High Omega-3 Research Articles

Fortification of chocolate with microencapsulated fish oil: Effect of protein wall material on physicochemical properties of microcapsules and chocolate matrix

Protein stabilized fish oil microcapsules were incorporated into chocolates in order to design fortified product which could bear the nutritional claim “source of or high omega-3 fatty acids”. Protein wall material (soy, whey and potato) influenced microcapsules and chocolate performance. Soy protein resulted in the smallest microcapsules with the lowest content of surface oil. Peroxide values were low even after 14 days of microcapsules storage. Incorporation of microcapsules into chocolate led to increase in Casson viscosity and breaking force as well as decrease in melting enthalpy, due to prevalence of particle–particle over fat-fat interactions. Increase in microcapsules concentration resulted in chocolate with poorer snap and higher tendency to fat bloom formation. Whey protein microcapsules, having the largest diameter, resulted in chocolate with the lowest breaking force and melting enthalpy and the highest whitening index. In general, microcapsules addition did not require chocolate production modification and led to sensory acceptable product.

Association of pro-inflammatory fatty acid signatures with adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant persons living with human immunodeficiency virus

High omega-6 to omega-3 (n-6:n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios are harmful to human health, with a less than 6:1 ratio recommended for healthy adults. We assessed the association of PUFA signatures with adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) in pregnant persons living with HIV (PLHIV).

Total mercury and fatty acids content in selected fish marketed in Quito - Ecuador. A benefit-risk assessment.

Total mercury and fatty acids contents were determined in muscles of croaker, snapper, dolphinfish, blue marlin, and shark, from different markets in the Metropolitan District of Quito, Ecuador. Fifty-five samples were collected and analyzed for total mercury using cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry, and the fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector. The lowest total mercury levels were found in snapper [0.041µg·g-1 wet weight (ww)] while blue marlin showed the highest (5.883µg·g-1 ww). EPA +DHA ranged from 1.0mg·g-1 in snapper to 2.4mg·g-1 in shark. A high omega-3/omega-6 ratio was found for all fish types; however, the HQEFA for the benefit-risk ratio was above 1, suggesting an evident risk to human health. Based on our results, consumption of croaker and dolphinfish is recommended up to one serving per week, considering the importance of EFAs intake and avoiding fish with elevated MeHg content. Therefore, Ecuadorian authorities could enhance public standards for seafood safety and develop consumer advice for pregnant women and young children to determine good fish choices or those to avoid.

EFFECTS OF DIET ON ENDOMETRIOSIS: A REVIEW

In today’s world, the term "endometriosis" is very common among reproductive-aged women and adolescents. Several women suffer from this disease and experience chronic pain. Infertility is experienced by a large number of women with endometriosis. With the occurrence of endometriosis, women face different risk factors. The relationship between dietary intake and inflammation occurring due to endometriosis is still not evaluated properly. Various ongoing research works are dealing with to see the effect of dietary substances on the pathological and physiological processes of this disease. According to different cohort studies, various foods such as high calcium, vitamin D, A, C, omega-3, and fish oil-containing foods are proven to reduce the risk of endometriosis. Green vegetables were not found to be associated with the formation of chronic inflammation due to endometriosis. Present review work is undertaken to demonstrate a connection between the occurrence and severity of endometriosis and dietary intake.

Nutrient Quality of Cultured Fish Species in the Black Sea: Evaluation of Fatty Acids, Amino Acids and Fillet Colors

This study aims to examine the nutritional composition (amino acid and fatty acid) and fillet color of commercially produced cultured fish of the Black Sea. All fish species [(sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), sea bream (Sparus aurata), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), and large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)] were collected from the Black Sea’s aquaculture sites in 2020. Total amino acid values of fillets were listed as sea bream>turbot>large rainbow trout>sea bass fillet. The highest omega-3/omega-6 ratio was in turbot fillets, and the highest omega-6/omega-3 ratio was in sea bass and sea bream fillets (p<0.05). Consequently, it was concluded that the fish cultured from the Black Sea have excellent nutritional values, including high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids and appropriate amounts of essential amino acids and the cultured fish in the Black Sea are of good quality, nutritious and beneficial for human consumption.

