High Concentrations Of Sodium Chloride Research Articles

Two arginine residues in the COOH-terminal of human β-defensin-3 constitute an essential motif for antimicrobial activity and IL-6 production.

Human β-defensin-3 (HBD-3) possesses antimicrobial activities and the potential to induce proinflammatory cytokines. HBD-3 contains a unique motif of two arginine residues (Arg or R) in the COOH-terminal region. To understand the bioactive properties of the Arg residues of HBD-3, we examined antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using synthetic HBD-2, HBD-3 and two variant peptides of HBD-3: the Arg-truncated variant designated desR HBD-3 and NRR HBD-3, in which both Arg residues were shifted to the N-terminal region. IL-6 production from keratinocytes was studied using the peptides. HBD-3 possessed approximately five-fold more potent antimicrobial activities, evaluated as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), against S.aureus compared with desR and NRR HBD-3, while no significant activity was observed in HBD-2. The antimicrobial activity of HBD-3 against S.aureus was well preserved even at high sodium chloride concentrations, but was attenuated in desR and NRR HBD-3. All the peptides exhibited similar antimicrobial activities against P.aeruginosa, but HBD-2 and desR HBD-3 showed diminished antimicrobial activities against P.aeruginosa at high salt concentrations. IL-6 production was significantly induced in keratinocytes with HBD-3, but not remarkably with stimulation by other peptide. These Arg residues are essential for the antimicrobial and biological properties of HBD-3.

Sequential oxic-anoxic bio reactor for the treatment of tannery saline wastewater using halophilic and filamentous bacteria

The present investigation was focused on the removal of dissolved organics and suspended solids from tannery saline wastewater [TSWW]Raw, known as soak liquor, by sequential oxic-anoxic bio reactor (SOAR) using halophilic bacteria 3and filamentous bacteria (FB). The high concentration of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) in tannery wastewater retards biodegradation of dissolved organics. The aim of this study was to cultivate halophilic bacteria and facultative bacteria from tannery soil supported sewage culture using soak liquor nutrient, for the degradation of organics in [TSWW]Raw. SOAR was used for the maximum removal of proteins, 47.4%; carbohydrates, 44.8% and lipids, 70.4% from [TSWW]Raw at optimum HRT of 12h. The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and suspended solids were removed by 36.8%, 31.2% and 72.6% respectively from [TSWW]Raw containing total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of 6–7% (w/v) without the addition of any coagulants. The degradation of proteins (albumin and globulin) in [TSWW]Raw was evaluated and confirmed through circular dichroism (CD) studies. Further, the removal of organic compounds was characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, TGA-DSC and FT-IR studies. The presence of filamentous bacteria was confirmed through SEM analysis.

Extraction of Genomic DNA from Inner Bark of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don for RAPD Study

Genomic DNA extraction from forestry tree species require young leaf samples to obtain high-quality DNA for molecular based study. For some study, leaf samples must be collected from remote areas and are difficult to transport long distances. We developed alternative method of DNA extraction from inner bark of Cedrus deodara. We used 2.5% PVP for removal of phenolic compound and apply high concentration of sodium chloride to removes polysaccharides. Extracted DNA gives positive amplification with PCR using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers.

Evaluation of feed value of a by-product of pickled radish for ruminants: analyses of nutrient composition, storage stability, and in vitro ruminal fermentation

