High Content Of Saturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Effect of oil enrichment on Brachionus plicatilis rotifer and first feeding red sea bream (Pagrus major) and Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Euryhaline rotifer belonging to the genera Brachionus are often used as live feed for first feeding marine finfish larviculture. Two common rotifer enrichments, a single usage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-enriched Chlorella vulgaris and a combination of DHA-enriched C. vulgaris and salmon roe emulsion oil were used to assess: (i) nutritional status of rotifers and, (ii) performance when rotifers were fed to Pagrus major and Paralichthys olivaceus larvae from 2 to 15 days after hatching (DAH). Both rotifer enrichment treatments were found to be nutritionally effective with high unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content, especially in the combined treatment with significantly higher eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Despite deficient levels of EPA, DHA-enriched C. vulgaris was found to be a suitable enrichment for rotifer and also had positive response in survival, growth and trypsin activity in both P. major and P. olivaceus. DHA-enriched C. vulgaris only treatment had higher rotifer population growth (13% higher), egg bearing capacity (7% higher), almost double the soluble protein content and generally higher free amino acid content. Oxidation of lipids in the combined diet due to its high-saturated fatty acid content could be a possible cause to the inferior performance of the combined treatment. Both P. major (20.1 ± 10.1%) and P. olivaceus (12.3 ± 3.87%) suffered low survival and lower gut content in the combined treatment especially during periods of significant growth in both species (7–11 DAH). Despite high HUFA content in the combined treatment, this study revealed that consideration of free amino acids and soluble protein content as parameters of nutritional indicators for first feeding P. major and P. olivaceus should not be discounted.

The role of the hyaline spheres in sea cucumber metamorphosis: lipid storage via transport cells in the blastocoel

BackgroundFor echinoderms with feeding larvae, metamorphic and post-settlement success may be highly dependent on larval nutrition and the accumulation of energetic lipids from the diet. In contrast to the sea urchins, starfish and brittle stars within the Phylum Echinodermata, sea cucumber metamorphosis does not involve formation of a juvenile rudiment, but instead there is a rearrangement of the entire larval body. Successful metamorphosis in sea cucumbers is often associated with the presence in the late auricularia stage of an evolutionary novelty, the hyaline spheres (HS), which form in the base of the larval arms. Known since the 1850s the function of these HS has remained enigmatic—suggestions include assistance with flotation, as an organizer for ciliary band formation during metamorphosis and as a nutrient store for metamorphosis.ResultsHere using multiple methodologies (lipid mapping, resin-section light microscopy, lipid and fatty acid analyses) we show definitively that the HS are used to store neutral lipids that fuel the process of metamorphosis in Australostichopus mollis. Neutral lipids derived from the phytoplankton diet are transported by secondary mesenchyme cells (“lipid transporting cells”, LTC), likely as free fatty acids or lipoproteins, from the walls of the stomach and intestine through the blastocoel to the HS; here, they are converted to triacylglycerol with a higher saturated fatty acid content. During metamorphosis the HS decreased in size as the triacylglycerol was consumed and LTC again transported neutral lipids within the blastocoel.ConclusionThe HS in A. mollis functions as a nutrient storage structure that separates lipid stores from the major morphogenic events that occur during the metamorphic transition from auricularia–doliolaria–pentactula (settled juvenile). The discovery of LTC within the blastocoel of sea cucumbers has implications for other invertebrate larvae with a gel-filled blastocoel and for our understanding of lipid use during metamorphosis in marine invertebrates.

Antibiotic Activity Potentiation and Physicochemical Characterization of the Fixed Orbignya speciosa Almond Oil against MDR Staphylococcus aureus and Other Bacteria.

Orbignya speciosa (babassu) is an important palm tree in Brazil whose fixed almond oil is used in popular medicine and especially in food, in addition to being a research target for the manufacture of biofuels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fixed almond oil physicochemical characterization and its antibacterial activity in isolation and in association with aminoglycosides against standard and multidrug-resistant bacteria. Analyses such as water content, pH, acidity, peroxide index, relative density, and refractive index indicate the stability and chemical quality of the oil. In the oil’s GC/MS chemical composition analysis, a high saturated fatty acid (76.90%) content was observed. Lauric acid (56.28%) and oleic acid (23.10%) were the major oil components. In the antibacterial test, a more significant oil activity was observed against K. pneumoniae KP-ATCC 10031 (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 406.37 μg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (MIC = 812.75 μg/mL), but for the other strains—including standard and multi-resistant strains—the oil presented an MIC ≥ 1024 μg/mL. Furthermore, a synergistic effect was observed when the oil was associated with amikacin and gentamicin against S. aureus (SA-10) and an antagonistic effect was observed with amikacin against Escherichia coli. Data indicate the O. speciosa oil as a valuable nutritional source of lauric, oleic, and myristic fatty acids with an ability to modulate aminoglycoside activity.

