High-level Structure Research Articles

A randomized Phase I pharmacokinetic trial comparing the potential biosimilar trastuzumab (SIBP-01) with the reference product (Herceptin®) in healthy Chinese male volunteers

ABSTRACT Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence, safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of the biosimilar trastuzumab (SIBP-01) compared to Herceptin®. Methods In this Phase I randomized double-blind parallel-group trial, 100 healthy male volunteers were randomized in a1:1 ratio to receive a single 6 mg•kg–1 intravenous dose of SIBP-01 or Herceptin®. Serum concentrationswere analyzed using a validated ELISA. Results The two groups had similar baseline characteristics. The geometric mean ratios (90% CI) of Cmax, AUC0-t and AUCinf between the trial group and the reference group were 93.55%-104.27%, 91.98%-102.35% and 91.88%-102.34%, respectively; the geometric mean ratios (90% CI) of AUC0-t and AUCinf in the sensitivity analysis were 92.29%-102.63% and 91.81%-102.16%, respectively. These values were within the prespecified equivalence margins, establishing the bioequivalence of SIBP-1 and Herceptin®. AEs were similar across all subjects in the SIBP-01 and Herceptin® arms, with treatment-related AEs reported by 72.00% and 80.00%, respectively. In each group, there was one AE that caused a subject to discontinue the study. Expert opinion Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) is significantly more effective than chemotherapy in reducing exacerbations and tumor cell growth, and its adverse events are far lower than chemotherapy. Herceptin®is very expensive for most patients in China. The protein molecular primary structure of the biosimilar trastuzumab (SIBP-01) is consistent with Herceptin®, with highly similar high level structure, biologocal activity and purity.But there are few studies comparing the bioequivalence of SIBP-01 and Herceptin® in healthy subjects and cancer patients 2. Conclusions This study showed the PK similarity of SIBP-01 to Herceptin®. SIBP-01 was safe and well tolerated in healthy male volunteers, with no significant differences from the reference drug in safety or immunogenicity 4.

Mental Structures as Biosemiotic Constraints on the Functions of Non-human (Neuro)Cognitive Systems

This paper approaches the question of how to describe the higher-level internal structures and representations of cognitive systems across various kinds of nonhuman (neuro)cognitive systems. While much research in cognitive (neuro)science and comparative cognition is dedicated to the exploration of the (neuro)cognitive mechanisms and processes with a focus on brain-behavior relations across different non-human species, not much has been done to connect (neuro)cognitive mechanisms and processes and the associated behaviors to plausible higher-level structures and representations of distinct kinds of cognitive systems in non-humans. Although the study of (neuro)cognitive mechanisms and processes can certainly be revealing, (neuro)cognitive mechanisms and processes are underspecified with respect to internal structures and representations of non-human cognitive systems because multiple such mechanisms can target, or be mapped onto, the same internal structure or vice versa. This paper outlines a biosemiotic approach to this linking problem in order to bridge the gap between functions of (neuro)cognitive systems in different species and the higher-level cognitive structures and representations. It is contended that the higher-level internal structures and representations of various cognitive systems are biosemiotic constraints on the (biological) functions of (neuro)cognitive systems that serve to restrict the range of functions (neuro)cognitive systems have or are selected for. This turns out to have implications for issues on the convergent evolution of cognitive traits.

The structure and properties of MFG-E8 and the In vitro assessment of its toxic effects on myoblast cells

