High Slip Research Articles

Creating anti-slip properties in porcelain floor tiles by recycling alumina rollers from tile kilns

Having flooring tiles with good slip resistance is essential in avoiding accidents and injuries. This study achieved the anti-slip property by incorporating recycled aluminum rollers into the glaze composition while maintaining all the tile's standard properties. This process reduces environmental pollution and adds value by reusing scraps. The effect of grain sizes of crushed rollers and their optimum amount on the slip resistance was investigated.The anti-slip property was tested using a friction-measuring pendulum based on the EN 13036–4 standard. Also, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscope (SEM), and dilatometry were utilized to investigate the samples. The results showed that the pendulum test value is smaller than 18 degrees (equivalent to R9), with a high slip potential in the usual tile. The angle in the tile reached higher than 36 degrees (equivalent to R11) by adding 10 wt% scrap roller to the base glaze, which means low slip potential; consequently, the possibility of slipping decreased from 1/20 to 1/100000. Also, their slip potential remains the same by getting the tiles wet.

The Source Characteristics of the 2022 Ms 6.1 Lushan Earthquake: An Event That Occurred on the Conjugated Fault of the 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan Earthquake

Abstract The 2022 Ms 6.1 Lushan earthquake occurred in the southern segment of the Longmenshan fold-and-thrust belt, Sichuan Province, China, ∼7 km north-northwest of the 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquake. To understand its source characteristics and interplay with the 2013 Lushan event, we evaluate the 2022 Lushan earthquake in terms of focal mechanism, aftershock relocation, and rupture process. Results show that it is a purely thrust earthquake with a source depth of 14 km and a focal mechanism nodal plane of 29°/51°/80°. The automatic phase picker-based aftershock locus clarifies that the 2022 Lushan earthquake occurred on a blind northeast-trending conjugate fault of the 2013 Lushan earthquake. The finite-fault model constrained by teleseismic waveforms suggests that the high slip is concentrated in an asperity near the epicenter with a peak slip of 42 cm, which is characterized by thrust components. Based on the promotion of postseismic deformation following the 2013 Lushan earthquake and the similarity of the seismotectonic system, we argue that the 2022 Lushan earthquake may be an aftershock of the 2013 Lushan earthquake that occurred on a blind thrust fault.

Mapping surface defects in highly-filled wood fiber polymer composite extrusion from inline spectral analysis

Surface defects in highly-filled wood polymer composites (WPCs) are mapped in single-screw extrusion via inline optical spectral analysis for the first time. The effects of wood fiber content and drying on the dynamics of surface defects are spatio-temporally resolved via space–time inline optical imaging. Surface tearing appeared from the lowest shear rates investigated followed by a gradual decay in spectral intensity with increasing shear rates/slip velocities. This is accompanied by broadening of the surface tearing characteristic frequency while the average wavelength is estimated to remain constant within the experimental conditions. Increasing shear rates, drying and increasing wood fiber content showed mitigating effects on surface tearing. However, surface tearing in undried samples was still present even at the highest shear rates and high wall slip velocities. A regime where the extrudate surface is dominated by bubbles at high shear rates and low wood fiber contents in undried WPCs was identified.

Analysis of Joints Patterns in Albian to Santonian Strata on the Eastern Flank of the Abakaliki Anticlinorium: Implications on Paleostress Conditions and Fluid Flow Properties in an Unconventional Petroleum System

