Education, Sana’a University. To achieve this, the descriptive analytical method was used. Checklists for analyzing the math content were developed and a questionnaire was used to check their validity. The instuments were applied to a smple of four courses of the 3rd and 4th levels. The study results revealed that the total weights of deductive and inductive mathematical thinking were 69.66% and 30.34% respectively. This percentage covered the quality of thinking styles being comprehensively represented in all the courses as follows: correlational thinking style, the highest type, scored 65.43%; thinking style using symbols scored 20.61%; other styles of mathematical thinking were represented in the content by varied percentages, ranging from 0% to 10.78%. These other styles include reflective, systematic, strategic, critical, accurate and creative thinking styles. The course content lacked creative problem solving questions. Further, the results of the Chi-square test showed statisitically significant differences at 0.01 regarding the quality standards of mathematical thinking, objectivity and creative problem solving. This means that the courses do not achieve the quality standards of developing thinking styles and creative problem solving among student-teachers.

Evaluation of the Content of Math Courses at the Faculty of Education- Sana’a University in light of Quality Standards

This study aimed to examine the availability of quality standards pertinent to mathematical thinking styles, objectivity and creative problem solving in math courses at the Faculty of Education, Sana’a University. To achieve this, the descriptive analytical method was used. Checklists for analyzing the math content were developed and a questionnaire was used to check their validity. The instuments were applied to a smple of four courses of the 3rd and 4th levels. The study results revealed that the total weights of deductive and inductive mathematical thinking were 69.66% and 30.34% respectively. This percentage covered the quality of thinking styles being comprehensively represented in all the courses as follows: correlational thinking style, the highest type, scored 65.43%; thinking style using symbols scored 20.61%; other styles of mathematical thinking were represented in the content by varied percentages, ranging from 0% to 10.78%. These other styles include reflective, systematic, strategic, critical, accurate and creative thinking styles. The course content lacked creative problem solving questions. Further, the results of the Chi-square test showed statisitically significant differences at 0.01 regarding the quality standards of mathematical thinking, objectivity and creative problem solving. This means that the courses do not achieve the quality standards of developing thinking styles and creative problem solving among student-teachers.

Subtitling Strategies of Taboo Words in "Sex Education TV Series Season 2"

This research aims to identify the types of taboo words, to identify the functions of taboo, and to observe the subtitling strategy in the translation of taboo words in Indonesian subtitles in Sex Education Season 2 TV Series. The source of data in this research is the dialogue that contained taboo words in the English subtitle and the Indonesian subtitle script in the Sex Education TV Series season 2. The researcher uses the descriptive qualitative method. The first result of this study show there were 201 data can be classified as types of taboo words where the highest type is sexual activity 70 data (35%), and the lowest type is lavatory 38 data (19%). The second result shows the 201 data can be categorized as a function of taboo words where the highest type is surprise 60 data (30%), and the lowest type is joking 15 data (8%). The most common use of sexual activity taboo words is to express anger and/or frustration. Furthermore, the lavatory is commonly used to express surprise as well as to identify the descriptive-evaluative function. Furthermore, the author discovered 5 of 10 subtitling strategies in this study, which included expansion, paraphrasing, transfer, condensation, and deletion. The transfer strategy is the most frequently used in translated taboo words, while expansion is the least frequently used.

Exposure to source-specific air pollution and risk for type 2 diabetes: a nationwide study covering Denmark.