Fatty acid composition in muscles from lambs fed diets containing agroindustrial co-products

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing diet of lambs with agroindustrial co-products on the nutritional quality of meat fat and study the variation of fat quality parameters based on the type of muscle. Twenty lambs were distributed into four experimental groups and fed a control diet or diets containing cottonseed, sunflower meal, and castor cake. After 106 experimental days, the animals were slaughtered. Samples of Biceps femoris, Longissimus dorsi, Semimembranosus, and Triceps brachii muscles were taken for fatty acid and cholesterol analyses. Castor cake and sunflower meal diets produced meats with lower levels of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared with the control diet. Castor cake diet contributed to tissue reduction of n-3 PUFA. Lower conjugated linoleic acid concentration and polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid (P:S) ratio and higher saturated fatty acids content and Thrombogenicity Index were observed in Longissimus dorsi meat. Of the co-products studied, although castor cake diet reduced cholesterol levels in Biceps femoris muscle, sunflower meal was identified as the preferred choice for lamb feeding, since it reduced n-6 PUFA without, however, decreasing n-3 PUFA. Longissimus dorsi meat had the lowest fat quality indexes. The more oxidative muscles, such as Biceps femoris, tend to generate meats with higher cholesterol concentrations.

The role of fatty acid structure in various pure vegetable oils on flame characteristics and stability behavior for industrial furnace

This study investigates the effects of the fatty acid composition of various vegetable oils on the behavior of flames in the combustion process. The research is important for the substitution of fossil fuel using environmentally friendly vegetable oil. Five oils were tested including coconut oil, palm kernel oil, cotton seed oil, ceiba petandra oil and jatropha curcas oil. The oils were burned on an open tray at various air speeds performing three combustion regions, i. e., premixed combustion at the upstream region followed by transition region and diffusion combustion region at the downstream. Flame stability was tested at an air speed of 49 cm/s, 55 cm/s, and 64 cm/s. The image of the flame was recorded using a high-speed video camera at the rate of 200 frames per second. The flame temperature was measured by the K-type thermocouple. The results show that the higher saturated fatty acid content makes the flame brighter and more wavelet numbers present at the flame front maintaining the flame stability at a wide range of air speeds. The saturated fatty acid has a high flash point which is difficult to be burned at the flame front and escaping to burn as diffusion flame at the downstream region. The fatty acid content also affects the flame color which is evident in jatropha curcas oil with mostly a premixed/blue flame color and producing the highest thermal energy, while coconut oil is mostly a diffusion flame/yellow color. The longer ignition delay is shown in coconut oil because of the high saturated fatty acid content. The higher the unsaturated fatty acid content makes the flame more unstable. This shows that the bright yellow diffusion flame color is a good source of radiation thermal energy for flame stability. The flame color and the flame stability data are very valuable for designing efficient and stable industrial furnace with vegetable oil. This study gives insight into the influence of fatty acid chemical structure and physical properties on the combustion characteristics for thermal energy production. When high-temperature gas is needed in the industrial furnace, vegetable oil with unsaturated fatty acids is the choice by keeping the lower air speed. But when the industrial furnace with stable combustion process is the goal, the oil with saturated fatty acids is the best for a wide range of air speeds.

Variations in fatty acid composition of Laoshan goat milk from partum to 135days postpartum.