An analysis of joint patterns were carried out on multiple exposures in Albian to Turonian strata belonging to the Abakaliki Formation (Asu River Group) and the Eze-Aku Formation (Eze-Aku Group) on the eastern flank of the Abakaliki Anticlinorium of the Southern Benue Trough. The analysis was carried out using FracPaQ a MATLAB based toolbox for quantification of fracture patterns. The tool was used to calculate fracture density, and intensity of the traces; to quantify scaling distributions, and to determine dilation tendencies, slip tendencies, and to quantify connectivity, and fluid flow directions. Analysis show the presence of two major joint systems: A Major Cross-Fold Joint (CF-J) system -orthogonal to the regional fold axes- consisting of the CF-J1 set trending NW/SE (315±5°), and a subordinate Longitudinal Joint System (L-J) -subparallel to the fold axes- consisting of a NE-SW L-j1 set, an ENE-WSW (60°±5°) L-j2 set, and an E-W trending L-j3 set. Fracture patterns show intensity and density ranging from 11.2395- 53.3443 m-1 and 85.2747- 629.5928 m-2 respectively. Joints in the NE-SW show high dilation and low slip tendencies given a NW-SE directed maximum principal horizontal stress σH stress field. The units of the Abakaliki Formation show better connectivity and lower permeability anisotropy as both fracture systems are well developed in those units. These joints, having formed in the period leading up to the Santonian inversion would have been ideal conduits for migration and flow of hydrocarbon and mineral fluids. The Cross-Fold System precedes the folding episode in the Santonian period and is likely a result of overpressure conditions due to disequilibrium compaction in the Albian- Turonian strata in an initial compressive regional tectonic stress field. The Longitudinal System formed later and is related to the outer-arc flexure of the folded units taking advantage of the nascent cleavage structures in the folded shale units.

Scoliosis risk factors and outcomes in children with dysplastic spondylolisthesis undergoing surgical reduction and fixation.

To explore scoliosis risk factors and outcomes in children with dysplastic spondylolisthesis undergoing surgical reduction and internal fixation. We retrospectively analyzed 56 children with dysplastic spondylolisthesis who underwent surgical reduction and internal fixation. Patients were grouped according to presence of scoliosis before surgery. Radiographic parameters measured before surgery included pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, sacral slope, coronal Cobb angle, slip percentage, Dubousset's lumbosacral angle, lumbar lordosis, sagittal vertical axis, and Spinal Deformity Study Group index. Groups were compared using logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to determine the optimal Spinal Deformity Study Group index cut-off value. All patients were followed up for at least 2 years. The scoliosis group comprises 36 patients (mean age: 9.6 ± 2.7 years), while the no scoliosis group comprises 20 (mean age: 9.1 ± 2.4 years). Slip percentage and Spinal Deformity Study Group index were significantly higher in the scoliosis group (p < 0.01). Sacral slope and pelvic incidence were lower in the scoliosis group (p < 0.05). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that slip percentage, Spinal Deformity Study Group index, pelvic incidence, and sacral slope were significantly associated with scoliosis. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, only Spinal Deformity Study Group index was an independent risk factor for scoliosis. The optimal cut-off value for Spinal Deformity Study Group index was 0.288. Mean Cobb angle decreased from 20.3° ± 8.8° before surgery to 8.5° ± 8.9° at last follow-up; the mean scoliosis correction rate was 59.3%. Severe S1 dysplasia and high slip percentage may be risk factors for developing scoliosis in patients with dysplastic spondylolisthesis. Scoliosis resolved spontaneously after spondylolisthesis reduction and fixation in most patients. 3.

Rupture imaging of the 2021 Ms 6.4 Yangbi, China, earthquake: Implications for the diffuse deformation in the northern region of the Red River fault