BackgroundBy-products of pickled radish (BPR) are considered food waste. Approximately 300 g/kg of the total mass of raw materials becomes BPR. Production of pickled radish has grown continuously and is presently about 40,000 metric tons annually in Korea. The objective of the present study was thus to explore the possibility of using BPR as a ruminant feed ingredient.ResultsBPR contained a large amount of moisture (more than 800 g/kg) and ash, and comprised mostly sodium (103 g/kg DM) and chloride (142 g/kg DM). On a dry matter basis, the crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) levels in BPR were 75 g/kg and 7 g/kg, respectively. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) level was 527 g/kg and the major portion of digestible nutrients was carbohydrate; 88 % organic matter (OM) was carbohydrate and 65 % of total carbohydrate was soluble or degradable fiber. The coefficient of variation (CV) of nutrient contents among production batches ranged from 4.65 to 33.83 %. The smallest CV was observed in OM, and the largest, in EE. The variation in CP content was relatively small (10.11 %). The storage stability test revealed that storage of BPR at 20 °C (room temperature) might not cause spoilage for 4 d, and possibly longer. If BPR is refrigerated, spoilage can be deferred for 21 d and longer. The in vitro ruminal fermentation study showed that substitution of annual ryegrass straw with BPR improved ruminal fermentation, as evidenced by an increase in VFA concentration, DM degradability, and total gas production.ConclusionThe major portion of nutrients in BPR is soluble or degradable fiber that can be easily fermented in the rumen without adverse effects, to provide energy to ruminant animals. Although its high sodium chloride content needs to be considered when formulating a ration, BPR can be successfully used as a feed ingredient in a ruminant diet, particularly if it is one component of a total mixed ration.

Characterization of the mechanism of prolonged adaptation to osmotic stress of Jeotgalibacillus malaysiensis via genome and transcriptome sequencing analyses.

Jeotgalibacillus malaysiensis, a moderate halophilic bacterium isolated from a pelagic area, can endure higher concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) than other Jeotgalibacillus type strains. In this study, we therefore chose to sequence and assemble the entire J. malaysiensis genome. This is the first report to provide a detailed analysis of the genomic features of J. malaysiensis, and to perform genetic comparisons between this microorganism and other halophiles. J. malaysiensis encodes a native megaplasmid (pJeoMA), which is greater than 600 kilobases in size, that is absent from other sequenced species of Jeotgalibacillus. Subsequently, RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis was utilised to examine adaptations of J. malaysiensis to osmotic stress. Specifically, the eggNOG (evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes) databases were used to elucidate the overall effects of osmotic stress on the organism. Generally, saline stress significantly affected carbohydrate, energy, and amino acid metabolism, as well as fatty acid biosynthesis. Our findings also indicate that J. malaysiensis adopted a combination of approaches, including the uptake or synthesis of osmoprotectants, for surviving salt stress. Among these, proline synthesis appeared to be the preferred method for withstanding prolonged osmotic stress in J. malaysiensis.

Electrochemical cell design for the impedance studies of chlorine evolution at DSA® anodes

A new electrochemical cell design suitable for the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies of chlorine evolution on Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA(®)) has been developed. Despite being considered a powerful tool, EIS has rarely been used to study the kinetics of chlorine evolution at DSA anodes. Cell designs in the open literature are unsuitable for the EIS analysis at high DSA anode current densities for chlorine evolution because they allow gas accumulation at the electrode surface. Using the new cell, the impedance spectra of the DSA anode during chlorine evolution at high sodium chloride concentration (5 mol dm(-3) NaCl) and high current densities (up to 140 mA cm(-2)) were recorded. Additionally, polarization curves and voltammograms were obtained showing little or no noise. EIS and polarization curves evidence the role of the adsorption step in the chlorine evolution reaction, compatible with the Volmer-Heyrovsky and Volmer-Tafel mechanisms.

Sensory, Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Venison Jerky Cured with NaCl and KCl

