This study aims to analyze the relationship between education level and community welfare in Simbarwaringin Village. The type of research used in this study is descriptive research through a quantitative approach that aims to describe a phenomenon, event, symptoms and occurrences that occur factually, systematically and accurately. The data collection technique in this study used questionnaires, interviews and documentation. The results of the study show that (1). High levels of education are related to a population density that is categorized as moderate. (2). High levels of education are related to the level of poverty which is categorized as moderate. (3). High level of education is related to household expenditure which is categorized as moderate. (4). High level of education is related to the social conditions of the family which are categorized as moderate. Based on the results of data testing assisted by the IBM SPSS application version 25, the results obtained from this study are that the level of education has a significant relationship with the welfare of the people of Simbarwaringin Village marked by an rvalue of 0.560 > 0.05. So it can be concluded that HO is accepted, which means that there is a relationship between the level of education (X) and the Welfare of the Community (Y).

Cognitive decline is a critical public health concern among older adults. While physical activity (PA) is a recognized modifiable factor for mitigating cognitive deterioration, the specific impact of long-term PA trajectories on the rate of cognitive decline remains understudied, particularly in China. A longitudinal cohort of 3,471 participants aged ≥ 60years from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was analyzed. PA trajectories were identified via group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) on the basis of self-reported PA data from four waves (2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018). Global cognitive function, assessed by episodic memory and mental intactness, was measured repeatedly. Associations between PA trajectories and cognitive decline were analyzed using linear mixed models adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and health-related factors. Two distinct PA trajectories were identified: a high decreasing trajectory group (43.4%) and a low increasing trajectory group (56.6%). The high decreasing trajectory group initially had higher PA levels but experienced a slight decline, whereas the low increasing trajectory group started with lower PA levels but showed gradual increases. Participants in the high decreasing trajectory group exhibited significantly slower declines in global cognition (β = 0.106, 95% CI: 0.072, 0.140, P < 0.001) and mental intactness (β = 0.116, 95% CI: 0.078, 0.154, P < 0.001) compared to the low increasing trajectory group. Subgroup analysis revealed that participants aged ≥ 75years, females, those with higher education levels, and rural residents experienced slower cognitive decline. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings. Sustaining higher levels of physical activity over time is associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline in older Chinese adults. This protective effect is especially pronounced in specific demographic subgroups.

The objective of this study was to estimate the urban-rural gap in early maternal discharge following facility-based delivery in Nigeria. A sample of 8614 women aged 15–49 years with national representativeness was extracted and analysed. Multivariate decomposition analysis and concentration index were used to examine the prevalence and urban-rural inequality in early maternal discharge after facility-based vaginal delivery. Approximately 65.6% of rural women and 50.5% of urban dwellers reported early maternal discharge. There was pro-poor distribution of early maternal discharge. The concentration index for rural residence was -0.0817 (SE = 0.0063; p < 0.001) and was -0.0346 (SE = 0.0083; p < 0.001) for urban residence. About 17.6% of early maternal discharge gap was explained by the differences in distributions of characteristics (endowments) between urban and rural residence, while 82.4% of early maternal discharge gap was due to the differences in the distribution of unexplained factors between urban and rural residence. In the multivariate decomposition analysis, having multiple birth, secondary or higher educational levels, moderate or high decision making power, and being from South South geographical region narrowed the urban-rural gap in early maternal discharge. On the other hand, delivery at a private health facility, having 5 + members of household, being from North East, South East and South West geographical region respectively, widened the urban-rural gap in early maternal discharge. The urban-rural gap widened by the disproportionate distribution of women with higher educational level, use of private health facility, large household size and residence in regions like the North East, South East, and South West. These patterns underscore the importance of context-specific interventions that address both structural and individual-level drivers, to ensure equitable postnatal care regardless of geographic or sociodemographic background.