In May 2021, a Ms 6.4 earthquake occurred in the Yangbi Country, Yunnan, China, located in the northern region of the Red River fault, resulting in three deaths. It is a typical foreshock-mainshock-aftershock sequence. However, the kinematic rupture process and the interplay between foreshocks, the mainshock, and aftershocks associated with the Yangbi event remain controversial. Here, we decipher the detailed rupture process associated with this moderate event by jointly inverting the teleseismic body waves, three-component regional waveform, near-field Global Positioning System offsets, and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data. Results show that the rupture expands as a narrow slip-pulse that propagates southeastward. This event is dominated by the dextral movements with minor normal components, cohere with the tectonic shear and dilation strain partitioning. The high slip is concentrated within the depth range of 5–13 km, spanning ∼12 km along strike. A significant shallow slip deficit is identified, perhaps related to the fault being immature. The foreshocks, coseismic slips, and aftershocks reveal a complementary pattern, together releasing the accumulated stresses on the fault. Their distribution areas and Coulomb stress changes suggest that the Yangbi seismic sequence follows the rupture cascade. The absence of large earthquakes, dispersed seismicity, and diffuse strain rate patterns indicate that strain accumulates over a wide area around the northern region of the Red River fault, leading to small-scale ruptures distributed over the area and a low possibility of M ≥ 6.5 events in the near future.

Investigating Spectral Estimates of Stress Drop for Small to Moderate Earthquakes With Heterogeneous Slip Distribution: Examples From the 2016–2017 Amatrice Earthquake Sequence

AbstractEstimates of spectral stress drop are fundamental to understanding the factors controlling earthquake rupture and high frequency ground motion, but are known to include large, poorly‐constrained uncertainties. We use earthquakes from the 2016–2017 sequence in the Italian Appenines (largest event at Norcia, Mw 6.3) to investigate these uncertainties and their causes. The similarly‐sized events near Amatrice (Mw 6.0) and Visso (Mw 5.9) enable better constrained relative analysis. We calculate S wave source spectra, corner frequencies, and spectral stress drop for 30 of the larger events. We compare both empirical and modeling approaches to isolate the source spectra and calculate source parameters; we also compare our results with those from published studies. Both random and systematic inter‐study variations are larger than the standard errors reported by any individual study. The reported magnitude dependence of stress drop varies between studies, being largest for generalized inversions and smallest for more individual event based approaches. The relative spectral estimates of inter‐event stress drop are more consistent; all approaches estimated higher stress drop in the Amatrice earthquake than the similar‐sized Visso earthquake. In contrast, finite fault inversions of these two earthquakes found that the Visso earthquake had the larger region of concentrated, higher slip, whereas the Amatrice earthquake had multiple, lower slip, subevents. The Amatrice spectra contain more high frequency energy than those of the Visso earthquake. This comparison suggests that consistent measurement of a higher spectral stress drop indicates greater high‐frequency ground motion but may correspond to greater rupture complexity rather than higher stress drop.

A novel method to predict slip resistance of winter footwear using a convolutional neural network

Slips and falls on ice are common causes of injury in the winter and can result in economic loss. Using slip resistant winter footwear is a key factor in reducing the risk of slips and eventually falls. In this study, we develop a model that classifies footwear outsoles based on how slip resistant they are on icy surfaces. Our dataset consisted of outsole images of 89 winter footwear samples that were previously tested and rated with a human-centred protocol called the Maximum Achievable Angle (MAA). We applied a transfer learning technique where the best classification model used the DenseNet169 pre-trained model and obtained an accuracy and F1-score of 0.93 ± 0.01 and 0.73 ± 0.03, respectively. Our results suggest that the proposed model was able to properly identify high and low slip resistance quality tread patterns. Our findings confirmed that a footwear’s tread pattern has a direct impact on its slip resistance. The proposed model will help footwear manufacturers to improve their workflow and increase product quality which can ultimately decrease the events of slips and falls.

Microseismicity clustering and mechanic properties reveal fault segmentation in southern Italy