<p>Traditionally, jerky is produced from sliced whole muscle marinated in a high sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration and dried. Because a high salt diet has been linked to hypertension, salt substitutes are often recommended as a healthier alternative. However, potassium chloride (KCl), a popular salt substitute may impart an undesired bitterness and metallic aftertaste. The objective of this study was to evaluate specific attributes of venison jerky prepared in three different (NaCl/KCl) salt solutions. Through sensory testing, each preparation was evaluated for consumer product acceptance and purchase intent. Additionally, the venison jerky was assayed for physicochemical characteristics and microbial counts. Using a 9-point hedonic scale, sixty-eight consumers evaluated the jerky for acceptability of flavor, texture, taste, saltiness, bitterness and overall liking. Physicochemical characteristics were evaluated for moisture content, pH, color and TBAR. Jerky was assayed for microbial counts via aerobic plate count, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and<em> Campylobacter</em> spp. Results show that jerky prepared with 100% KCl received the most desirable score (8.75), compared to jerky prepared with 100% NaCl (6.28), and jerky prepared with 50% NaCl + 50% KCl (6.13). Acceptability and purchase intent questionnaires indicate jerky prepared with 100% KCl ranked the highest at 86.8% and 70.6%, respectively. Jerky prepared with 100% KCl had the lowest moisture content, TBAR, and a* values (P<0.05). No <em>E. coli</em>, <em>S. aureus </em>and<em> Campylobacter </em>spp.<em> </em>were detected over the 28 day period. Our study suggests that jerky prepared with KCl represents a low sodium alternative to traditional jerky.</p>

Saline Irrigation Affects Growth and Leaf Tissue Nutrient Concentration of Three Native Landscape Plant Species

Greywater is a renewable irrigation alternative to potable water; however, its use as an irrigation source is limited by the potential for salt injury to plants. Research was conducted to determine salt tolerance of three common landscape species, small anise tree (Illicium parviflorum), ‘Henry’s Garnet’ sweetspire (Itea virginica), and muhly grass (Muhlenbergia capillaris). Two experiments were performed, one with high sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations and one with low NaCl concentrations. Plants received daily irrigation of tap water containing one of the following NaCl concentrations: 0 (tap water); 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, or 10,000 mg·L−1 (high NaCl); or 0 (tap water), 250, 500, or 1000 mg·L−1 (low NaCl) for 15 weeks. Plants were harvested after 5, 10, or 15 weeks. Root dry weight (RDW) and shoot dry weight (SDW) were determined at each harvest; survival was determined at experiment termination. Leaf tissue was analyzed for tissue macronutrient [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and, magnesium (Mg)], sodium (Na), and chlorine (Cl) concentrations in the high NaCl concentration experiment. With high NaCl, RDW and SDW decreased with increasing NaCl for all species. Anise and sweetspire had low or no survival, respectively, at the highest NaCl concentration; muhly grass had 100% survival regardless of treatment. In general, leaf macronutrient, Na, and Cl increased with increasing NaCl concentration. With low NaCl, there was no effect of NaCl concentration on RDW or SDW for all species. All three species continued to grow between harvest dates in the lower NaCl concentration experiment, whereas only anise and muhly grass continued to grow with high NaCl. Anise and muhly grass were tolerant of saline irrigation that could be expected from greywater. Sweetspire exhibited symptoms of salt stress (necrotic leaves and leaf drop, visual observation) at all NaCl concentrations including the lowest (250 mg·L−1), and should not be irrigated with saline water.

The YsrS Paralog DygS Has the Capacity To Activate Expression of the Yersinia enterocolitica Ysa Type III Secretion System.

The Yersinia enterocolitica Ysa type III secretion system (T3SS) is associated with intracellular survival, and, like other characterized T3SSs, it is tightly controlled. Expression of the ysa genes is only detected following growth at low temperatures (26°C) and in high concentrations of sodium chloride (290 mM) in the medium. The YsrSTR phosphorelay (PR) system is required for ysa expression and likely responds to NaCl. During our investigations into the Ysr PR system, we discovered that genes YE3578 and YE3579 are remarkably similar to ysrR and ysrS, respectively, and are probably a consequence of a gene duplication event. The amino acid differences between YE3578 and ysrR are primarily clustered into two short regions. The differences between YE3579 and ysrS are nearly all located in the periplasmic sensing domain; the cytoplasmic domains are 98% identical. We investigated whether these paralogs were capable of activating ysa gene expression. We found that the sensor paralog, named DygS, is capable of compensating for loss of ysrS, but the response regulator paralog, DygR, cannot complement a ysrR gene deletion. In addition, YsrR, but not DygR, interacts with the histidine phosphorelay protein YsrT. Thus, DygS likely activates ysa gene expression in response to a signal other than NaCl and provides an example of a phosphorelay system in which two sensor kinases feed into the same regulatory pathway. All organisms need mechanisms to promote survival in changing environments. Prokaryotic phosphorelay systems are minimally comprised of a histidine kinase (HK) that senses an extracellular stimulus and a response regulator (RR) but can contain three or more proteins. Through gene duplication, a unique hybrid HK was created. We show that, while the hybrid appears to retain all of the phosphorelay functions, it responds to a different signal than the original. Both HKs transmit the signal to the same RR, which activates a promoter that transcribes a set of genes encoding a type III secretion system (T3SS) whose function is not yet evident. The significance of this work lies in finding that two HKs regulate this T3SS, highlighting its importance.