BackgroundRacial and ethnic inequalities in access to healthcare services pose a significant challenge for many countries, with ethnic minorities and Afro-descendants frequently experiencing poorer access to services and health outcomes. However, little is known about the factors that drive racial inequalities in access to healthcare, especially in low- and middle-income countries.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional, observational study that uses data from the National Health Survey (2019) in Brazil and assesses the contribution of predisposing, facilitating, and need-for-care factors to inequalities in healthcare access between White, Black and Pardo (Brown) Brazilians. The Oaxaca-Blinder method was used to separate differences between racial groups into explained and unexplained determinants. Variables included in the models were age, sex, marital status, family size and composition, access to sanitation, health insurance, primary care coverage, income quintile, employment status, education, and self-rated health status.ResultsThe responses from 204,918 individuals were analysed. White Brazilians reported better access to healthcare and medications than Black or Pardo Brazilians, with the largest racial inequalities in unmet needs for healthcare services and access to medication. Racial inequalities are mostly explained by observable factors (between 35% and 87%), most notably the access to financial resources (income and access to private health insurance). Being covered by the Family Health Program and higher levels of education were associated with reduced inequalities between racial groups. The unexplained portion of inequalities was the greatest when comparing Black and White individuals, implying that factors beyond socioeconomic status likely drive these inequalities including community, cultural or behavioural factors, and inequalities and bias in healthcare services.ConclusionsWhile investments in universal healthcare and education may be important for reducing racial inequalities in access to healthcare, better understanding of cultural and contextual factors and targeted public policies and services interventions for addressing racial inequalities are needed.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-025-13527-6.

The emotional and psychological complexities experienced by patients who will undergo plastic surgery are profound. This study aims to explore the origins of preoperative emotional challenges and their associated risk factors among these individuals. Utilizing a cross-sectional study design, we administered questionnaires to patients prior to their procedures. The survey assessed their preoperative concerns and demographic factors that may influence their concerns. Multivariant logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with patients' concerns regarding plastic surgery. A total of 122 patients were enrolled and analyzed. Over 90% of patients expressed preoperative concerns about the upcoming surgery, with 16.4% reporting insomnia the night before their procedures. The primary concerns were unsatisfactory outcomes, intraoperative, and postoperative pain. No statistically significant risk factors were identified for general concerns about plastic surgery. Individuals with history of plastic surgery and higher education level were more prone to have concern about unsatisfactory outcomes. Insomnia over the past month, lower household incomes, and prior surgical history were associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing preoperative insomnia. This study highlights the significant prevalence of preoperative concerns among plastic surgery patients and offers insights into the risk factors influencing patient concerns. The findings underscore the importance of targeted preoperative patient education and comprehensive pain and insomnia management strategies in addressing patients' concerns and optimizing surgical outcomes. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Purpose: This study seeks to explain how the integration of Lesson Study and Contextual Teaching and Learning supports pre-service elementary teachers in developing deeper conceptual understanding of mathematics and cultivating reflective teaching habits. The focus lies in examining how the combined approach encourages meaningful engagement with geometric and measurement concepts through real-life contexts. Method: A descriptive qualitative design was applied by following the Lesson Study cycle of collaborative planning, classroom implementation, and reflective discussion. Data were gathered through observations, semi-structured interviews, field notes, and assessments conducted during the Geometry and Measurement course. The analysis used the Miles and Huberman framework to identify, organize, and interpret emerging patterns in students’ learning behavior. Findings: The integration of Lesson Study and contextual strategies led to more active participation, stronger collaboration, and clearer conceptual reasoning among pre-service teachers. Contextual problems helped students connect abstract geometric ideas with real situations, while the reflective phase allowed misconceptions to become learning opportunities. Both lecturers and students demonstrated noticeable professional growth as they engaged in continuous cycles of inquiry and refinement. Significance: The study highlights that combining structured reflection with contextual learning can enhance mathematical engagement and strengthen conceptual understanding among future teachers. This integrated model offers a promising pathway for preparing reflective, skillful, and context-aware mathematics educators at the higher-education level.