The objective of this study was to characterize the variations in fatty acid (FA) profile during 7days of colostrum production and 5months of mature milk production in Laoshan goats. The individual FA profiles of each sample were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Significant differences in FAs were found between colostrum and mature milk. The contents of saturated fatty acids (SFA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and sum of C6, C8, and C10 (SC6+C8+C10 ) were all significantly affected by lactation period. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the ratio of UFA/SFA or C18:2 (cis9, cis12-octadecadienoic acid)/C18:3 (all cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid) during the lactation period. The highest concentrations of SC6+C8+C10 , UFA, MUFA, and PUFA appeared in colostrum, but the highest SFA content was in mature milk. The highest proportions of SC6+C8+C10 and SFA were 11.32% and 79.55% on 5th day and 135th day respectively. By contrast, the lowest proportion of UFA was 20.45% on the 135th day. C14:0 (10.93%-12.87%), C16:0 (27.54%-36.65%), C18:0 (10.47%-14.59%), and C18:1 (18.80%-30.61%) were the most predominant FAs in goat milk with significant differences during the 135days lactation period except C18:0. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the lactation time has a pronounced effect on the FA compositions of goat milk.

Improvement of fuel properties of biodiesel with bioadditive ethyl levulinate

AbstractBiodiesel has poor cold flow properties due to their high saturated fatty acid content. Ethyl levulinate is used as bio-based cold flow improver additive in biodiesel. In this work, both ethyl levulinate and biodiesel were synthesized in the laboratory. Ethyl levulinate was added to the biodiesel at different rates, i.e, 5, 10, 15, 20 (vol %). The effect of ethyl levulinate addition on density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, cloud point and pour point was determined and compared to the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 specification. Consequently, ethyl levulinate appears acceptable as a cold flow improver for biodiesel fuel.

Toward Precision Nutrition: Commercial Infant Formulas and Human Milk Compared for Stereospecific Distribution of Fatty Acids Using Metabolomics.

Precision nutrition and nutrimetabolomics are emerging omics technology applications in public health. In this context, the infant formula (IF) is a manufactured foodstuff that aims to match the composition of human milk (HM), especially the lipid profile. The IF manufacturers have achieved relative success in matching the predominant fatty acid (FAs) profiles, but the stereospecific structures of the triacylglycerides in HM require deeper analyses with system sciences. We employed NMR-based metabolomics to compare the lipid profiles of 12 commercial IF samples and 10 HM samples. Additionally, vegetables, fish, and microalgae oil as raw materials in IFs were also investigated to understand the lipid profile of IFs. We found that IF has significantly less saturated fatty acids (SFA), higher unsaturated FAs, and similar polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content, compared with HM. However, the main difference was the stereospecific distribution of FAs: HM samples were associated with a high content of SFAs in the sn-2 position (26.03% ± 2.93%) and PUFAs in the sn-1,3 position (15.35% ± 3.94%). The IF had the opposite distribution, with SFAs esterified mainly in the sn-1,3 position (33.07 ± 4.93%) and PUFAs in the sn-2 position (9.57% ± 7.05%). Consequently, the hydrolysis of HM results in SFA mainly as sn-2-monoacylglycerides, which are well absorbed. In contrast, the hydrolysis of the IF provided SFA, mainly as free FAs, which tend to bind calcium and form insoluble calcium soaps in the intestine. Taken together, these observations can inform optimal design of infant formulas with a view to precision nutrition.

Enzymatic Interesterification of Heterotrophic Microalgal Oil with Rapeseed Oil to Decrease the Levels of Tripalmitin

High lipid heterotrophic microalgae (HM) Schizochytrium limacinum is a good dietary source of long‐chained polyunsaturated fatty acids. HM biomass has successfully been used in aquafeeds. However, the high saturated fatty acid content of the triacylglycerol (TAG) could limit the applications of HM as a main feed lipid source. Enzymatic interesterification of HM oil with unsaturated oils may increase the utilization efficiency and remove the technical challenges in using such oils. In the present study, extracted oil from HM biomass (Alltech Inc.) with rapeseed oil are mixed, and interesterified enzymatically with either Lipozyme RM IM or Lipozyme 435 in reactions with no, addition or 5% addition, of distilled water. The experimental oil mixes are formulated to target a total fatty acid profile similar to fish oil. No addition of water to the reaction mixture leads to more efficient TAG recovery after interesterification. Overall, enzymatic interesterification of HM and rapeseed oils with Lipozyme RM IM produces oils with lower levels of tri‐saturated TAG isomers, higher content of TAG isomers with unsaturated fatty acids and a lower slip melting point. Animal studies need to be performed to evaluate the biological effects of interesterified against unprocessed highly unsaturated oils.Practical Applications: Heterotrophic microalgal oil as a pure product could have limited application in feeds and foods due to its structural content of triacylglycerol (TAG) with saturated fatty acids in all three positions, due to both nutritional and practical reasons. Enzymatic interesterification of HM oil with rapeseed oil is in the present study shown to be an efficient technology to produce oils with more desirable TAG composition and reduced melting point for feed and food applications compared to the original raw material.Content of selected triacylglycerol (TAG) isomers in rapeseed oil (RO), extracted heterotrophic microalgae (HM) oil, and oil mixtures following enzymatic interesterification in reaction with no addition of water (Trial 2) by the use of Lipozyme 435 or Lipozyme RM IM.