Moisture distribution and texture of spaghetti rehydrated under different conditions.

Dried spaghetti was rehydrated to its optimal cooking state, known as al dente, at 60, 80, and 100 °C, in distilled water or 0.1, 1.0, and 2.0 mol/L sodium chloride solutions. Then, the moisture distributions and stress-strain curves were examined to identify the major factors governing the texture of rehydrated spaghetti. The difference in moisture content between the inner and peripheral regions of rehydrated spaghetti and its breaking stress were greater at higher rehydration temperatures; however, rehydration temperature did not affect breaking strain. The sodium chloride concentration of the immersion solution did not affect moisture distribution or breaking stress, while breaking strain was decreased by rehydration at higher sodium chloride concentrations. The results obtained in this study suggest that moisture distribution within spaghetti and its material properties govern its breaking stress and strain, respectively.

Creatinine Deiminase Adsorption onto Silicalite-Modified pH-FET for Creation of New Creatinine-Sensitive Biosensor.

In the work, silicalite particles were used for the surface modification of pH-sensitive field-effect transistors (pH-FETs) with the purpose of developing new creatinine-sensitive biosensor. Creatinine deiminase (CD) adsorbed on the surface of silicalite-coated pH-FET served as a bioselective membrane. The biosensor based on CD immobilized in glutaraldehyde vapor (GA) was taken as control. The creatinine-sensitive biosensor obtained by adsorption on silicalite was shown to have better analytical characteristics (two- to threefold increased sensitivity to creatinine, three- to fourfold lesser response and recovery times, a decrease of the detection limit of creatinine determination to 5 μM, etc.).Additionally, the biosensor based on CD adsorbed on silicalite (Sil/CD) was characterized by high signal reproducibility (relative standard deviation (RSD) for creatinine measurement = 2.6 %) and stability during storage (over 13 months). It was experimentally confirmed that the proposed biosensor was not sensitive either to high concentrations of sodium chloride or to the macromolecular protein fractions and can be used for direct quantitative analysis of creatinine in the blood serum.It was concluded that the method of CD adsorption on silicalite is well-suited for the creation of creatinine-sensitive biosensor with improved working characteristics.

Sensory, physicochemical and microbiological properties of dry-cured formed ham: comparison of four different binding systems

The effectiveness of four different cold-set binding systems [microbial transglutaminase (TG), alginate (AL), glucono-δ-lactone (GdL) and starter culture (MO)] for manufacturing dry-cured formed ham was evaluated. The effects of tumbling time (0, 6 and 18 h) and processing time (7, 14, 21 and 28 days) on physicochemical, sensory and microbiological properties of dry-cured formed ham compared to traditional non-formed raw ham were analyzed. The physicochemical analysis showed that the tumbling time of 18 h leads to changes in the characteristic properties of dry-cured formed ham. Samples subjected to a prolonged tumbling time showed a higher concentration of sodium chloride and sodium nitrite, but a reduced weight loss. Independent of tumbling time the formed samples had a lower pH value than the corresponding non-formed samples. Due to the larger specific surface area of formed samples also the microbiological characteristics were changed. The counts of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria in formed samples were 2–4 log cycles higher than in traditional raw ham. The sensory quality of all dry-cured formed hams depended on processing time and binding system. The sensory panel preferred TG hams because of the close similarity to the non-formed hams.

