Background: In 1962 Paul Meehl introduced the term schizotaxia to refer to a genetically determined neural integrative defect predisposing to schizophrenia. On interaction with the social environment and “polygenic potentiators”, schizotaxia was proposed to lead to a pattern of psychological organisation called schizotypy, as a necessary precondition for “true” schizophrenia (as opposed to phenocopies emerging via alternative means). Meehl’s schizotype was characterised by “cognitive slippage”, interpersonal aversiveness, anhedonia, and ambivalence, with neurological soft signs thought to be caused by the core neural integrative defect. The concept of schizotaxia is difficult to define, and its manifestations in the form of schizotypy similarly difficult to operationalize (but it is not equivalent to DSM schizotypal personality, nor conceptualizations based on positive psychotic-like experiences). Using Meehl’s descriptions and attempts by others to measure schizotaxia, we sought to identify individuals with these characteristics and determine the utility of this concept for future study in a large sample of healthy individuals and schizophrenia patients from the Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank (ASRB). Methods: Participants were 659 healthy controls and 617 schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder cases in the ASRB. A series of Grade of Membership (GoM) analyses were conducted separately for healthy control and case samples, using putative indicators of schizotaxia including specific neurocognitive measures (attention, immediate memory, executive function), self-reported asociality and constricted affect (from the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire), and neurological soft signs (NSS). The emergent “pure types” were compared in terms of other cognitive, personality, and socio-demographic features, as well as illness-related variables for cases. Results: Each GoM analysis produced similar three-type solutions: the first subtype was relatively unimpaired on all variables, the second was characterised by predominant NSS and mild executive dysfunction. The third subtype, arguably reflecting “schizotaxia”, was characterised by significantly impaired cognitive functioning, asociality, constricted affect (in controls), and poor NSS sensory integration (in controls) or motor control (in SZ). Post-GoM comparison of resulting subtypes reported high levels of social anxiety, suspiciousness, cognitive-perceptual schizotypal features, and a greater level of childhood adversity in schizotaxic controls (5.7% of the sample). In contrast, SZ cases belonging to the putative schizotaxic type (29.8% of cases) were characterized by more severe negative symptoms, and a lower level of childhood adversity. Discussion: These findings provide preliminary evidence supporting a putative “schizotaxic” profile evident in both clinical and non-clinical groups, in accord with a population base-rate predicted by Meehl’s model. Future study of potential neurobiological differentiation of the schizotaxic subtype is warranted.