Only few epidemiological studies have investigated whether chronic exposure to air pollution from different sources have different impacts on risk of diabetes. We aimed to investigate associations between air pollution from traffic versus non-traffic sources and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Danish population. We estimated long-term exposure to traffic and non-traffic contributions of particulate matter with a diameter <2.5 µg (PM2.5), elemental carbon (EC), ultrafine particles (UFP) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for all persons living in Denmark for the period 2005-17. In total, 2.6 million persons aged >35 years were included, of whom 148 020 developed type 2 diabetes during follow-up. We applied Cox proportional hazards models for analyses, using 5-year time-weighted running means of air pollution and adjustment for individual- and area-level demographic and socioeconomic covariates. We found that 5-year exposure to all particle measures (PM2.5, UFP and EC) and NO2 were associated with higher type 2 diabetes risk. We observed that for UFP, EC and potentially PM2.5, the pollution originating from traffic was associated with higher risks than the non-traffic contributions, whereas for NO2 similar hazard ratios (HR) were observed. For example, in two-source models, hazard ratios (HRs) per interquartile change in traffic UFP, EC and PM2.5 were 1.025, 1.045 and 1.036, respectively, whereas for non-traffic UFP, EC and PM2.5, the HRs were 1.013, 1.018 and 1.001, respectively. Our finding of stronger associations with particulate matter from traffic compared with non-traffic sources implies that prevention strategies should focus on limiting traffic-related particulate matter air pollution.

Different eccentric-based power training volumes improve glycemic, lipidemic profile and body composition of females in a dose-dependent manner: Associations with muscle fibres composition adaptations

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different volumes of fast eccentric-based training on body composition and lipidemic–glycemic profiles in females, as well as to explore the relationship between the change in glycemic–lipidemic profiles and the change in muscle fibre composition. Twenty-nine young females were assigned into three groups and performed 10 weeks (2 training sessions per week) of either 3 (LV), 6 (MV) or 9 (HV) sets/session of four fast velocity eccentric-only half-squats against 70% of concentric 1RM, followed by 3 maximum countermovement jumps (CMJ) after each set. Body composition, vastus lateralis fibre-type composition, and resting blood lipidemic and glycemic indices were evaluated 1 week before and after the training intervention. Significant changes in body composition, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR and blood lipids were found after training with MV and HV (p < 0.05; η2: 0.135–0.390). Significant correlations were found between muscle fibres’ percentage cross-sectional areas (%CSA) and resting glycemic–lipid values (r:−0.543to 0.730, p < 0.05). Training-induced changes of glycemic-lipid profiles were highly correlated to those of type IIa and IIx %CSAs (r: −0.895 to 0.898, p < 0.05). Partial Correlations revealed a significant impact of the imposed training volumes on these correlations. These results suggest that six but mostly nine sets per training session of the imposed training stimuli are needed for beneficial changes in resting glycemic–lipidemic profiles, changes which are related to the training-induced changes in muscle fibre composition. However, these relationships are dictated by the imposed training volumes. Highlights Power training induces beneficial changes in body composition, glycemic and lipidemic profiles. Greater training volumes are needed for the healthier changes in glycemic–lipidemic profiles. Higher Type I, IIA and lower IIX percentage cross-sectional areas are linked with healthier body composition and glycemic-lipidemic profiles. Individuals experiencing the greatest increase in Type IIa and decrease in Type IIX muscle fibres cross-sectional areas after power training are those with the greatest beneficial changes in body composition, glycemic and lipidemic profiles.

Association Between Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG Index) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

&#x0D; Background: Insulin Resistance has a major role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus where there is a decrease in sensitivity in peripheral tissues. The emergence of insulin resistance, 1-2 decades precedes before the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus is established. This theory is supported by the usefulness of insulin resistance as a marker of future diabetes or the prevention of type 2 diabetes by insulin-sensitizing agents. Recently, there is evidence that has been suggested to measure insulin resistance as surrogate marker by calculated the triglyceride and glucose which is so called as “Fasting triglyceride-glucose index” or can be shorten as “TyG index”. This study reported a systematic review of association between TyG index and type 2 diabetes mellitus from various literatures to make a conclusion as a basis for further research.&#x0D; Methods: A literature search in EBSCOhost, ProQuest, MEDLINE, and NCBI database was performed to retrieve and review studies reporting the association between TyG index and type 2 diabetes.&#x0D; Results: All studies showed that higher TyG index were associated with higher type 2 diabetes (HR 4.36, 10.38, 9.54 for each).&#x0D; Conclusion: This systematic review provides further evidence about higher TyG index is related to higher risk of development type 2 diabetes. It represents that TyG index can predicting the risk of incident T2DM.&#x0D;