Four high-molecular-weight protein fractions of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) were isolated from bovine milk. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), MALDI-TOF/TOF™ and Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) were used to measure the molecular sizes of the MFGM. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and circular dichroism (CD) were performed to determine the conformations of the MFGM. The results showed that the main protein (98.33%) in MFGM protein fraction 2 was Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-VIII (MFG-E8), with a molecular weight of 47.82 kDa. The secondary structural component measurements showed that the MFG-E8 consisted of 5% helix, 70% sheet and 25% random coil, and the results matched well with the prediction by SSPro 5.1 bioinformatic analysis. The thermograms analysis revealed that Td and△H of MFG-E8 were 60.50°Cand 132.29 kJ/mol. The in vitro digestibility of MFG-E8 showed that it can be enzymatically hydrolyzed in the stomach and relatively stable in the intestinal fluid. The in vitro C2C12 and Caco2 cell activity tests indicated that MFG-E8 promoted the proliferation of C2C12 myoblast cells without cytotoxicity. The biological functional properties of MFG-E8 may be related to the fact that MFG-E8 possesses a high level of β-sheet structure. Our results suggested that MFG-E8 possesses broad prospects not only for use in functional food products but also as a source of natural anti-sarcopenia drugs.

Genetic diversity and structure analysis ofVigna unguiculataL. (Walp.) landraces from southeastern Mexico using ISSR markers

AbstractCowpea (Vigna unguiculataL. Walp.) is an important grain legume in tropical and subtropical regions. It requires low resource inputs and has a high nutritional value. Therefore, cowpea can play an important role in the development of agriculture. In southern Mexico, Mayan farmers have conserved and developed cowpea landraces for centuries. Nevertheless, information on their genetic diversity, conservation status and potential use is minimal. To generate information toward sustainable use, management and conservation of this species, we evaluated the genetic diversity and structure of 20 cowpea landraces from southeast Mexico using 10 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. These ISSR markers generated 68 loci with a 67.7% polymorphism rate and average polymorphic information content of 0.36. The results of Bayesian assignation and the UPGMA analysis suggest the formation of two main groups defined by their genetic origin in southeast Mexico. High levels of genetic structure were found with a moderate level of genetic diversity distributed mainly between landraces. Low levels of intra-landrace variability were observed. Two landraces (P5 and P12) from Calakmul resulted in the high levels of genetic diversity. The selected markers were efficient at assessing genetic variability among Mexican cowpea landraces, providing valuable information that can be used in local conservation and participatory breeding programmes.

Genetic Diversity in Invasive Populations of Argentine Stem Weevil Associated with Adaptation to Biocontrol.

Modified, agricultural landscapes are susceptible to damage by insect pests. Biological control of pests is typically successful once a control agent has established, but this depends on the agent’s capacity to co-evolve with the host. Theoretical studies have shown that different levels of genetic variation between the host and the control agent will lead to rapid evolution of resistance in the host. Although this has been reported in one instance, the underlying genetics have not been studied. To address this, we measured the genetic variation in New Zealand populations of the pasture pest, Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis), which is controlled with declining effectiveness by a parasitoid wasp, Microctonus hyperodae. We constructed a draft reference genome of the weevil, collected samples from a geographical survey of 10 sites around New Zealand, and genotyped them using a modified genotyping-by-sequencing approach. New Zealand populations of Argentine stem weevil have high levels of heterozygosity and low population structure, consistent with a large effective population size and frequent gene flow. This implies that Argentine stem weevils were able to evolve more rapidly than their biocontrol agent, which reproduces asexually. These findings show that monitoring genetic diversity in biocontrol agents and their targets is critical for long-term success of biological control.

The High Level of Tertiary Lymphoid Structure Is Correlated With Superior Survival in Patients With Advanced Gastric Cancer.