HEAVY METAL TOXICITY, BIOACCUMULATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN FRESHWATER FISHES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Contamination by heavy metals is a significant concern for the environment owing to their cytotoxicity, endurance, biosorption, as well as biomineralization. Our ecosystem may be contaminated by heavy metals from a multitude of both anthropogenic and natural sources. The major anthropogenic sources of heavy metals are commercial, industrial and agricultural processes; the utilization of fossil fuels and gasoline; waste incinerators; mineral extraction; volcanic eruptions; and the degradation of metal-bearing rocks, the use of chemical inputs in tanneries, textiles, and cut flower industries among many other things. These heavy metals mobility into the water bodies affects the physicochemical properties of the water, endangering aquatic species. When a fish consumes food that has accumulated metals, the gastrointestinal organs, outer skin, and gills are indeed the primary entry points for toxic metals. The most frequent heavy metal pollutants that severely damage fish and have an impact on human health include aluminium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, arsenic, copper, mercury, lead, and zinc. These pollutants were also characterized as systemic toxicants. At modest levels of exposure, each of these heavy metals induces organ dysfunction, and the US Environmental Protection Agency and the International Agency for Research on Cancer have characterized them as oncogenic. The key chemical process underlying metal cytotoxicity is the production of peroxidation. Stress impairs regenerative capacity, damages tissues or organs, lowers the immune response, and results in morphological defects. The abundance of protein content found in fish, along with its high vitamin and fatty acid omega-3 content encourages people to eat fish as a main source of nutrients. As a result, built-up toxic substances in fish muscles are easily transferred to human’s biotransformation, where they have adverse effects that hasten the development of many disorders. As a result, it's indeed vital to explore specific causes of toxic metals as well as associated hazardous impact on fish production in order to implement the laws and legislation pertaining to their conservation in the water habitats, as well as to preserve human existence. The explanations addressed in this research are numerous and varied. For such grounds, this study was produced to enhance our knowledge of heavy metals involvement inside the ecosystem, hazardous mechanisms, including detrimental consequences in fishes.

Causal associations between polyunsaturated fatty acids and kidney function: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundPUFAs were suggested to be beneficial for kidney function in observational studies. However, whether these associations are causal remains unclear. ObjectivesThis study explores the causality between PUFAs and chronic kidney disease (CKD) or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). MethodsSingle nucleotide polymorphisms associated with PUFAs and kidney function were obtained from the largest and most recent genome-wide association studies with sample sizes of 13,544, 13,506, 13,499, 13,527, and 13,549 for omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, DHA, LA, and other PUFAs than 18:2 (otPUFA), and 480,698 and 1,201,909 for CKD and eGFR, respectively. MR inverse-variance weighted (IVW) and pleiotropy residual sum and outlier test (MR-PRESSO) were used for data analysis, supplemented with a weighted median estimator, MR-Egger regression, and multivariable MR, giving β or OR and their 95% CIs. ResultsThere was suggestive evidence that higher omega-6 fatty acids were associated with increased eGFR using MR-PRESSO [β: 0.005 log(mL/min/1.73 m2) per SD increase in omega-6 fatty acids; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.008; P = 0.008]. Higher LA level was also associated with higher eGFR [β: 0.005 log(mL/min/1.73 m2) per SD increase in LA; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.007; P = 0.0007] using MR-PRESSO. Neither association of the other PUFAs, i.e., omega-3 fatty acids, DHA, and otPUFA, with CKD or eGFR nor the association of CKD and eGFR with PUFAs was found. Similar results were found in sensitivity analyses. ConclusionsOur results suggest that higher omega-6 fatty acids and LA may increase eGFR levels. Although the estimated effects were relatively small, the results provide public health and research relevance, indicating the need for further longitudinal cohorts or randomized controlled trials on omega-6 fatty acids in improving kidney function.

Camelina cytosol-localized diacylglycerol acyltransferase 3 contributes to the accumulation of seed storage oils

