Higher Relative Survival Rates Research Articles

Cancer incidence, mortality, and survivorship in African women: a comparative analysis (2016-2020).

This research aims to provide concrete insight into cancer incidence, mortality, and survivorship dynamics among African women between 2016 and 2020. The study computes the Mortality-to-Incidence Ratio (MIR) for 53 countries in Africa with available mortality and incidence data. It uses relevant Life Tables to obtain the 5-year Relative Survival rate for women in different age cohorts based on General Survival Rate and 5-year Cancer Prevalence data from the World Health Organization (WHO). The study performs an analysis of variance tests. The results of the initial data analysis show that women in the top economies in Africa have the highest cancer incidence and mortality. The study also finds that women in Northern and Southern African countries have higher relative survival rates and lower MIR than other African regions. ANOVA results confirm statistically significant differences in 5-year relative survival across the African regions. The relative survival at 5 years was an average of 45% across all age groups within the continent although relative survival is highest among females aged 5-19 and 80-84. The lowest relative survival rates are seen for infants (0-4), adolescents and young adults (25-29), and the very elderly (85+). The study concludes that while cancer incidence in Africa is linked to affluence, survival is very challenging, especially for the least developed economies in Western, Eastern, and Central Africa. The results indicate the need for crucial intervention in the continent concerning awareness, research, and data collection methodology.

Evaluating depth of disparities in relation to relative survival rates: Analysis of SEER data.

6602 Background: Prior studies have identified widening survival disparities between Black vs White patients (pts) in solid tumors with higher 5-year relative survival rates (RSR), a surrogate for higher amenability to treatment (Tehranifar et al., 2009). Given major advancements in treatment for hematologic malignancies leading to higher RSR, we sought to evaluate whether disparities worsened with higher RSR, especially among Black pts compared to White pts, in the modern era of therapy. We hypothesized that racial disparities would be larger in malignancies with higher amenability, as measured by 5-year RSR. Methods: We identified first hematologic malignancies among pts ages ≥18 years diagnosed between 2009-2019 in a collection of 17 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program registries. We treated RSR as a continuous variable. Cox proportional-hazards model was used to correlate RSR and race with overall survival (OS) controlling for other pt characteristics. The interaction between RSR and race was included in the model to test if the racial effect on OS differed at various RSR levels. Results: We identified 363,340 pts who met inclusion criteria. Median age was 66 years and 55% were male. 82% were White and 10% Black. With a median follow-up of 48 months (mos), median RSR was 68.2% and median OS was 101 mos (95% CI 100-102 mos). Black pts had a lower median RSR than White pts, 63.8% vs 68.9%, and lower median OS, 90 mos (95% CI 87-93 mos) vs 99 mos (95% CI 98-100 mos). On univariable analysis, all variables were statistically significant given the large sample size. On multivariable analysis (MVA), Black pts had a higher risk of death than White pts. The interaction between 5-year RSR and race was highly significant (p=<0.01, not shown in Table), as indicated by slightly increasing hazard ratios (HRs) reflecting Black-White survival differences with increasing RSR level (i.e., as RSR increased, Black pts had slightly worse OS than White pts) (Table). Conclusions: We hypothesized that with increasing RSR, Black-White disparities might increase, as all effective therapies which contribute to improved RSR might not be equitably available to all populations. We observed that statistically significant disparities were present across RSR levels and increased only minimally for those with hematologic malignancies with higher RSR. In conclusion, disparities are prevalent in hematologic malignancies despite the degree of amenability to treatment. [Table: see text]

Screening the potential part of the G protein antigen is an achievable strategy to improve the immune effect of DNA vaccine against MSRV infection

DNA vaccines, as an effective prophylactic technology to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, have already been widely studied to prevent and control viral and bacterial infections in aquaculture. To find a more effective and safer way to control Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) infection in largemouth bass, two different DNA vaccines expressing partial (pcDNA3.1-G2) and full-length (pcDNA3.1-G) of the MSRV G protein were developed and injected intramuscularly with different doses. The immune effect was comprehensively compared and evaluated by detecting immune-related parameters including serum antibody levels, immune-related physiological indexes, immune-related gene expression and relative survival rates in this study. The results showed that compared with the pcDNA3.1-G vaccine, the pcDNA3.1-G2 vaccine induced higher serum antibody levels, a lower nonspecific immune response in serum (ACP, SOD and T-AOC activities), higher immune-related gene expression and a higher relative survival rate. Moreover, the immune effect of pcDNA3.1-G2-vaccinated fish showed gradually higher with the increasing pcDNA3.1-G2 concentration, especially in pcDNA3.1-G2 (10μg/per fish) group, the relative survival rate reached to 82.5%, which was significant higher (p < 0.05) than pcDNA3.1-G (10μg/per fish) group. This study indicated that screening the potential core part of an antigen is an achievable strategy to improve the immunogenicity and immunoprotective effect of DNA vaccine.