Background: A tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is a crucial component of the tumor microenvironment, which reflects the anti-tumor immune response in the host. The aim of the present study was to carry out a histopathological evaluation for TLS and assess its prognostic value in gastric cancer (GC).Methods: A total of 1,033 cases that have received a gastrectomy were reviewed, including 914 in the primary cohort and 119 in the validation cohort. TLS was assessed by optical microscopy and verified by immunohistochemistry. A total of five histopathological evaluation methods were compared in the primary cohort and validated in the validation cohort. In addition, MECA-79 and CD21 were used to verify the accuracy of the histopathological scoring system for TLS. The association among TLS, clinicopathological parameters, and patient prognosis was analyzed.Results: TLS as assessed by morphology and immunohistochemistry were significantly correlated and consistent. The morphological evaluation of TLS was accurate. Typically, the high level of TLS was significantly correlated with tumor size (P = 0.047), histological grade (P = 0.039), pTN stage (P = 0.044), and WHO subtype (P < 0.001). In addition, TLShi was a positive indicator of overall survival, as determined by Kaplan–Meier survival (P = 0.038) and multivariate Cox regression analyses (hazard ratio = 0.794, 95% CI: 0.668–0.942, P = 0.008). According to the results, TLShi had a positive effect on the primary cohort patients with pTN stages II and III (P = 0.027, P = 0.042).Conclusions: The histopathological evaluation of TLS was accurate. Diagnosis based solely on hematoxylin and eosin staining of the sections did not easily distinguish tumor-associated TLS. The density of TLS in the center of the tumor was found to be more indicative of patient prognosis than TLS in the invasive margin, with the levels of total TLS shown to best correlate with overall survival in patients with advanced-stage GC.

New Tools for Old Tasks: A Digital Approach to the Investigation of the Malay Language

Digital tools designed for linguistic analysis offer new ways of approaching old tasks, and they now routinely enable tasks which were formerly impossible. The work for this paper is based on MaLex, which is a collection of data tables and procedures designed to represent the intuitive knowledge of speakers of Malay, and provides the infrastructure for the solution of problems in linguistic analysis. This paper reports the use of the MaLex parser to investigate the adjectival system of Malay, including superlatives and the formation of manner adverbials. Although linguists have always been able to identify possible syntactic rules and try them out on small datasets, the automatic parser is able to extract examples from a large corpus, and it is much more effective than a linguist in ascertaining the ordering of rules, and tracing their interaction. Since the examples in this paper are also syntactic constituents, they are the appropriate units for translation, and in this case they are translated into English. The phonological component concatenates the phonological representations of constituents to form higher level structures, and an extension to Malex which is planned but not yet completed is intended to increase the range of waveform annotations that can be used as input for linguistic analysis. Malay is a suitable language for this research, because although it is under-investigated in relation to its importance as one of the main languages of ASEAN, it has extensive written records which make it possible to compile large corpora for research. A human linguist can get started on a very small amount of data, and the same is true of the approach pioneered by MaLex. For this reason, MaLex could prove to be a suitable model for the digital investigation of insufficiently researched languages.

New Tools for Old Tasks: A Digital Approach to the Investigation of the Malay Language

Digital tools designed for linguistic analysis offer new ways of approaching old tasks, and they now routinely enable tasks which were formerly impossible. The work for this paper is based on MaLex, which is a collection of data tables and procedures designed to represent the intuitive knowledge of speakers of Malay, and provides the infrastructure for the solution of problems in linguistic analysis. This paper reports the use of the MaLex parser to investigate the adjectival system of Malay, including superlatives and the formation of manner adverbials. Although linguists have always been able to identify possible syntactic rules and try them out on small datasets, the automatic parser is able to extract examples from a large corpus, and it is much more effective than a linguist in ascertaining the ordering of rules, and tracing their interaction. Since the examples in this paper are also syntactic constituents, they are the appropriate units for translation, and in this case they are translated into English. The phonological component concatenates the phonological representations of constituents to form higher level structures, and an extension to Malex which is planned but not yet completed is intended to increase the range of waveform annotations that can be used as input for linguistic analysis. Malay is a suitable language for this research, because although it is under-investigated in relation to its importance as one of the main languages of ASEAN, it has extensive written records which make it possible to compile large corpora for research. A human linguist can get started on a very small amount of data, and the same is true of the approach pioneered by MaLex. For this reason, MaLex could prove to be a suitable model for the digital investigation of insufficiently researched languages.