We analyze the clustered microseismicity recorded over more than one decade in the Irpinia region, an active seismic area in Southern Italy. We studied the spatiotemporal properties of rate, source parameters and slipping mechanisms of the clustered seismicity in relationship with local medium properties and the deformation signal. Spatial pattern of both medium properties and source parameters indicates a segmentation along strike of the fault network with evidence of a high- and a low-coupling segments separated by a region with diffused microseismicity and high b-value. The high-coupling segment shows high fraction of clustered seismicity, low b-value, high relative coseismic slip, low Vp/Vs (1.7–1.75) and near-repeating earthquakes. We find that the seismicity in this high-coupling segment is triggered by non-tectonic loading, such as the recharge of a karst aquifer, suggesting a system close to critical conditions. The high-coupling segment can be identified as a potential strong motion area for future earthquakes, while the intermediate segment can mark the edges of an extensional transfer zone, which can act as a discontinuity for slip propagation. The low-coupling segment is the same where the Ms. 6.9, 1980 Irpinia earthquake nucleated. This segment shows today both relatively high b-values and high coseismic slip, but above all it shows temporal dependencies in its properties, which leads us to pay attention to it for the future spatiotemporal evolution of microseismicity in this area.

Slip distribution of the February 6, 2023 Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey earthquake sequence in the East Anatolian Fault Zone

On February 6, 2023, two large earthquakes occurred near the Turkish town of Kahramanmaraş. The moment magnitude (Mw) 7.8 mainshock ruptured a 310 km-long segment of the left-lateral East Anatolian Fault, propagating through multiple releasing step-overs. The Mw 7.6 aftershock involved nearby left-lateral strike-slip faults of the East Anatolian Fault Zone, causing a 150 km-long rupture. We use remote-sensing observations to constrain the spatial distribution of coseismic slip for these two events and the February 20 Mw 6.4 aftershock near Antakya. Pixel tracking of optical and synthetic aperture radar data of the Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 satellites, respectively, provide near-field surface displacements. High-rate Global Navigation Satellite System data constrain each event separately. Coseismic slip extends from the surface to about 15 km depth with a shallow slip deficit. Most aftershocks cluster at major fault bends, surround the regions of high coseismic slip, or extend outward of the ruptured faults. For the mainshock, rupture propagation stopped southward at the diffuse termination of the East Anatolian fault and tapered off northward into the Pütürge segment, some 20 km south of the 2020 Mw 6.8 Elaziğ earthquake, highlighting a potential seismic gap. These events underscore the high seismic potential of immature fault systems.

Observing early cavitation damage evolution from repeated laser-induced single bubbles on aluminium, austenitic steel and nickel-aluminium bronze

Cavitation is the formation and collapse of gas bubbles in fluids due to local pressure changes. The implosion of these bubbles in the immediate vicinity of a surface can lead to shock waves and microjets, inducing plastic deformation and erosion of the material. Reproducible single bubbles with a defined diameter can be induced by a focused laser pulse in liquid, causing local evaporation. Combined with in-situ microscopy, this allows a direct correlation of single cavitation bubbles with the damage caused.Here, this method was applied for a detailed investigation of the damage development on pure aluminium (Al99.999%) as a model material, as well as on the technical alloys austenitic steel (316LVM; 1.4441) and NiAl bronze (NAB; CuAl10Ni5Fe5), especially regarding a comparison of the deformation behaviour. The damage evolution on these materials was monitored in-situ with a light microscope. Additionally, the damage was examined ex-situ using light microscopy, confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.The investigated materials show clear differences in their deformation behaviour under cavitation load. Pure aluminium and 316LVM show a high degree of plastic deformation due to the high ductility and multiple slip planes in their fcc lattice structure. With increasing number of bubbles, strain accumulates at grain boundaries, where material removal initiates. This effect is more pronounced for 316LVM and appears in the presence of slip lines in the material. In contrast to this, NiAl bronze shows a different deformation behaviour, mainly due to the more complex microstructure. The soft fcc copper matrix deforms easily, whereas the hard intermetallic precipitates (containing Fe, Al, and Ni) act as an impediment for plastic flow. This leads to a more localized damage than in the other materials.