Undergoing medically assisted reproduction (MAR) has been linked to adverse mental health outcomes, yet research examining whether MAR is associated with paternal postpartum depression (PPD) remains sparse. We investigated the risk of PPD among fathers of children conceived with MAR compared to fathers of children conceived unassisted. Using the nationwide health registers, we included all fathers of children born in Denmark between 2010 and 2019. We categorised children as conceived unassisted or by MAR, linking childbirths to MAR treatments and further classified MAR conception according to the type and duration of treatment, and by indication for MAR. PPD was identified using a hospital depression diagnosis or antidepressant prescriptions within 12 months postpartum. We conducted adjusted Poisson regression analyses accounting for relevant covariates, including socioeconomic factors and clustering due to multiple children born to the same fathers. The study population included 413,682 births, of which 31,128 (7.5%) were conceived with MAR. Fathers in the MAR group were older, more often first-time parents, and had higher education and income levels. Within each group, 0.9% (270 with MAR conception, 3542 with unassisted conception) experienced PPD. We observed a 22% higher risk of PPD among fathers with MAR conception compared to unassisted conception after adjustment (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07, 1.38). Elevated risks were consistent across MAR types, treatment duration, and infertility indications, with the highest risk associated with treatment durations exceeding 12 months (aRR 1.42, CI 1.11, 1.80). We observed an increased risk of PPD among fathers of children conceived with MAR compared to fathers of children conceived unassisted. These findings suggest the need for greater awareness and targeted support for this group in early parenthood.

This research is driven by the urgent need to produce university graduates who are not only scientifically competent but also creative and possess a strong appreciation for local wisdom, aligning with the Golden Indonesia 2045 vision and the National Research Master Plan's focus on local knowledge. A preliminary problem analysis identified a gap: the absence of ethnoscience-based STEM (Ethno-STEM) teaching materials specifically designed for university students to enhance their appreciation of local wisdom and creativity. This study aims to analyze the need for Ethno-STEM course materials, which will subsequently be developed into a valid, practical, and effective product. A descriptive mixed-methods approach was employed. Data were collected through document analysis of the semester learning plan, a questionnaire administered to 25 students, and semi-structured interviews with 4 science course lecturers. The results indicate that: (1) The document analysis of the STEM course semester learning plan at UNISLA explicitly mandates the integration of local wisdom and ethnoscience in its learning outcomes. (2) The questionnaire results show that an average of 88% of students expressed a high need for Ethno-STEM teaching materials to improve four key aspects: appreciation of local wisdom, creativity, learning interest, and conceptual understanding. (3) Lecturers confirmed difficulties in finding ready-to-use, structured teaching resources to support the Ethno-STEM project-based learning. The novelty of this study lies in its specific mapping of needs, providing an empirical justification for developing Ethno-STEM teaching materials at the higher education level. It is concluded that there is a valid and urgent need to develop systematic Ethno-STEM teaching materials to support curriculum implementation and enhance the quality of learning in the Science Education Program at UNISLA.

To evaluate patient adherence to prescribed medical therapy for urolithiasis following multidisciplinary consultation in a specialized stone clinic. A prospective survey-based study was conducted among high-risk stone formers treated at a multidisciplinary metabolic stone clinic staffed by an endourologist, nephrologists, and dietitians. Patients prescribed medical therapy were contacted by phone. After oral consent, a structured questionnaire assessing adherence and reasons for non-compliance was administered. Patients who declined or were unreachable after three attempts were excluded. A total of 100 patients were included (median age 55 years; 65% male). A family history of nephrolithiasis was reported by 57.4%. Prior interventions included ureteroscopy (URS) (74%), shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) (18%), and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) (15%). The most common stone type was calcium oxalate monohydrate (45.5%). Metabolic abnormalities included hypercalciuria (38.6%), hypocitraturia (34.7%), and hyperuricosuria (23.8%). Full compliance was reported by 57%, partial by 21%, and non-compliance by 22%, with a median adherence duration of 16 months among fully adherent patients. Common reasons for non-compliance included lack of understanding (28%), adverse effects (19%), and perceived lack of necessity (19%). Multivariable analysis identified higher level of education as the only significant predictor of improved adherence (OR 0.38, 95% CI: 0.18-0.78, p = 0.008). Use of specific medications was not significantly associated with the reported adherence or lack there of. Adherence rates were higher than previously reported, highlighting the benefit of a multidisciplinary approach with individualized metabolic evaluation and targeted therapy in stone-forming patients.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the quality, reliability, readability, and originality of information provided by two AI-generated chatbots-ChatGPT-4.0 and Google Gemini Pro-regarding primary tooth pulpotomy, a common pediatric dental procedure. Based on the current AAPD guidelines and frequently asked parental inquiries, a total of 20 questions on primary tooth pulpotomy-10 theoretical and 10 clinical-were prepared. Each question was presented to the AI-generated chatbots (ChatGPT-4.0 and Google Gemini Pro) in a new conversation session without providing any guiding prompts. The responses were evaluated using standardized assessment criteria, including DISCERN, EQIP, GQS, FRES, FKRGL, and the iThenticate similarity index. Two experienced pediatric dentists independently assessed the answers after a calibration process to standardize scoring, and inter-rater reliability was confirmed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Gemini Pro demonstrated higher reliability and quality scores (DISCERN and EQIP), while ChatGPT-4 produced responses with higher complexity, requiring university-level reading skills (FKRGL). No significant differences were observed in plagiarism or global quality scores (GQS). Gemini Pro's responses were more readable, enhancing accessibility for broader audiences. While both AI models generated informative and original content, Gemini Pro provided more reliable and accessible responses, making it a potentially valuable resource for patient and parent education. However, AI-generated information should not replace professional dental consultation. Future AI development should focus on improving source transparency, readability, and clinical relevance. AI-powered language models can be valuable resources for patient and parent education on primary tooth pulpotomy. Gemini Pro's higher reliability and readability enhance accessibility, while ChatGPT-4's responses require a higher level of education. These models have the potential to improve access to dental information.