Decomposition Kinetics of Glucose and Fructose in Subcritical Water Containing Sodium Chloride.

The kinetics of the decomposition and isomerization of glucose and fructose in pure water and water containing sodium chloride (1–20 % w/w) under subcritical conditions at 180–220 °C was investigated. The addition of sodium chloride in subcritical water accelerated the decrease of glucose, and the rate was expressed by the Weibull equation. Although the isomerization of glucose to fructose was observed in parallel with decomposition, the yield of fructose was lower at higher sodium chloride concentrations. Mannose was also formed from glucose with very low yield. It was seen that fructose decomposed much faster than glucose, in pure and salty subcritical water. The decomposition of fructose obeyed first-order kinetics in the initial stages of the reaction and could be expressed by the autocatalytic model in the later stages. The formation of glucose and mannose from fructose was not observed under any of the conditions investigated.

PH-Triggered release from surface-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles (NP) of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) represent a promising biodegradable drug delivery system. We suggest here a two-step release system of PLGA nanoparticles with a pH-tunable polymeric shell, providing an initial pH-triggered step, releasing a membrane-toxic cationic compound. PLGA nanoparticles are coated by polyelectrolytes using the layer-by-layer self-assembly technique, employing poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as a pH-sensitive component and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) as the releasable polycation. The pH during multilayer deposition plays a major role and influences the titration curve of the layer system. The pH-tunability of PAA is intensively investigated with regard to the pH region, in which the particle system becomes uncharged. The isoelectric point can be shifted by employing suitable deposition pH values. The release is investigated by quantitative 1H NMR, yielding a pH-dependent release curve. A release of PDADMAC is initiated by a decrease of the pH value. The released amount of polymer, as quantified by 1H NMR analysis, clearly depends on the pH value and thus on the state of deprotonation of the pH-sensitive PAA layer. Subsequent incubation of the nanoparticles with high concentrations of sodium chloride shows no further release and thus demonstrates the pH-driven release to be quantitative.

A simple highly sensitive and selective aptamer-based colorimetric sensor for environmental toxins microcystin-LR in water samples

A simple and highly sensitive aptamer-based colorimetric sensor was developed for selective detection of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR). The aptamer (ABA) was employed as recognition element which could bind MC-LR with high-affinity, while gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) worked as sensing materials whose plasma resonance absorption peaks red shifted upon binding of the targets at a high concentration of sodium chloride. With the addition of MC-LR, the random coil aptamer adsorbed on Au NPs altered into regulated structure to form MC-LR-aptamer complexes and broke away from the surface of Au NPs, leading to the aggregation of AuNPs, and the color converted from red to blue due to the interparticle plasmon coupling. Results showed that our aptamer-based colorimetric sensor exhibited rapid and sensitive detection performance for MC-LR with linear range from 0.5nM to 7.5μM and the detection limit reached 0.37nM. Meanwhile, the pollutants usually coexisting with MC-LR in pollutant water samples had not demonstrated disturbance for detecting of MC-LR. The mechanism was also proposed suggesting that high affinity interaction between aptamer and MC-LR significantly enhanced the sensitivity and selectivity for MC-LR detection. Besides, the established method was utilized in analyzing real water samples and splendid sensitivity and selectivity were obtained as well.

Comparative Performance of Halothiobacillus Neapolitanus and Paracoccus Pantotrophus in Sulphur Oxidation

The presence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in biogas is one of the biggest factors limiting the use of biogas since related it can cause corrosion in internal combustion engines. This study investigated and compared the properties and sulfur oxidizing activities of Halothiobacillus neapolitanus (HTN) and Paracoccus pantotrophus (PCP) in their suitable conditions for apply in biotrickling filter to remove hydrogen sulfide in biogas. These bacteria were screened and characterized from different wastewater treatment plants. The results indicated that HTN had higher specific growth rate than PCP. However, the sulfate production rates of HTN and PCP are not significantly different, but HTN can produce higher sulfate concentration, and can tolerant high sulfide and sodium chloride concentration and low pH, which are advantages to apply in biotrickling filter in term of preventing contaminations. This study demonstrated that HTN is better option than PCP for application in the hydrogen sulfide removal in the biogas. However, PCP has challenge to apply for hydrogen sulfide removal in the other conditions such as denitrifying condition.