Demographic responses of forest-utilizing bats to past climate change in South Africa

AbstractHistorical forest contractions may have restricted the distributions of forest-utilizing fauna while providing opportunities for range expansions for open-habitat species. We aimed to test if habitat associations have played an important role in determining population genetic structure and demographic responses of six bats to oscillations in forest extent since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We hypothesized that forest-associated species would display high levels of population structure and past population contractions as their distribution is dependent on fragmented forests. By contrast, habitat generalists would demonstrate low geographical structuring and historical population stability as suitable habitats are widely available. We used mitochondrial DNA to generate genetic diversity and population structure metrics of three forest-associated species and three habitat generalists in South Africa. Neutrality tests and Bayesian skyline plots were used to investigate demographic histories. A forest habitat association did not inform the population genetics of the study species. Rather, species-specific traits of roosting requirements, philopatry to the natal range and dispersal ability informed the observed structure. All species demonstrated population expansions during the Pleistocene, with no apparent decline during the LGM. It appears that the lower climate change footprint and refuge-status of eastern South Africa prevented population declines of insectivorous bats during the LGM.

Structure extraction in urbanized aerial images from a single view using a CNN-based approach

ABSTRACT High-Level Structure (HLS) extraction in aerial images consists of recognizing Three-Dimensional (3D) elements on human-made surfaces (objects, buildings, ground, etc.). There are several approaches to HLS extraction in aerial images. However, most of these approaches are based on processing two or more images captured from different camera views or on processing 3D data in the form of point clouds extracted from the camera images. In general, 3D point cloud and multiple view approaches have good performance for certain scenes with video sequences or image sequences, but they need sufficient parallax in order to guarantee accuracy. To address this problem, an alternative is to process a single image seeking to interpret areas of the images where the human-made structure may be observed, thus removing parallax dependency, but adding the challenge of having to interpret image ambiguities correctly. Motivated by the latter, this work presents the results of a novel method for HLS extraction from a single image. Our interest is the buildings structures extraction in urbanized aerial images. For that, our method has six steps. First, we use a new Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture to recognize the labels (tree, roof, and floor) in the input image. Second, we use a CNN to predict the depth. Third, we divide the input image using a superpixel technique. Fourth, we segment the superpixels with its majority label. Fifth, we recognize the structures using a proposed connection analysis that connects the adjacent superpixels with equal labels (tree, roof, and floor). Finally, we use a geometric analysis with the depth prediction of the labels recognized that extracts the 3D shape of the building structure.

Inactivation of specific spoilage organism (Pseudomonas) of sturgeon by curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation.

The present study aimed to measure the inactivation effect and mechanism of curcumin-mediated photodynamic inactivation (PDI) on the specific spoilage organism (Pseudomonas) of the sturgeon. The conditions of PDI used were as follows: 30 μM curcumin, 15 W LED light (470 nm) power and 90 s irradiation time. Under these conditions, the high-throughput sequencing was used to study the microbiota of sturgeon. The method of aerobic plate colony count (APC) was used to determine the viability of Pseudomonas after PDI. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the propidium iodide (PI) single staining method, and agarose gel electrophoresis were used to study the inactivation mechanism of PDI on Pseudomonas. The results showed that Pseudomonas was the specific spoilage organism of sturgeon, and PDI significantly inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas. The in-vitro inactivation rate of Pseudomonas was 99.9% with counts decreased by 3.19 ± 0.15 log10 CFU/mL. The mechanism of PDI to inactivate Pseudomonas is as follows. Firstly, the high-level structure of membrane protein was destroyed, and the cell membrane permeability was increased, which caused leakage of cellular content. Then the nucleic acid inside the cell was destroyed, which eventually caused the death of bacteria. These findings demonstrate that curcumin-mediated PDI can be utilized as an effective way to inactivate the specific spoilage organism (Pseudomonas) of the sturgeon.