Survival of patients with bladder cancer in Samara region

The morbidity and survival rates of patients with bladder cancer, depending on various causes, have been studied by many authors. However, there are a limited number of studies using the analysis of patient survival at the population level. Patient survival information can optimize the therapy and prevention of bladder cancer. The results of survival of patients with this disease in different gender and age categories should be studied more actively. The aim of the study was to study the observed and relative survival of patients with bladder cancer in gender-age groups in the Samara region for the period 2010–2012.The materials of the study were the primary records of 1059 patients for the period from 2010 to 2012. To obtain the results of survival, an actuarial method was used. To assess the reliability of the comparison of the obtained indicators, the Z and p criteria were used. In the course of the study, when assessing the 1-year and 5-year cumulative survival of patients with bladder cancer, there were lower rates of observed survival compared with the relative one.There were no statistically significant differences in the 1-year and 5-year relative survival rates for men and women. The 5-year observed survival rate for women was significantly higher than for men. With increasing age, survival rate for bladder cancer declines. The indicators of 1-year and 5-year relative survival of patients aged 50–59 years were significantly higher than the corresponding indicators of 60–69 years old. In the age group of 40–49-year-olds, there was a significantly higher relative survival rate of women compared with men.

Long-term Survival After Endovascular Repair for Intact Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms is Improving Over Time

Introduction: There is a growing body of literature raising concerns over the long-term durability of endovascular repair (EVAR) for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and suggesting that long-term outcomes may be better after open AAA repair. However, the data investigating these long-term outcomes largely originate from early in the endovascular era and therefore do not account for increasing clinical experience and technological improvements. Therefore, we investigated whether long-term outcomes after EVAR and open repair have improved over time. Methods: We identified all EVARs and open repairs for intact infrarenal AAA within an international vascular clinical database (2003-2018). We then stratified patients by procedure year into treatment cohorts of four years: 2003-2006, 2007-2010, 2011-2014, and 2015-2018. We used Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards models to assess whether there was an improvement in EVAR or open repair over time. Additionally, we matched EVAR and open repairs for each time cohort, to investigate whether the relative survival benefit of EVAR over open repair changed over time. Results: We included 40,811 EVARs (increasing from 549 performed between 2003-2006 to 24,059 between 2015-2018) and 9,241 open AAA repairs (increasing from 739 performed between 2003-2006 to 4,273 between 2015-2018). For both EVAR and open repair, median age decreased over time (EVAR: 75 vs. 74 vs. 74 vs. 73, P< .001; open repair: 72 vs. 70 vs. 70 vs. 70, P< .001). Four-year survival increased for the periods 2003-2006, 2007-2010, 2011-2014, and 2015-2018 as 76% vs. 80% vs. 84% vs. 88% for EVAR (P< .001) and 81% vs. 85% vs. 86% vs. 88% for open repair (P=.003; Figure 1). After risk-adjustment, compared to 2003-2006, the hazard ratio (HR) for long-term mortality after EVARs performed between 2011-2014 was 0.64 (95%CI: 0.47-0.88; P=.017) and 0.46 for those performed between 2015-2018 (95%CI: 0.34-0.64; P< .001). In contrast, the risk-adjusted mortality did not decrease for open repair cohorts over time (2007-2010: HR: 1.23 [95%CI: 0.85-1.77; P=.28]; 2011-2014: HR: 0.98 [95%CI: 0.64-1.51; P=.94]; 2015-2018: HR: 0.91 [95%CI: 0.58-1.43; P=.69]). From the early to the latest follow-up cohort, we matched 365, 431, 1,339, and 1,211 EVAR to open repair patients. Survival curves for these cohorts are displayed in Figure 2: whereas EVAR and open repair showed similar survival in the first two cohorts, EVAR patients treated between 2011-2014 showed only a survival benefit up to two years, with no difference in four-year survival (P=.15). However, EVAR patients in the latest cohort experienced a higher survival over the full time period (P=.02).Figure 2Four-year Survival for Matched EVAR and Open Repair Procedures per Treatment Cohort.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Conclusion: Long-term outcomes following EVAR are still improving over time, but not following open repair. Consequently, we found a trend towards higher relative survival rates after EVAR compared to open repair over time. These finding suggests that long-term durability following EVAR may be improving with new generations of endografts and increased experience, information that should be considered by surgeons and policymakers when evaluating the long-term value of contemporary EVAR to open AAA repair. Disclosure: HV is a consultant for Medtronic, WL Gore, Endologix, Abbott, Arsenal AAA MS is a consultant for Abbott Vascular, Cook Medical, Endologix, Medtronic, and Silk Road