PERUBAHAN SUDUT POLARISASI ALAMI DAN ELEKTROOPTIS MINYAK SAWIT YANG DICAMPUR BERBAGAI MINYAK HEWANI

Palm oil-based cooking oil is the most widely used cooking oil. Palm oil circulating in the market is often mixed with animal oil by culinary entrepreneurs with a view to produce a more tasty taste so it needs to be examined purity. Research on the content of saturated fatty acids using gas chromatography mass spectrophotometer (GCMS) requires quite expensive cost so that an alternative method is needed to determine the quality of cooking oil; especially its purity is by using polarization both naturally and by electrooptic method. This research uses incandescent lamp as light source. Samples flanked by parallel metal plates are placed between polarizers and analyzers. Samples of a mixture of palm oil with each animal oil (chicken oil, pork oil, cow oil). The samples of each oil are tested byu using natural polarization (active polarization) and electro-polarization polarization (impact polarization). The results showed that the polarization angle change in the oil of the mixture was greater than that of pure palm oil with the greatest angular change produced by a mixture of palm oil and cow oil (1.5 for natural polarization and 3 for electro-polarization). This result was in accordance with the result of the titration test shows that mixed oils have free fatty acids and PV peroxide numbers higher than pure palm oil. The cow's oil mix is the greatest change compared to pigs and chickens. This result shows that cow's oil has the highest saturated fatty acid content. Electrooptical polarization angle larger than natural polarization. This is due to the interaction of the electric field of the light source with the electric field of the molecule induced by the electric field of the power supply. The polarization method successfully distinguishes the type of pure and mixed cooking oil.

Engine Performance and Emission study of Waste cooking oil and Sewage sludge derived Biodiesel blend

Sewage sludge and waste cooking oil based biodiesel (WCOB) recently gaining popularity for a fair amount of lipid content for biodiesel production. In this study, for the first time sewage sludge biodiesel (SSB) based blend was subjected to engine performance analysis. SSB has relatively higher saturated fatty acid content and reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid content. While WCOB has low saturated methyl esters and very high unsaturated methyl ester concentration. Hence, effect of fatty acid structure on performance and emission were also monitored. On the basis of performance WCO30 (30 % v/v WCOB and 70 % v/v diesel blend) found better alternative with low break specific fuel consumption and lesser exhaust gas emission compared to SSB30. However, decent performance was also witnessed for SSB30. It was observed that fatty acid profile has negligible effects on the performance parameters. Whereas, significant variation in NOx, CO and HC emission were noted with change in individual fatty acid methyl ester contents. Utilising SSB30 and WCO30 reduced the CO emission by 12.82% and 10.39% respectively. Saturated fatty acid methyl ester rich SSB30 resulted 9.09% higher NOx emission than petroleum diesel. Hydrocarbon emission were increased by the presence of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters.