In plants, triacylglycerol (TAG) is a form of seed storage oil that can provide a source of carbon and energy for seed germination and seedling development. Among three diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT1, DGAT2, and DGAT3) that synthesize TAG, DGAT3 is involved in TAG synthesis in the cytosol, however, its biological function is still unclear. In this study, three CsDGAT3 homoeologs ( CsDGAT3–1 , CsDGAT3–2 , and CsDGAT3–3 ) showed higher expression levels than CsDGAT1 in developing seeds of camelina ( Camelina sativa ). These were predominantly expressed in developing seeds, and the CsDGAT3 proteins were localized to the cytosol in the epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Seed weight and total seed fatty acid levels of transgenic Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) seeds overexpressing CsDGAT3–2 or CsDGAT3–3 were approximately 13% and 11% higher, respectively, than those of nontransgenic seeds. In particular, the levels of C18:3 and C20:1 increased, while levels of C18:1 and C18:2 decreased. In CsDGAT3 -knockout camelina, as compared to wild type, the seed weights and total fatty acid levels were about 7% and 19% lower, and the C18:3 and C20:1 levels, specifically, were reduced. We detected no significant differences in total seed fatty acid levels or composition between the Arabidopsis dgat1 mutant and the dgat1 mutant overexpressing CsDGAT3–3 . Taken together, cytosol-localized DGAT3 contributes to the accumulation of seed storage oil and prefers the acylation of C18:3, which is the most abundant fatty acid in camelina seed oils. This finding can be applied to the development of oilseed plants with enhanced seed storage oils containing high levels of omega-3 fatty acids. • Camelina DGAT3 participates in TAG biosynthesis via the cytosolic DGAT-dependent pathway in seeds. • Camelina DGAT3 shows a preference for C18:3 and C20:1 as acyl-CoA substrates. • Cytosolic DGAT3-mediated TAG biosynthesis contributes to the accumulation of storage oils in seeds. • DGAT3 is a novel genetic resource to enhance seed oil contents with high omega-3 fatty acids levels.

Penyuluhan Pola Hidup Sehat Dengan Mengonsumsi Ikan Setiap Hari Di MTs Ikhlaashul ‘Amal Sebawi

Fish is a source of high-quality protein that has a positive effect on the body. Fish protein is more easily absorbed when the required amino acid composition and quantity are complete. higher than beef, chicken and other meats. This is because fish is considered a superfood due to its high protein content and omega-3 fatty acids. The purpose of this counseling is to provide knowledge about healthy lifestyles by consuming fish every day to MTs Ikhlaashul'Amal students. The method used in this counseling is by lectures with material exposure and evaluation. Students are very enthusiastic about the material presented by listening to the material to the end and discussion at the end of the material so that two-way communication occurs. The results of counseling that students are increasing their understanding of a healthy lifestyle by eating fish every day.

Maternal obesity: new placental paradigms unfolded.

The prevalence of maternal obesity is increasing at an alarming rate, and is providing a major challenge for obstetric practice. Adverse effects on maternal and fetal health are mediated by complex interactions between metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress signaling in the placenta. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) are common downstream pathways of cell stress, and there is evidence that this conserved homeostatic response may be a key mediator in the pathogenesis of placental dysfunction. We summarize the current literature on the placental cellular and molecular changes that occur in obese women. A special focus is cast onto placental ER stress in obese pregnancy, which may provide a novel link for future investigation.

Dietary omega-3 LCPUFA intake in the prevention of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: to evaluate the protective effect of omega-3 long-chain unsaturated fatty acids on the progression of wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD). Methods: this meta-analysis was designed, implemented, and analyzed in accordance with the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) protocol and is reported following PRISMA guidelines. Results: in this study we included 5 observational trials, including 2 cross-sectional studies, 2 case-control studies, and 1 confrontation study. These tests are conducted in the U.S., Europe and Japan, and are of high quality. In general, people with high dietary long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LCPUFAs) have a lower risk of progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (effect size, ES: 0.51, 95 % CI [0.34, 0.75], I2 = 70 %, p = 0.01). When assessing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) intake and wAMD risk a total of the three above studies were included, which also produced similar results. Conclusions: the highest DHA consumption reduced the risk of disease by 39 % (effect size: 0.61, 95 % CI [0.50, 0.74], I2 = 14 %, p = 0.31); compared with the lowest EPA consumption, the highest EPA consumption reduced the risk of wAMD by 32 % (ES: 0.68, 95 % CI [0.57, 0.82], I2 = 39 %, p = 0.20).

The role of fatty acids in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset disorder that affects 5% to 12% of children worldwide. Etiological factors, including nutrition, contribute to this disease, which is characterized by inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity symptoms. Fats, which form an important part of the daily diet, can have effects on ADHD and its symptoms. In the literature, it is stated that omega-3 fatty acids are low in children with ADHD, and supplementation studies may be effective in improving symptoms. In addition, high omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids ratio in the diet and diets rich in saturated and trans fatty acids are associated with ADHD. In this review, the relationship between ADHD and dietary fatty acids was evaluated.

Association between polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and infertility among American women aged 20-44 years.