Incidence and survival of adult cancer patients in Taiwan, 2002-2012.

Little is known about the annual changes in cancer incidence and survival that occurred after the establishment of the long-form cancer registry database in Taiwan. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the updated incidence and stage-specific relative survival rates (RSRs) among adult cancer patients in Taiwan. Cancer incidence data from 2002 to 2012 were collected using the Taiwan Cancer Registry Database. Age-standardized incidence rates, average annual percent changes (AAPCs), and sex ratios were calculated for adults. Five-year stage-specific RSRs were estimated for cases diagnosed between 2004 and 2008 and were followed up to 2013 for major cancers. The overall age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 populations increased from 348.39 in 2002 to 401.18 in 2012, and the AAPC was 1.7% (p<0.05), whereas the male:female ratio was approximately 1:3 during the entire period. Most cancer sites showed a trend of increasing incidence, with the exception of common cancers such as cervix uteri (AAPC=-6.2%, p<0.05), bladder (AAPC=-2.5%, p<0.05), stomach (AAPC=-2.4%, p<0.05), nasopharynx (AAPC=-1.2%, p<0.05), and liver (AAPC=-1.1%, p<0.05). The 5-year RSRs for Stage I cancers were greater than 93% for the colon and rectum, female breast, and cervix uteri, whereas RSRs for patients with Stage IV cancers ranged from 2.9% to 38.9%, with patients with liver cancer and those with oral cancer showing the lowest and highest RSRs, respectively. Our study showed increased incidence in most cancers and provided baseline estimates of stage-specific RSRs among the Taiwanese adult population. Continuous surveillance may help politicians to improve health policies and cancer care in Taiwan.

The survival and the long-term trends of patients with gastric cancer in Shanghai, China.

BackgroundGastric cancer remains a major health issue and a leading cause of death worldwide. This study presented a long-term survival data of gastric cancer registered in Shanghai of China from 1972–2003, with aims to describe the trends as well as the age, sex, stage and tumor sites specific characteristics.MethodsThe main source of information on cancer cases was the notification card sending to the registry. The residential status of cancer cases was confirmed by home-visits. The methods of follow-up have been a mixture of both active and passive ones.ResultsWe observed an increased trend of survival probability during the last decades. Patients diagnosed during 1972–1976 had a 5-years relative survival rate at 12% for males and 11% for females, respectively, which had dramatically increased to 30% for male and 32% for female patients respectively during the period of 2002–2003. Among the patients diagnosed in 2002–2003, the overall survival probability declined with patient’s age at the time of diagnosis. The lowest survival rate was observed among the oldest group, with the median survival time of 0.8 years. Patients diagnosed with stage I had a higher relative survival rate. Patients with cardia cancer had the worst prognosis, with the 5-year relative survival rate of 29%.ConclusionsThe survival probability of patients with gastric cancer in Shanghai has improved significantly during the last decades. Age, stage and site of tumor have an impact on prognosis.

