Higher Lower Heating Value Research Articles

Effect of Mixture Fraction of Ethanol/Heptane Mixture on Spray Characteristics of Electrostatic Atomization

The electrospray characteristics depend on liquid flow rate, applied voltage, electrode configuration and liquid properties such as electrical conductivity, surface tension and viscosity. This study experimentally investigated electrospray characteristics of binary liquid mixtures. The tested liquid was ethanol, which has relatively high electrical conductivity and low heating value as a liquid fuel, n-heptane, which has relatively low electrical conductivity and high heating value, and their mixtures. The electrical conductivity of the liquid mixture decreased rapidly with increasing heptane volume fraction for heptane volume fraction higher than 70 %. The electrospray characteristics for mixtures with heptane volume fraction less than 70 % were different from those with heptane volume fraction greater than 70 %. By increasing the applied voltage, the electrospray mode changed in the order as spindle, cone-jet and multijet below the heptane volume fraction of 70 %. For the heptane volume fraction of 90 %, however, the electrospray mode changed in the order as spindle, cone-jet, asymmetry cone-jet and plused jet. The onset voltage, over which the cone-jet mode appears, was decreased with increasing heptane volume fraction while heptane volume fraction was less than 70 %.

Sorting efficiency and combustion properties of municipal solid waste during bio-drying

One aerobic and two combined bio-drying processes were set up to investigate the quantitative relationships of sorting efficiency and combustion properties with organics degradation and water removal during bio-drying. Results showed that the bio-drying could enhance the sorting efficiency of municipal solid waste (MSW) up to 71% from the initial of 34%. The sorting efficiency was correlated with water content negatively (correlation coefficient, r=-0.89) and organics degradation rate positively (r=0.92). The higher heating values (HHVs) were correlated with organics degradation negatively for FP (i.e. the sum of only food and paper) (r=-0.93) but positively for the mixing waste (MW) (r=0.90), whereas the lower heating values (LHVs) were negatively correlated with water content for both FP (r=-0.71) and MW (r=-0.96). Other combustion properties depended on organics degradation performance, except for ignition performance and combustion rate. The LHVs could be greatly enhanced by the combined process with insufficient aeration during the hydrolytic stage. Compared with FP, MW had higher LHVs and ratios of volatile matter to fixed carbon. Nevertheless, FP had higher final burnout values than MW.

Mathematical Optimization of Ironmaking with Biomass as Auxiliary Reductant in the Blast Furnace

The potential of using biomass in ironmaking is investigated by simulation. Biomass is used to partially replace fossil reductants in the blast furnace process, which is described mathematically by a thermodynamic model. The model is cast in linear form to facilitate an efficient economic optimization of the production of raw steel, considering costs of raw materials, energy and CO2 emissions of the unit processes up to the basic oxygen furnace. The high oxygen content and low heating value of biomass makes it necessary to study a possible external pyrolysis of it prior to injection into the furnace. The economy of biomass injection and its dependence on the price structure of raw materials and emissions are investigated. The results throws light on how the prices of biomass and emission rights, compared to the price of coal and coke, affect the optimal biomass pre-processing (pyrolysis) and injection rate.

P.025 Galea-pericranium free flap for primary palatoplasty in cleft lip and palate patients

Waste tire can be thermochemically disposed to solve environmental problems and to produce energy. Gasification is one of the methods to obtain a product gas with a high calorific value. The product gas is a potential resource for electrical energy production. This paper presents the experimental results of gasification of waste tire in a fluidized bed under air atmosphere. The effects of equivalence ratio (ER), gasification temperature and bed material particle size on the composition of the product gas are investigated. The equivalence ratio is varied in the range of 0.15–0.45. The composition of the product gas is determined with an online gas analyzer which measures CO, CO2, CH4, H2 and O2 components. The lower heating value (LHV) of the product gas is calculated by using the gas composition measurements. Lower ER values result in lower CO2 concentrations, higher CH4 and H2 concentrations and higher LHVs. This study shows the importance of gasification temperature at low ER values, produces data points for four bed material particle sizes to verify the relation between LHV and ER, and proposes generalized correlations for different ER ranges.

Integrated Pyrolysis Regenerated Plant (IPRP): An Efficient and Scalable Concept for Gas Turbine Based Energy Conversion From Biomass and Waste

A massive effort towards sustainability is necessary to prevent global warming and energy sources impoverishment: both biomass and waste to energy conversion may represent key actions to reach this goal. At the present, state of the art available technologies for biomass and waste to energy conversion are similar and include low to mid efficiency grate incineration or fluidized bed combustion with steam power cycles or mid to high efficiency gas turbine based cycles through integrated gasification technology. Nevertheless, these plants are all available from mid-to-high scale range that can be highly intrusive on protected areas and socially unacceptable. This paper proposes an innovative, low cost, high efficiency plant in which the residue is gasified in the absence of oxygen (pyrolysis), in a rotary kiln, by means of a highly regenerative gas turbine based cycle. Pyrolysis is preferred to gasification, because the syngas obtained has a higher low heating value and produces char or tar as a by-product with an interesting energy content to be re-utilized inside the cycle. Different plant configurations are proposed and discussed through principal thermodynamic variables parametric analysis. Results show that very interesting efficiencies are obtainable in the 30–40% range for every plant scale. This fact shows how IPRP technology can provide an interesting alternative to traditional technologies, especially for the small size (below 5MW). Moreover, the IPRP technology provides a unique solution for microscale (below 500 kW) power plants, opening a new and competitive possibility for distributed biomass or waste to energy conversion systems where low environmental and social impact turns into higher interest and positive dissemination effect.

Dehydration of Alaska’s low-rank coals by hydrothermal treatment

The combination of high moisture and low heating value has restricted most low-rank coal (LRC) usage worldwide to mine-mouth power generation. The objective of this study was to subject two Alaska low-rank coals to hydrothermal drying to enhance their marketability in the Pacific Rim markets and to evaluate the chemical and physical properties of the dried products as a function of process conditions.