Main requirements for food safety management systems under international standards: BRС, IFS, FSSC 22000, ISO 22000, Global GAP, SQF

The research analyzed the international standards basic requirements structure: BRС, IFS, FSSC 22000, ISO 22000, Global GAP, SQF for food safety management systems that realize principles of the HACCP concept. A comparative analysis of the international standards basic requirements for food safety management systems has identified that the requirements structure is identified as an interconnected set of rules, system-structured processes for the purposeful prevention of hazard risks at certain stages or in the food business. The main differences between the standards are in the modification of approaches to the implementation of the HACCP principles, the interpretation of the basic concepts and definitions, the detailed requirements, the application of their own programs of the processes and procedures identification that allow to ensure that the results correspond to the set task. Other differences in standards are at the level of system-elemental, structural, and functional components. Standards have the same goals, so their requirements are similar and have a certain level of identity, much of the difference is at the audit level, which uses different levels, system points and categories. The requirements of all standards are structured and differentiated into mandatory and recommended blocks, which enables companies to gradually implement changes. IFS, FSSC, ISO standards have high level structure (HLS), which is common basis for ISO standards that greatly simplifies the integration of several systems simultaneously in monitoring, action adjustments, audit processes. The GlobalGAP standard requirement system, unlike other considered ones, has a narrow target, which has provided a detailed description, for tracking, a set of indicators for quality and safety including genetically modified organisms and allergens, however, it is compatible with others. Taking into account the globalization of markets conditions in analyzing the international standards requirements, their correlation with global safety-related criteria such as: implementation of the HACCP principles, recognition of the standard GFSI, providing traceability principles and mechanisms and prerequisites for programs (PRP), validity of the certificate, coherence of processes in the creation of integrated systems with standards ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18000.

Towards Image-to-Video Translation: A Structure-Aware Approach via Multi-stage Generative Adversarial Networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of image-to-video translation, where one or a set of input images are translated into an output video which contains motions of a single object. Especially, we focus on predicting motions conditioned by high-level structures, such as facial expression and human pose. Recent approaches are either driven by structural conditions or temporal-based. Condition-driven approaches typically train transformation networks to generate future frames conditioned on the predicted structural sequence. Temporal-based approaches, on the other hand, have shown that short high-quality motions can be generated using 3D convolutional networks with temporal knowledge learned from massive training data. In this work, we combine the benefits of both approaches and propose a two-stage generative framework where videos are forecast from the structural sequence and then refined by temporal signals. To model motions more efficiently in the forecasting stage, we train networks with dense connections to learn residual motions between the current and future frames, which avoids learning motion-irrelevant details. To ensure temporal consistency in the refining stage, we adopt the ranking loss for adversarial training. We conduct extensive experiments on two image-to-video translation tasks: facial expression retargeting and human pose forecasting. Superior results over the state of the art on both tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

Neogene and Quaternary climate changes shaped the lineage differentiation and demographic history of Fokienia hodginsii (Cupressaceae s.l.), a Tertiary relict in East Asia

AbstractHistorical climate oscillations and tectonic events have influenced the speciation and evolutionary history of many organisms. In this study, we chose Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A. Henry &amp; H. H. Thomas (Cupressaceae s.l.), a Tertiary relict conifer, for the inference of the demographic history since the Neogene. Five chloroplast regions and two single‐copy nuclear genes were amplified and sequenced in 497 individuals from 28 populations. The chloroplast data showed that F. hodginsii presented a high level of genetic diversity (H T = 0.860 ± 0.0279) and significant phylogeographic structure (N ST &gt; G ST , P &lt; 0.05). According tobeast analysis, the divergence time of the two major lineages indicated by the phylogenetic construction produced from chloroplast and nuclear data could be dated to the early Miocene (ca. 19.34–19.95 Ma), which coincided with the onset and intensification of the Asian monsoon. During this time, environmental adaption under the different climatic conditions on either side of the Tanaka Line could have played important roles in maintaining and/or reinforcing the divergence of the two major lineages. The ecological niche modeling results showed that F. hodginsii experienced habitat fragmentation and strengthening of genetic barriers during the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by local expansion during postglacial periods. Our findings show that paleoclimate changes since the Neogene might have triggered the extinction of all but one Fokienia species and its intraspecific lineage differentiation. This study also suggests that Tertiary relicts in subtropical and tropical areas might have had a complex evolutionary history and their intraspecific differentiation time might have been earlier than expected.