Survival rate of colorectal cancer patients during 2005-2010 in Zhejiang province, China

To analyze the survival rate of colorectal cancer, using data from the population-based cancer registry during 2005-2010 in Zhejiang. The last follow-up activities on 17 235 cases regarding the survival status was December 31, 2012. Both cumulative observed survival rate (OS) and relative survival rate (RS) were calculated with SURV 3.01 software drawn up by Hakulinen. The OS on 1, 3 and 5 year were 76.71%, 58.14%, 50.58% and the RS on 1, 3 and 5 year were 78.93% , 63.48% , 58.73% , respectively. The 1, 3 and 5 year relative survival rates on males vs. females were 79.36% vs. 78.35% , 63.63% vs. 63.29%, and 58.85% vs. 58.57%, respectively and the difference between them was not statistically significant (χ(2) = 1.08, P = 0.298). The 5 year OS and RS of the urban population were 55.06% and 64.09% and the 5 year OS and RS of the rural population were 47.59% and 55.16%, with statistically significant differences (χ(2) = 85.84, P < 0.001). The 55-64 age group appeared higher relative survival rate. There were significant differences in the survival rates among different age groups (χ(2) = 333.42, P < 0.001). The 5 year RS of colon vs. rectum were 61.47% vs. 56.45% . Colon patients showed better relative survival rate (χ(2) = 7.26, P < 0.05). The wide variations in colorectal cancer survival rates were seen between the urban and rural populations. Public health resources should be focused on rural areas. Patients younger than 55 years should be under specific attention to further understand the related factors which influencing the prognosis of the diseases.

Efeitos benéficos de probióticos no intestino de juvenis de Tilápia-do-Nilo

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram os de avaliar o percentual de sobrevivência, a microbiota instestinal, a integridade da mucosa, e a qualidade da carcaça de juvenis de Tilápias-do-Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, após 80 dias de alimentação com dieta contendo aditivo probiótico (Bacillus cereus 4,0x10(8) UFCg-1 e Bacillus subtilis 4,0x10(8) UFCg-1), na proporção de 4g/kg de ração peletizada. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos, sendo um grupo controle e outro alimentado com dieta adicionada de probiótico. Foram realizados os cálculos do percentual de sobrevivência relativa, análise da microbiota intestinal por cultura microbiológica, análise histomorfométrica da mucosa intestinal e análise químico-bromatológica da carcaça dos peixes. Os resultados demonstraram que as tilápias do grupo tratado apresentaram percentual de sobrevivência relativa maior (P&lt;0,05) que o do grupo controle e colonização intestinal por B. cereus e B. subtilis com maior (P&lt;0,05) número de unidades formadoras de colônia em relação ao grupo controle. A análise histomorfométrica demonstrou que o grupo alimentado com aditivo probiótico apresentou vilosidades mais altas e mais largas, além de maior número de células caliciformes que o observado no grupo controle (P&lt;0,05). Em relação à qualidade de carcaça os resultados demonstraram que houve interferência positiva (P&lt;0,05) do probiótico no grupo tratado em relação ao controle quanto aos teores de proteína e extrato etéreo. Estes resultados permitem inferir que a suplementação com probiótico, como testado neste estudo, induziu a colonização intestinal por bactérias benéficas e promoveu maior percentual de sobrevivência relativa, diminuiu a descamação da mucosa, e favoreceu o aumento do número de células caliciformes.

Variation in relative survival of thyroid cancers in Europe: Results from the analysis on 21 countries over the period 1983–1994 (EUROCARE-3 study)

We described the relative survival of thyroid cancer cases diagnosed in Europe during the period 1990–1994 and analysed time trends in relative survival during the period 1983–1994 using the EUROCARE-3 database. Relative survival of thyroid cancers is one of the highest amongst cancer sites, with age-standardised relative survival rates of 74% in men and 82% in women over the period 1990–1994, with marked differences between countries. The higher relative survival rates are observed in Scandinavian countries and the lower rates are observed in the UK and the countries of Eastern Europe. Relative survival is higher in women than in men, and decreases with age whatever the histological group. There are significant differences in relative survival according to histological type. Relative survival has slightly increased over the period 1983–1994 only when all histological types have been considered together. Time trend was, however, non-existent when the different histological groups were taken into account except during the most recent period of observation. One possible explanation for the differences in relative survival between countries and sex may probably be found in the changes in thyroid classification and diagnosis techniques. When these changes are not homogeneous, the distribution of thyroid cancers by histology and by stage at diagnosis may be very different. The only way to understand these differences is to conduct specific studies including a description of stage at diagnosis, diagnosis procedures used for staging and details of treatment.