Influence of Tribolayer on Rolling Bearing Fatigue Performed on an FE8 Test Rig—A Follow-up

The tribological contact between raceways and rolling elements is essential for rolling bearing performance and lifetime. The geometrical description of these contacts is well known and can be used in several mechanical simulation tools. The material description, especially of the near-surface volume after interaction with lubricants, is not as simple. In particular, the Schaeffler FE8-25 test with cylindrical roller thrust bearings exhibits different failure modes depending on the lubricant chemistry. The main failure mechanisms of this test are sub-surface fatigue damage due to WECs (White Etching Cracks) and/or surface-induced fatigue damage (SIF). The harsh test conditions with mixed friction at high speeds and multiple slip conditions over the raceway width additionally provides different tribological conditions on a small area. This leads finally to the formation of certain tribological layers on the raceway because of the interaction of the surface with the lubricant chemistry under local frictional energies, which are worth investigating. The characterization of the layers was performed by the two less time-consuming, spatially resolved analysis methods of µXRF and ATR FTIR microscopy adapted by Schaeffler. This paper shows the results of this research and offers new approaches to optimizing rolling bearing testing and predicting the risk of early failures.

Wear and rolling contact fatigue competition mechanism of different types of rail steels under various slip ratios

This study aims to explore the wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) competition mechanism of the hypoeutectoid, eutectoid rail, and bainitic rail steels under different slip ratios. The results showed a clear competition relationship between wear and RCF of rail steel. With the increase in slip ratio, the wear rate of hypoeutectoid and eutectoid rail steels was increased and then remained stable, and the wear rate of bainitic rail steels was increased. Bainitic rail steels suffered catastrophic wear when the slip ratio exceeded 2%. With the slip ratio increased, the RCF crack propagation rate of the hypoeutectoid rail and eutectoid steels rail increased rapidly at first and then increased slowly. Except for the slip ratio of 5%, the RCF crack propagation rate of the bainitic rail increased with the increase in slip ratio. With the increase in slip ratio, the degree of wear rate increase and crack propagation rate was not consistent, which led to the competition between wear and RCF. The competitive relationship between wear and RCF was reflected in the variation of rail wear form. As the slip ratio increased, the main wear form of the hypoeutectoid and eutectoid rail steels was transformed from adhesive wear to adhesive wear and fatigue wear, whereas for bainitic rail steel, it was changed from adhesive wear to fatigue wear, and finally to adhesive wear. At high slip ratios, the retained austenite of bainite rail steel was seriously broken, so cracks in the bainitic rail steel could easily propagate along the plastic deformation layer.

Temperature Calculation, Test and Structure Improvement of Magnetic Coupling under High Slip

The temperature effect caused by high slip has an important influence on the operation performance and reliability of magnetic coupling. Taking the self-developed single disk asynchronous magnetic coupling as the research object, the heat loss equation of the magnetic coupling is established. Based on the three-dimensional transient magnetic field simulation model of the magnetic coupling, the eddy current loss, torque, and eddy current distribution law of the magnetic coupling are obtained through simulation. The space flow field and structure temperature field distribution of the magnetic coupling are analyzed by using the fluid-thermal coupling simulation method, and the heat dissipation coefficient and temperature distribution law of the structure surfaces such as copper disk, the back lining yoke iron disk, and the aluminum disk are obtained. The test platform was built to test the torque and temperature of the magnetic coupling. The results show that the error between the test and simulation is 4.8% in the torque aspect, and the maximum error between the test and simulation is only 8.1% in the temperature aspect of each component, which further verifies the effectiveness of the simulation method. On this basis, three heat dissipation improvement schemes are proposed, including installing heat dissipation blocks, setting semicircular grooves on the back lining yoke iron disk, and a hybrid design. The results show that the degree of improvement for each scheme is in the following order: hybrid design, setting semicircular grooves on the back lining yoke iron disk, and installing heat dissipation blocks. Under the hybrid design, the temperature of the back lining yoke iron plate and a copper plate of the magnetic coupling is reduced by about 8.5 °C compared with the original model, and the effect is ideal. The research results can provide an optimization reference for high-speed magnetic coupling and the temperature effect caused by an overload-locked rotor.