Genetic structure and gene flow among populations of Encholirium magalhaesii, a rocky grassland fields bromeliad

Encholirium is a genus of 31 xerophytic terrestrial or epilithic bromeliad species endemic to eastern Brazil. Together with Dyckia and Deuterocohnia, it forms the so-called xeric clade of the Pitcairnioideae subfamily of Bromeliaceae. Encholirium species are adapted to rocky landscapes, and many of them are found in the rocky grassland fields of the Espinhaco in the state of Minas Gerais, which is considered the diversity center of the genus. Encholirium species and other bromeliads growing on isolated, island-like habitats like rock outcrops and “inselbergs” are often characterized by high levels of genetic structure and limited gene flow among populations, but there are also exceptions. In the present study, we applied nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of E. magalhaesii L.B.Sm., an endemic species of the Espinhaco, collected in four localities of the Diamantina municipality in southeastern Brazil. Moderate genetic differentiation among localities was revealed by the nuclear markers (Fst = 0.199), whereas genetic structuring was much higher with plastid markers (Fst = 0.496). Estimations of pollen/seed flow ratios suggest that pollen flow is more efficient in maintaining the genetic connectivity among E. magalhaesii populations than seed flow.

SPARQA: Skeleton-Based Semantic Parsing for Complex Questions over Knowledge Bases

Semantic parsing transforms a natural language question into a formal query over a knowledge base. Many existing methods rely on syntactic parsing like dependencies. However, the accuracy of producing such expressive formalisms is not satisfying on long complex questions. In this paper, we propose a novel skeleton grammar to represent the high-level structure of a complex question. This dedicated coarse-grained formalism with a BERT-based parsing algorithm helps to improve the accuracy of the downstream fine-grained semantic parsing. Besides, to align the structure of a question with the structure of a knowledge base, our multi-strategy method combines sentence-level and word-level semantics. Our approach shows promising performance on several datasets.

Digitizing the field: designing ERP systems for Triple-A humanitarian supply chains

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore what design principles need to be considered in Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems for humanitarian organizations (HOs) to enable agile, adaptive and aligned (Triple-A) humanitarian supply chain capabilities and digitize humanitarian operations.Design/methodology/approachThis study follows an embedded case study approach with a humanitarian medical relief organization, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), which engaged in a multiyear ERP design at its humanitarian field missions.FindingsThis research shows that ERP systems for humanitarian organizations should be designed as unique systems addressing humanitarian organizations' challenges and unique missions, their value generation processes, and resource base in an effort to improve organizational performance. This study presents 12 general design principles that are unique for humanitarian organizations. These design principles provide a high-level structure of guidance under which specific requirements can be further defined and engineered to achieve success.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of this study are based on a single case study limiting generalizability. However, the case study was analyzed and presented as an embedded case study with five autonomous subunits using different business processes and following different adoption and implementation approaches. Therefore, the findings are derived based on considerable variance reflective of humanitarian organizations beyond MSF.Practical implicationsThis study recognizes that HOs have unique routines that standard commercial ERP packages do not address easily at the field level. The primary contribution of this research is a set of design principles that consider these unique routines and guide ERP development in practice. National and international HOs that are planning to implement information systems, private companies that are trading partners of HOs as well as vendors of ERP systems that are looking for new opportunities would all benefit from this research.Originality/valueThis study fills the gap in the humanitarian literature regarding the design of ERP systems for humanitarian organizations that enable Triple–A supply chain capabilities and it advances the knowledge of the challenges of ERP design by HOs in the context of humanitarian operations.