Helicobacter pylori adaptation in vivo in response to a high-salt diet.

Helicobacter pylori exhibits a high level of intraspecies genetic diversity. In this study, we investigated whether the diversification of H. pylori is influenced by the composition of the diet. Specifically, we investigated the effect of a high-salt diet (a known risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma) on H. pylori diversification within a host. We analyzed H. pylori strains isolated from Mongolian gerbils fed either a high-salt diet or a regular diet for 4 months by proteomic and whole-genome sequencing methods. Compared to the input strain and output strains from animals fed a regular diet, the output strains from animals fed a high-salt diet produced higher levels of proteins involved in iron acquisition and oxidative-stress resistance. Several of these changes were attributable to a nonsynonymous mutation in fur (fur-R88H). Further experiments indicated that this mutation conferred increased resistance to high-salt conditions and oxidative stress. We propose a model in which a high-salt diet leads to high levels of gastric inflammation and associated oxidative stress in H. pylori-infected animals and that these conditions, along with the high intraluminal concentrations of sodium chloride, lead to selection of H. pylori strains that are most fit for growth in this environment.

Factors Affecting the Phase-Inversion Temperature of Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates

Factors that affect the phase-inversion temperature (PIT) based on nonionic surfactant fatty alcohol ethoxylates were investigated. Phase-inversion process was continuously monitored by determining changes in conductivity with temperature. The influences of oil-to-water ratio, emulsifier concentration, emulsifier mixing ratio, sodium chloride, and oil types on the PIT of emulsions were investigated. Results showed that the PIT of the emulsions declined with increased oil-to-water ratio. Emulsifier concentration significantly affected the PIT temperature. High sodium chloride content suppressed phase inversion. A lower Brij72-to-Brij721 ratio corresponded to higher PIT. Different oils required different HLB numbers in the phase-inversion process.

Genomic DNA isolation from old needles of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G.Don and amplification of nuclear microsatellite markers

A reliable and modified protocol based on the CTAB method was developed for DNA extraction from old needles of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G.Don. The presence of high concentrations of polysaccharides, polyphenols and other secondary metabolites in C. deodara needles poses problem in getting good quality DNA fit for PCR applications. used 2.5% PVP for removal of phenolics compound and apply high concentration of sodium chloride to removes polysaccharides. Oils was removed by centrifugation. The yield of extracted DNA was ranged from 35 to 130 µg/100mg fresh weight of the needles with absorbance ratio (A260/A280) ranged from 1.82 to 2.0. DNA extracted by modified protocol gives positive amplification with PCR using Nuclear Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers. This modified protocol can be used in genomic DNA extraction from closely related species of C. deodara.

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure processing parameters and NaCl concentration on the physical properties, texture and quality of white chicken meat

Abstract The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) conditions (pressures: 0–300 MPa and times: 60–180 s) and sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0–2.5 g/100 g) on physical and quality properties (pH, water activity (a w ), expressible moisture (EM), cooking loss (CL), color, and texture) of white chicken meat before and after thermal treatment were investigated. NaCl concentration, HHP treatment and their interaction influenced the properties studied to different extents. The interaction between NaCl and HHP statistically significantly affected pH, but not a w . A combined effect between NaCl addition and HHP in reducing EM was observed at 300 MPa, thus more water was bound to the meat system. Overall, NaCl at lower concentrations along with HHP treatment improved white chicken meat color and texture. HHP process can be used to compensate for the reduction of NaCl in chicken meat with keeping the physical and quality attributes at required levels. Industrial relevance The results from this study can be used when developing HHP processes for white chicken meat and its products as an alternative to reducing their salt content while maintaining the physical attributes, ensuring meat functionality and quality.