Linear Prediction of High-Slip Sinkage for Planetary Rovers’ Lugged-Wheels Based on Superposition Principle

Planetary rovers with lugged-wheels are the primary equipment for Mars exploration, and as exploration missions become more complex, rovers are expected move into more challenging terrains. When moving over soft sand or slopes, lugged-wheels experience high slip and heavy sinkage, and an explicit sinkage prediction model for lugged-wheels is not available. This limits the motion control of planetary rovers. Here, we show that wheel sinkage can be divided into static sinkage, rolling sinkage, shearing sinkage, and digging sinkage, based on motion decomposition. Static sinkage is in accordance with the modified Archimedes' theorem, shearing sinkage is proportional to the slip ratio, and digging sinkage is proportional to rim displacement. Furthermore, the superposition principle of sinkage has been proved, and the various types of sinkage were superimposed to obtain an explicit prediction model without terramechanics parameters for lugged-wheels. The single-wheel test proves that the linear model can predict sinkage for slip conditions from 0 to 0.9 with a prediction accuracy of over 90%. The decomposition and modeling of the sub-sinkage further explores the intrinsic of the lugged-wheels’ sinkage, and the linear prediction model provides a theoretical basis for high slip control of rovers.

Experimental and theoretical investigation on shear performances of glued-in perforated steel plate connections for prefabricated timber–concrete composite beams

Glued-in perforated steel plate (GIPSP) connections demonstrate significant shear strength and high slip modulus. Consequently, they indicate substantial potential for application in timber–concrete composite (TCC) structures according to the emerging tendencies in high-storey and large-span buildings. However, the application pattern in prefabricated TCC structures and the theoretical analysis of the shear performances of GIPSP connections are highly deficient. This hinders the application of this type of shear connection. In this study, the shear performances of GIPSP connections were evaluated using push-out tests. Ten groups of push-out specimens with different steel plate numbers, steel plate lengths, and concrete slab types were tested. The concrete slab types investigated in the experiments included a prefabricated concrete slab and cast-in-situ concrete slab. The experimental results were discussed in terms of the failure mode, load-carrying capacity, and slip modulus. The theoretical models for the load-carrying capacity related to the associate failure mode were discussed based on an analysis of the failure mechanisms. In addition, design proposals with regard to the load-carrying capacity and slip modulus of the GIPSP connection were presented. The research results can provide design guidance for TCC beams using GIPSP connections and prefabricated concrete slabs.

Exploiting high-slip flow regimes to improve inference of glacier bed topography

AbstractTheory and observation show that glacier-flow regimes characterized by high basal slip enhance the projection of topographic detail to the surface, motivating this investigation into the efficacy of using glacier surges to improve bed estimation. Here we adapt a Bayesian inversion scheme and apply it to real and synthetic data as a proof of concept. Synthetic tests show a reduction in mean RMSE between true and inferred beds by more than half, and an increase in the mean correlation coefficient of ~0.5, when data from slip- versus deformation-dominated regimes are used. Multi-epoch inversions, which partition slip- and deformation-dominated regimes, are shown to outperform inversions that average over these flow regimes thereby squandering information. Tests with real data from a surging glacier in Yukon, Canada, corroborate these results, while highlighting the challenges of limited or inconsistent data. With the growing torrent of satellite-based observations, fast-flow events such as glacier surges offer potential to improve bed estimation for some of the world's most dynamic glaciers.