Replacing Fish Oil with Hydrogenated Soybean Oils in Feeds for Yellowtail

AbstractTo assess the relative merits of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)‐rich versus saturated fatty acid (SFA)‐rich lipids as alternatives to fish oil in aquafeeds, diets formulated for Yellowtail Seriola dorsalis—containing menhaden fish oil, fully hydrogenated soybean oil (high SFA content), partially hydrogenated soybean oil (high MUFA content), or blends of these soy‐derived lipids (20/80, 40/60, 60/40, or 80/20)—were tested in a 7‐week feeding trial. Juvenile fish (~11 g) were stocked in a semi‐closed recirculating aquaculture system (15 fish/tank), diets were randomly assigned to tanks in triplicate (N = 3), and fish were fed in slight excess of estimated apparent satiation. Growth performance did not vary based on dietary SFA versus MUFA content, but performance was inferior among fish fed the soybean oil‐based feeds relative to those fed the fish oil‐based feed: weight gain was 714–770% versus 848%; specific growth rate was 4.03–4.16% versus 4.32% body weight/d; and feed conversion ratio was 1.30–1.38 versus 1.27. Generally, fillet fatty acid composition mirrored dietary composition except that the fillets of fish fed diets containing primarily fully hydrogenated soybean oil contained fewer SFAs and more long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFAs) than one would expect based on dietary fatty acid profiles. Fillets of fish that were fed partially hydrogenated soybean oil contained trans‐fatty acids (0.02–0.06 g of trans fats per 100 g of fillet) but only at trace levels. Liver fatty acid profiles were less affected by dietary lipid source, but where differences existed, they followed patterns similar to those observed in fillets. Results suggest that blends of fully and partially hydrogenated soybean oils may yield slightly higher growth performance and fillet lipid content without accumulating enough trans fats to negatively affect consumers. Diets containing only fully hydrogenated soybean oil may slightly reduce lipid digestion in Yellowtail, but they mitigate LC‐PUFA loss associated with fish oil sparing.

Quality characteristics of functional chicken meat nuggets extended with flax seed flour

Flax seed (Linum usitatissimum) flour's nutritional profile predominantly exhibit significant health promoting properties. Functional chicken meat nuggets were prepared with incorporation of flax seed flour at 0 % (control), 3 per cent (T1), 6 per cent (T2) and 9 per cent (T3) level flax seed flour and evaluated for various physico-chemical characteristics, proximate composition, fatty acid profiles and sensory attributes. The chicken meat nuggets incorporated with 6 % flax seed flour had significantly (P 0.05) significantly influence the pH of functional chicken meat nuggets. Functional chicken meat nuggets added with 3 % flax seed flour (T1) had significantly higher (P<0.05) moisture, protein content than control and other formulations. Addition of 9 % flax seed flour (T3) had higher total fat and fibre content than control, T1 and T2. Control had significantly (P<0.05) higher saturated fatty acid content than treatments. Nuggets added with 9 % flax seed flour had significantly (P<0.05) higher poly unsaturated fatty acid content than control, T1 and T2. Addition of flax seed flour significantly (P<0.05) reduced the colour scores of functional chicken meat nuggets. Flavor scores were not influenced by addition of flax seed flour but juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability scores were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by addition of flax seed flour. Based on these results it is concluded that addition of 9 % flax seed flour had acceptable quality, higher unsaturated fatty acid content and superior sensory scores which is health beneficial to consumers.

Impact of the addition of cocoa butter equivalent on the volatile compounds profile of dark chocolate.

The effect of the partial replacement of cocoa butter (CB) by cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) in the release of volatile compounds in dark chocolate was studied. The fatty acid profile, triacylglyceride composition, solid fat content (SFC) and melting point were determined in CB and CBE. Chocolate with CB (F1) and with different content of CBE (5 and 10%-F2 and F3, respectively) were prepared. Plastic viscosity and Casson flow limit, particle size distribution and release of volatile compounds using a solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography (SMPE-GC) were determined in the chocolate samples. The melting point was similar for the studied samples but SFC indicated different melting behavior. CBE showed a higher saturated fatty acid content when compared to CB. The samples showed similar SOS triglyceride content (21 and 23.7% for CB and CBE, respectively). Higher levels of POS and lower POP were observed for CB when compared to CBE (44.8 and 19.7 and 19 and 41.1%, respectively). The flow limit and plastic viscosity were similar for the studied chocolates samples, as well as the particle size distribution. Among the 27 volatile compounds identified in the samples studied, 12 were detected in significantly higher concentrations in sample F1 (phenylacetaldehyde, methylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, tetramethylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, phenethyl alcohol, 2-acetylpyrrole, acetophenone and isovaleric acid). The highest changes were observed in the pyrazines group, which presented a decrease of more than half in the formulations where part of the CB was replaced by the CBE.