Research on Occupational Health and Safety of Medical Staff Based on ISO 45001

This paper aims to discussion on the application of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 45001 in hospitals. With the spread of COVID-19 globalization, the occupational health and safety problems of many medical staff have become international commonalities. There are a lot of articles talking about how to protect medical staff, including World Health Organization (WHO), however most of them are focus on the details, which lack of system methodology and standardized model. By analyzing the Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) risks faced by medical staff during the COVID-19, the importance of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 45001 application in hospital industry is put forward. Firstly, the paper adopt a theoretical foundation by which or through which hospital can better manage medical staff’s occupational health and safety risks and improve their overall performance. Secondly, this paper uses Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) model to hospitals, which provides a framework for hospital to plan what they need to do. Thirdly, from the ISO 45001 perspectives to explore how to solve the current occupational health problems faced by medical staff and adopt relevant programs to protect occupational health and safety of medical staff, thus promoting the healthy and sustainable development of individuals and hospitals. Findings-ISO 45001 can plays an important role in the occupational health and safety of medical staff. It is of great and urgent to instruct hospitals how to scientifically and effectively identify hazards (COVID-19), evaluate their risks and take corresponding prevention and control measures. Therefore it can promote the health and well-being of medical staff. The occupational health and safety management of medical staff in hospitals is also a concrete manifestation of their active fulfillment of social responsibilities. Originality/value: This paper offers an standardized angle to address the risks of occupational health and safety of medical staff during the spread of COVID-19. As for the application of ISO 45001, this paper provides some suggestions based on china’s practice and experience, which through the angles of theoretical research methods include high level structure, Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) model and man, machine, material, Method, Environment (4M1E) model.

Does gene flow balance the effect of habitat fragmentation in a population of the hermit beetleOsmoderma barnabita?

AbstractA fine‐scale spatial genetic structure is rarely analysed within insect populations, although such a structure influences the level of inbreeding and kin dynamics and can have implications for long‐term population persistence. A high level of genetic structure is expected in a divided population of the hermit beetleOsmoderma barnabitadue to its philopatry and habitat loss/fragmentation.To assess the variability and population genetic structure, sex contributions to genetic variation, and gene flow, the beetles were collected in a fragmented forest (2920 ha) employing sex pheromone‐baited traps, georeferenced, and morphologically identified to species and sex; 187 sampled specimens were then evaluated using 10 microsatellite loci.Based on our data, the population as a whole is characterised by low genetic diversity (He= 0.34) and a high level of inbreeding (FiAvg. = 0.31). Nevertheless, the level of differentiation between field subpopulations is low, indicating a high level of gene flow (a patchy model). This was evidenced by small pairwiseFSTestimates and slight differences inHo,He, and allelic richness, a lack of well‐defined boundaries between subpopulations, and relatively low relatedness among neighbouring female and male dyads.Sex‐biased gene flow was evidenced from the analysis of isolation by distance (regression relatedness) but not from assignment tests.Mating between close kin and recent colonisation from a small source are presented as a possible explanation for high inbreeding, low genetic diversity, and minimal population structure. Still, additional evidence is required to support this hypothesis. The results suggest that the population can be treated as a single management unit.

Enhanced Multiple Instance Representation Using Time-Frequency Atoms in Motor Imagery Classification

Selection of the time-window mainly affects the effectiveness of piecewise feature extraction procedures. We present an enhanced bag-of-patterns representation that allows capturing the higher-level structures of brain dynamics within a wide window range. So, we introduce augmented instance representations with extended window lengths for the short-time Common Spatial Pattern algorithm. Based on multiple-instance learning, the relevant bag-of-patterns are selected by a sparse regression to feed a bag classifier. The proposed higher-level structure representation promotes two contributions: (i) accuracy improvement of bi-conditional tasks, (ii) A better understanding of dynamic brain behavior through the learned sparse regression fits. Using a support vector machine classifier, the achieved performance on a public motor imagery dataset (left-hand and right-hand tasks) shows that the proposed framework performs very competitive results, providing robustness to the time variation of electroencephalography recordings and favoring the class separability.