Present-day kinematics and seismic potential of the Ganzi-Yushu fault, eastern Tibetan plateau, constrained from InSAR

In recent years, earthquakes have occurred frequently on the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, and the seismic hazard is high. However, because of the remote location of the Ganzi-Yushu fault zone, no high-resolution geodetic measurements of this region have been made. The radar line-of-sight deformation field of the Ganzi-Yushu fault was obtained using seven-track ascending and descending Sentinel-A/B interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from 2014 to 2020. Using the InSAR and published Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data, we calculated the 3D deformation field in the study area, investigated the segment-specific fault slip rate, and inverted the fault slip distribution pattern using the steepest descent method. We then evaluated the seismic hazard using the strain rate field and slip deficit rate. The main findings of this study include the following. 1) The slip rate of the Ganzi-Yushu fault gradually increases from 2.5 to 6.8 mm/yr from northwest to southeast. 2) A high-resolution strain rate map shows high-value anomalies in the Yushu and Dangjiang areas. 3) Our comprehensive analysis suggests that the seismic hazard of the Dangjiang and Dengke segments with high slip deficits cannot be ignored.

Recent Uplift Characteristics of the Southeast Tibetan Plateau, an Analysis Based on Fluvial Indices

The southeastern Tibetan Plateau (SETP) is well known for its large strike–slip faults with high slip rates and a high potential for seismic hazards. However, little is known about its thrust faults and associated seismic hazards, even though they can produce devastating earthquakes despite their relatively low slip rate. Here we investigated the thrust faults and the recent tectonic uplift pattern in the SETP on a regional scale by combining geomorphic analysis and geodetic data. We quantify the potential differential uplift in the SETP recorded in the long-term landscape evolution with geomorphic indices and compare them with differential uplift derived from decadal leveling data and millennial-scale fluvial terrace incision rates. The results show that the northwest of the SETP underwent higher uplift rates compared to its southeast areas, which is in agreement with the GPS-based leveling. Essentially, the geomorphic indices build two value ranges that are spatially clustered and separated by the Muli thrust fault system, a transverse fault system, which is orientated oblique/perpendicular to the large strike–slip fault. The geomorphic indices indicating rapid uplift rates spatially correspond with high rates derived from leveling data on the northwest side of the Muli thrust fault. The Muli thrust fault, therefore, acted as an important topographic and tectonic boundary absorbing partial southeast crustal movement. Hence, further detailed studies, such as seismological investigations, are suggested to be conducted on the Muli fault for seismic hazards evaluation.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE DISPLACEMENT OF THE GEAR RACK PROFILE OF THE PAIR EVOLUTION GEARING ON THE QUALITY INDICATORS OF THE TRANSMISSION

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of the modification of the paired evolute gearing with convex-concave contact on the quality indicators of transmission, namely, the contact pressure and the speed of slippage in the engagement. Previous studies of evolute gears showed the presence of characteristic zones on the side surface of the tooth, which have worse values of quality indicators than in similar involute gear. One of the ways to remove these zones or to reduce their impact on the load capacity of the transmission is to modify the tooth profile, which will be implemented by shifting the profile of the processing gear rack. A displacement factor is added to the equation of the rail profile curve, which has the same value for the gear and wheel teeth, but the opposite sign. On the basis of the developed equation, the side profiles of the teeth of the gear and the wheel were constructed. Several values of the rack displacement coefficient with a positive and negative sign for the gear teeth are considered. The results of the research allow us to evaluate the influence of the amount and direction of the rail displacement on the curvature of the tooth profiles, the contact pressure in engagement along the height of the tooth, and the relative and absolute speed of sliding. The modifications of the profile of the processing toothed rack proposed in this work will expand the existence of paired evolute gears with a different set of quality indicators. This will make it possible to design gears with rational values of contact pressures and slip speeds when they are used in heavily loaded transmissions created for specific operating conditions. Gears with relatively high slip speeds can be used in road and construction equipment transmissions, which are characterized by low shaft rotation frequency, in which the speed of slip between the teeth does not have a significant effect on the life or efficiency of the transmission. Otherwise, gears with relatively low slip speeds are very relevant when they are implemented in the transmission of modern and promising vehicles with a hybrid or fully electric power unit, especially in the case of passenger cars with high-speed electric motors.