Lipid production by microalga Micractinium sp. IC-76 in a flat panel photobioreactor and its transesterification with cross-linked enzyme aggregates of Burkholderia cepacia lipase

In this study, the high-lipid biomass accumulation of the microalga Micractinium sp. IC-76 in a 110-L flat panel photobioreactor was studied in detail. The productivity of microalgae biomass during phototrophic cultivation was 35.6 ± 1.5 mg L−1 d−1. The maximum content of neutral lipids with a high saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid content (44.1%) was observed on the 17th day of cultivation, which was optimal for processing into biodiesel. The main fatty acids of lipids were C16:0, C16:2, and C18:2, with contents of 26.0, 15.6 and 29.8%, respectively. The enzymatic transesterification of Micractinium sp. IC-76 lipids using cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of Burkholderia cepacia lipase as biocatalysts was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). This model determined that the optimum conditions for enzymatic transesterification of microalgal lipids with a maximal FAME yield of 92.3±1.5% were a temperature of 38 °C, a methanol to oil molar ratio of 1:3.1, a CLEA of 9.1% and a water content of 2.5% relative to the oil weight. This model has a high correlation with the experimental data and can be used to model the production of FAMEs from the lipids of Micractinium sp. IC-76 during process scaling.

Gestational diabetes mellitus affects placental iron homeostasis

The association between dairy food consumption and cardiovascular risk is being reevaluated. Despite their high saturated fatty acid content, fermented dairy products appear to have a neutral effect, based on several large prospective cohort studies. Further, the consumption of yogurt, fermented milk, and cheese has been shown to associate inversely with cardiovascular events in a significant number of cohort studies. The carotid intima-media thickness appears less with yogurt consumption, and plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is not elevated by cheese intake when compared with butter. More importantly recent observations have strongly favored an inverse association of dairy food consumption especially of the low-fat variety and of fermented products particularly of yogurt with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes has emerged as a major cause of cardiovascular disease thus further enhancing the benefits of fermented dairy intake as part of the dietary strategy to prevent cardiovascular disease. Caution is nevertheless indicated until robust mechanisms are demonstrated to underpin the epidemiological observations.

Effects of dietary fat on the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid metabolism in growing pigs

ABSTRACTThe effect of dietary fats differing in fatty acid (FA) composition on the metabolism of saturated FA (SFA) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) in growing pigs was investigated. The deposition of FA in the body and the fate of individual dietary FA were assessed after slaughter. Gilts with an initial body weight (BW) of 60 kg were used as experimental animals. Six pigs were slaughtered at 60 kg BW, while further 18 pigs received three isoenergetic and isonitrogen experimental diets containing linseed oil, rapeseed oil or beef tallow at 50 g/kg diet until they reached 105 kg (six pigs per group). The chemical composition and the content of FA in the whole body were determined and compared across groups. Regardless of dietary treatment, the whole body contained similar amounts of protein, fat and total FA. The total accumulation (percentage of net intake and de novo production) of SFA and MUFA was similar in all groups, but the processes of elongation and desaturation of SFA and MUFA depended upon the type of FA added to the diet. A high dietary content and intake of MUFA inhibits desaturation compared to SFA- and PUFA-rich diets, whereas a high SFA content and intake lowers elongation rate. The increasing net intake of total SFA and MUFA was associated with a lower total de novo production of these FA in the whole body of pigs.

Characterization of major and trace minerals, fatty acid composition, and cholesterol content of Protected Designation of Origin cheeses

Cheese provides essential nutrients for human nutrition and health, such as minerals and fatty acids (FA). Its composition varies according to milk origin (e.g., species and breed), rearing conditions (e.g., feeding and management), and cheese-making technology (e.g., coagulation process, addition of salt, ripening period). In recent years, cheese production has increased worldwide. Italy is one of the main producers and exporters of cheese. This study aimed to describe mineral, FA, and cholesterol content of 133 samples from 18 commercial cheeses from 4 dairy species (buffalo, cow, goat, and sheep) and from 3 classes of moisture content (hard, <35% moisture; semi-hard, 35-45%; and soft, >45%). Mineral concentrations of cheese samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and FA and cholesterol contents were determined by gas chromatography. Moisture and species had a significant effect on almost all traits: the highest levels of Na, Ca, and Fe were found in cheeses made from sheep milk; the greatest level of Cu was found in cow milk cheese, the lowest amount of K was found in buffalo milk cheese, and the lowest amount of Zn was found in goat cheeses. In all samples, Cr and Pb were not detected (below the level of detection). In general, total fat, protein, and minerals significantly increased when the moisture decreased. Buffalo and goat cheeses had the highest saturated FA content, and sheep cheeses showed the highest content of unsaturated and polyunsaturated FA, conjugated linoleic acid, and n-3 FA. Goat and sheep cheeses achieved higher proportions of minor FA than did cow and buffalo cheeses. Buffalo cheese exhibited the lowest cholesterol level. Our results confirm that cheese mineral content is mainly affected by the cheese-making process, whereas FA profile mainly reflects the FA composition of the source milk. This study allowed the characterization of mineral and FA composition and cholesterol content and revealed large variability among different commercial cheeses.