The influence of spatio-temporal egg production variability on the modelled survival of the early life history stages of mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in the eastern North Atlantic

Abstract An individual-based model (IBM) that simulates the transport, growth, and mortality of mackerel (Scomber scombrus) eggs and larvae, is used to determine the modelled survival of mackerel post-larvae in the eastern North Atlantic. Larval and post-larval growth is modelled as a function of length, temperature, and food distribution; mortality is modelled as a function of length and absolute growth rate. Simulations have previously been carried out for the years 1998, 1999, and 2000, in all cases using the same 1998 initial egg distribution as the input field. In the present contribution, the effects of varying the input field are examined by comparing simulations for 1998 and 2001 using initial egg distributions for 1998 and 2001, respectively, and also for a 2001 simulation using the 1998 egg data as input. Results showed that, for the first two cases, the estimated number of survivors for the years 1998 and 2001 was similar, although total egg production (i.e. the magnitude of the input field) in 2001 was only ∼65% of that during 1998. The higher relative survival rate in 2001 results from differences in the timing of peak production, which was 5 weeks later in 2001 than in 1998, and also from greater overall food availability in 2001. Modelling survival for 2001 using 1998 egg data as the initial input field “wrongly” increases survival by 60% compared with using actual 2001 egg data for initialization. This is mainly a function of the increased egg production in 1998 compared with 2001.

Quality of Life and Long-term Results After Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Objectives. Quality of life as an endpoint of surgery and the long-term prognosis for patients who have survived surgery for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA) is not well-documented. Patients and methods. The records of all patients from 1993 to 2000 who underwent resection of RAAA were reviewed. Survival data were calculated from direct contact with the patients or follow-up records. All patients who were alive at the time of our study were invited to participate in follow-up investigations. They received the internationally comparable WHO-QOL-BREF-test. Results. In a period of 7 years, 80 patients underwent surgery for RAAA. The average follow-up time was 5.1 years (1–7.9 years). Our data show that 51% of our patients died within 6 months postoperatively because of the complications of the aortic rupture (in-hospital mortality 39%). Patients who survived the first 6 months after surgery died for the same reasons as the normal population. However, patients who were younger than 75 at the time of RAAA had a higher relative survival rate than a matched sample of the population. There was no significant difference in the quality of life between the study group and the general population. Conclusions. RAAA survivors had no difference in long-term survival as compared to the general population and also had very few long-term complications. The WHOQOL-BREF-test suggests that the quality of life of survivors of RAAA is similar to the general population.

Do younger female breast cancer patients have a poorer prognosis? Results from a population-based survival analysis.

Younger women who develop breast cancer are hypothesized to have poorer survival rates than women who develop it at a later stage in life. Several studies have suggested that differences in biologic characteristics of breast cancer in younger (premenopausal) and older (postmenopausal) women may account for the prognostic variation. This population-based cohort study reports on survival rates of breast cancer in Singapore and examines the hypothesis that younger breast cancer patients have a poorer prognosis. A total of 6,397 breast cancer patients diagnosed from 1968 to 1992 were identified from the population-based cancer registry and followed up through 1997. Outcome measures were relative survival rates (RSRs) calculated using Hakulinen's method and excess hazards ratios (HRs) derived from a regression model based on relative survival. The 2-, 5- and 10-year RSRs were worse among those aged > 75 (65%, 48% and 39%, respectively). The best survival rates were seen among those aged 40-44 (84%, 67% and 56%). Patients younger than 35 years faired reasonably well (79%, 60% and 50%). When the data were stratified according to clinical stage and calendar year, the highest risk of excess deaths was found in women > or = 75 years old. In patients with localized cancer and/or regional metastases, those in the 35-39 age group had the lowest excess risk. In patients with distant metastases, those younger than 35 years of age had the lowest excess risk of death. At the population level, younger women (< 45 years) with breast cancer in Singapore have higher relative survival rates.

Cancer survival in Estonia from 1978 to 1987

On the basis of the Estonian Cancer Registry's data bank, survival was examined for 36,020 incident cancer cases diagnosed from 1978 to 1987 in men and women residing Estonia. The number of cases, the proportion of cases with microscopic verification, the observed and relative 5-year survival rates, and the median survival time were determined for 25 most common cancer sites and all sites combined. The highest relative survival rates were documented for cancers of the lip, corpus uteri, and skin (melanoma, women). The lowest rates were found for acute myeloid leukemia (women), and cancers of the liver, pancreas, and esophagus (men). For most cancer sites, the survival rates of women exceeded those of men. The comparison of nationwide survival rates by selected sites in Estonia with those in Finland revealed that Estonian rates were lower. Existing information shows that the Estonian Cancer Registry has relatively good data resources for promoting more sophisticated survival studies.