BackgroundInfertility is a nationwide public health priority in the U.S. However, few studies have investigated the effects of dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on female infertility. This study explored the association between PUFA intake and risk of infertility.MethodsA total of 1,785 women aged 20–44 years from three National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles (2013–2018) were included in this cross-sectional study. The intake of PUFAs was obtained from a 24-h dietary interview on two separate days with a 3–10-day interval, and nutrient residue models were used. Fertility status was assessed by positive response to two relative questions via a questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used and some covariates were adjusted.ResultsAmong all the participants, 340 (19.05%) women suffered from infertility. The intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (OR = 0.998, 95% CI 0.998, 0.009) was slightly related to the risk of infertility. In contrast, women with higher α-linolenic acid (ALA) (OR = 1.416, 95% CI 1.138, 1.763) and linoleic acid (LA) intake (OR = 1.020, 95% CI 1.002, 1.038) presented with a relatively higher risk of primary infertility. Furthermore, in 20–34-year-old women, higher omega-6/omega-3 was significant associated with the risk of infertility (OR = 1.002, 95%CI 1.000, 1.005).ConclusionsOur results suggest that PUFA intake is only slightly associated with infertility. The higher the DHA intake, the lower the risk of infertility regardless of age. In women with primary infertility, ALA and LA has negative effect.

Physicochemical and antioxidant properties, total phenolic and nutritional contents of noni (Morinda citrifolia) seed and its oil cultivated in Sabah, Malaysia

Noni (Morinda citrifolia) is a climatic small evergreen plant that belongs to the Rubiaceae or coffee family, available throughout the year. This study aimed to identify the nutritional contents, extraction of noni seed oil (NSO) and their physicochemical properties, antioxidants, specifically total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay of noni seed (NS) and NSO cultivated in Sabah, Malaysia. The results showed 8.37 g/100 g moisture, 10.55 g/100 g crude oil, 7.1 g/100 g protein, 1.29 g/100 g ash, and 25.20 g/100 g carbohydrates indicating NS has considerable biomolecules that can be utilized as excellent resources of biomolecules. NSO showed a high iodine value of 125.90 g I2/100 g, peroxide value of 10.60 mEq/g, and free fatty acid (FFA) of 1.07%. The fatty acids composition revealed that NSO dominated by linoleic acid (omega-6) (71.74%) which makes it beneficial for human health. The TPCs for NS powder and NSO were 22.65 mg GAE/g and 48.85 mg GAE/g, respectively. Moreover, NS powder's FRAP was 73.15 mM/100 g. These results suggest that NS and NSO have the potency to be a healthier source of edible functional food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products, and vegetable oil due to considerably high omega-6 fatty acid, carbohydrates, low FFA, and antioxidant activities.

Fatty Acid Profile, Physicochemical Composition, and Sensory Properties of Atlantic Salmon Fish (Salmo salar) during Different Culinary Treatments

This study was conducted to assess the effects of boiling, steaming, and oven-cooking on the fatty acid profile, physicochemical composition, and sensory properties of Atlantic salmon fish. The protein content of steamed (18.90%) and oven-cooked (20.59%) salmon was significantly higher than that of boiled (16.69%) and raw fish (14.73%). Analysis of the fatty acids profile revealed that steaming significantly ( p < 0.05 ) influenced the fatty acid contents of Atlantic salmon by recording the lowest SFA and the highest omega-3, omega-6, and PUFA contents. Textural properties such as hardness, gumminess, and chewiness were significantly higher ( p < 0.05 ) in oven-cooked salmon, with steamed salmon having significantly lower and higher values of hardness (75.32 ± 4.73) and springiness (90.56 ± 3.94), respectively. Also, volatile organic compounds, including aldehydes, ketones, and alcohol, were significantly higher ( p < 0.05 ) in oven-cooked and steamed salmon. Additionally, the E-nose sensors analysis showed that S2 and S7 were significantly correlated during oven-cooking and steaming. Furthermore, low-field NMR analysis showed that the values of T21 and T22 relaxation characteristics of raw and cooked samples fluctuated, with steamed salmon having the highest peak values indicating reduced proton mobility and increased freedom of the protons compared to other treatments. Therefore, steaming resulted in the best quality salmon when considering the fatty acid profile, physicochemical composition, and sensory properties of Atlantic salmon fish, suggesting further studies to ascertain its effectiveness compared to modern treatments.