Oilseeds native to the Cerrado have fatty acid profile beneficial for cardiovascular health

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess and compare the fatty acid composition of edible seeds and a nut native to the Cerrado (Brazilian savannah) to that of traditional oilseeds. Methods: Baru almonds, Cerrado cashew nuts, and pequi almonds were extracted from the fruits using appropriate equipment. All edible seeds and nuts were roasted, except for the Brazil nut. The sample lipids were extracted via cold pressing. The fatty acids were esterified, and the fatty acid esters were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results: The native and traditional edible seeds and nuts contain mostly monounsaturated fatty acids (42.72 g to 63.44 g/100 g), except for the Brazil nut, which showed predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (45.48 g/100 g). Pequi almond had the highest saturated fatty acid content (36.14 g/100 g). The fatty acids with the highest concentration were oleic and linoleic acids, and palmitic acid was also found in considerable concentration in the oilseeds studied. The Cerrado cashew nut and the traditional cashew nut have similar fatty acid profiles. As for the ratio of ω-6 to ω-3, the baru almond showed the highest ratio, 9:1, which was the closest to the recommended intake of these fatty acids. Conclusion: The fatty acid profile of the edible seeds and nuts native to the cerrado is similar to those of traditional oilseeds. We suggest the inclusion of native oilseeds in the diet aiming at reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, especially the baru almond and the cerrado cashew nut, due to the fact they have high ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids.

Influence of duration of gestation on fatty acid profiles of human milk

Human milk (HM) provides healthy full‐term infants with all their nutritional requirements during the first 6 months of life. Fatty acids (FA) and cholesterol derived from HM have many physiological functions in the neonate, including brain myelination, brain function and visual development. HM samples from mothers delivering prematurely (n = 15) and at term (n = 30) were collected. For pre‐term mothers, longitudinal HM samples were collected up to 14 weeks post‐partum. Thirty‐six individual FA were identified and quantified in human milks by fast GC‐FID analysis. HM from pre‐term mothers had higher contents of saturated FA and long chain‐polyunsaturated FA compared to HM from term mothers. The cholesterol content of full‐term HM was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) than that of pre‐term HM up to 5 weeks post‐partum. A decrease in the levels of mono‐unsaturated FA, poly‐unsaturated FA and cholesterol was observed in longitudinal pre‐term HM samples. The current study demonstrates how the FA and cholesterol composition of full‐term and pre‐term HM varies with gestational age and throughout lactation.Practical applications: The current study demonstrates how the FA and cholesterol composition of full‐term and pre‐term milks varies with gestational age and throughout lactation. The changes were presumably due to the differences in functional maturity of the mammary gland and/or dietary fat and carbohydrates intakes by Irish mothers. This thorough knowledge of lipid profile of human milk could be useful to design a more humanised infant formula in order to ensure the required FA and cholesterol levels of infants are satisfied during early life, particularly in supporting the growth and development of premature babies.Fatty acid and cholesterol composition were quantified by fast gas‐chromatography analysis in pre‐term and term human milk samples sourced from a milk bank. Significant differences in the saturated FA, long chain‐polyunsaturated FA and cholesterol contents were observed between pre‐term and term milk samples. Longitudinal pre‐term samples showed a decrease in the levels of mono‐unsaturated FA, poly‐unsaturated FA and cholesterol HM samples. This study has improved the current knowledge regarding the lipid profile of human milk, and the results could be useful in designing functional infant formula products that ensure the required bioactive FA and cholesterol intakes of infants during early life, particularly for support of the growth and development of premature babies.