Prospective dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake is associated with trajectories of fatty liver disease: an 8 year follow-up study from adolescence to young adulthood

Background and aimDietary fat intake has long been associated with fatty liver. Our study aimed to determine the effect of dietary fats on longitudinal fatty liver index (FLI) trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood.MethodsNine hundred eighty-five participants in the Raine Study, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, had cross-sectional assessments at ages 14, 17, 20 and 22 years, during which anthropometric measurements and blood tests were obtained. FLI trajectories were derived from the longitudinal FLI results. Dietary fat intake was measured with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at 14 years and log multinominal regression analyses were used to estimate relative risks.ResultsThree FLI trajectories were identified and labelled as stable-low (79.1%, N = 782), low-to-high (13.9%, N = 132), and stable-high (7%, N = 71). The low-to-high group associated with an increased intake of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA, DPA and DHA (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.10–1.48) relative to the stable-low group. Compared to the stable-low group, omega-6 and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 in the stable-high group were associated with an increased relative risk of 1.34 (95% CI 1.02–1.76) and 1.10 (95% CI 1.03–1.16), respectively.ConclusionFor those at high risk of fatty liver in early adolescence, high omega-6 fatty acid intake and a high ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids are associated with increased risk of fatty liver. There should be caution in assuming these associations are causal due to possible undetected and underestimated confounding factors.

Distribution of microalgae and omega-3 as food for Sardinella lemuru in Bali Strait

Sardinella lemuru is a small pelagic fish that contains high omega-3 which is distributed in the eastern Indian Ocean including the Bali Strait. Lemuru including high-fat with omega-3 content. This different fat content depends on the size of the fish, maturity, season, and type of food. The research objectives were to obtain abundance and diversity of microalgae composition as food and determine the level of omega-3 in the stomach of lemuru. The research was conducted at the 8 station with different waters characteristic. The data obtained were analized using t-test. The omega 3 content of lemuru in the second transitional season was 35.25% higher than the fish caught in the western season (21.4%). Lemuru feed on phytoplankton dominated by the Bacillariophyceae group with Chaetoceros gracilis in the second transitional season. These phytoplankton suspected important role as raw materials for forming omega 3 in the body of lemuru.

Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Sardinella lemuru Bleeker 1835 at fishing ground Canggu-Bali inferred D-loop mutations of mtDNA

Sardinella lemuru resources are abundant, nutritious, high omega-3 and have high economic value in artisanal fisheries. Its production volume landed for over a decade, but the most significant increase was peak southeast monsoon 2019 at Canggu fishing ground. However, prior-conventional kinship assessments genetically need to be confirmed. These research objectives encompass both molecular identification and genetic relationship of Canggu S. lemuru with the others. Similar morphological samples had collected of ten individuals. Chelex 10% was used for genomic DNA extraction, CRK-CRE primer with Hotstart-50 PCR thermal profile had applied for amplification. 1% agarose electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing had examined for both quantity and quality of D-loop amplicon. Identification using the algorithm of BLASTn. Phylogenetic tree analysis uses the neighbor-joining method. The genetic identity of 10 D-loop Canggu samples was high (97.46%-98.47%) as Philippines S. lemuru (MK579633.1-MK579742.1). The phylogenetic significantly shows low barrier inter-waters from low to moderate genetic distance. Inter-waters samples are very close in intraclade, but it still has a different mutation rate in another clade. Means suggested that Canggu S. lemuru is more diverse in nucleotide base substitutions encouraging high variation. These study results provide needed information that southern translocation occurred among waters, its dispersal connection.

Making a meal out of bugs

Making a meal out of bugs

Midlife omega-3 fatty acid intake predicts later life white matter microstructure in an age- and APOE-dependent manner.

Omega-3 intake has been positively associated with healthy brain aging, yet it remains unclear whether high omega-3 intake beginning early in life may optimize its protective effects against brain aging. We examined whether omega-3 intake is associated with brain microstructure over 2 decades later among dementia-free older adults. The 128 participants (62% women; age at magnetic resonance imaging: 76.6 ± 7.9) from the Rancho Bernardo Study of Healthy Aging completed at least 1 dietary assessment between 1984 and 1996 and underwent restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) 22.8 ± 3.1 years later. We evaluated associations between prior omega-3 intake and RSI metrics of gray and white matter (WM) microstructure. Higher prior omega-3 intake was associated with greater restricted diffusion in the superior cortico-striatal fasciculus. A correlation between higher prior omega-3 intake and greater cingulum restricted diffusion was stronger among participants >80 years old. Higher omega-3 intake correlated with greater restricted diffusion in the inferior longitudinal and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus more strongly for apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriers than noncarriers. Associations were not modified by adjustment for dietary pattern, health, or lifestyle. High omega-3 intake in midlife may help to maintain WM integrity into older age, particularly in the latest decades of life and among APOE ε4 carriers.