Legally enforced quarantines during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increased psychological distress, particularly among individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions. In this study, part of the Cologne Corona Counselling and Support for Infected and Contact Persons During the Quarantine Period (CoCo-Fakt) project, we hypothesised that individuals with pre-existing depression experienced greater psychological distress during legally imposed quarantine/isolation and thus require additional support. We also aimed to explore whether coping mechanisms and resilience can enhance the care provided to at-risk individuals facing similar situations. This study included 10,033 participants (infected and contact persons) registered with the Cologne Public Health Department between December 2020 and January 2021. We collected data via online questionnaires covering demographics, mental health status, coping strategies, resilience, and support system usage. Individuals suffering from depression (ISFDs, n = 260) reported significantly higher psychological distress scores than individuals not suffering from depression (INSFDs, n = 9773; p < 0.001). ISFDs also reported significantly lower coping (p < 0.001) and resilience (p < 0.001) scores and used support systems approximately six times more often. Backwards elimination regression analysis revealed significantly higher psychological distress scores among individuals who were female, were younger, had higher educational level, had COVID-19, and had a chronic disease other than depression. No significant interactions were found in the moderation analyses. The model accounted for 31.2% of the observed variance. The findings suggest the need for tailored interventions to help both ISFDs and INSFDs develop coping strategies and resilience during quarantines. Ensuring that sufficient therapeutic services and support are available for ISFDs is crucial for maintaining good mental health.

Based on data from the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection, in 2023, as many as 8,228 cases of violence have occurred, with the highest level of education, namely Senior High School (SMA) as many as 4,299 cases. The most victims of violence are 13-17 years old with 5,137 cases. The most common type of violence is sexual violence with 6,032 cases. Schools have an important role in preventing cases of sexual violence, one of the prevention programs that can be carried out is the establishment of a Roots change agent which aims to prevent acts of violence and bullying. The purpose of this study is to get an overview of the role of teachers and peer counselors in preventing sexual violence in child-friendly schools (Study at SMA Negeri 3 Surakarta). This research is a qualitative research with a case study approach with data collection techniques through semi-structured interviews. The research informants consisted of ten (10) main informants, three (3) triangulation informants and one (1) key informants obtained using purposive sampling techniques. The results of the study show that the role of teachers in preventing sexual violence in schools is as a companion, providing information about sexual violence and providing a good example. The role of peer counselors is to provide information about sexual violence and as an intermediary in solving peer problems. The conclusion of this study is that teachers and peer counselors play an active role in the prevention of sexual violence at SMA Negeri 3 Surakarta.

This study aims to analyze the development of publications on mathematical connections in Indonesia from 2020 to 2025. A total of 91 articles were analyzed using a bibliometric approach based on metadata obtained from Google Scholar, SINTA, and national journal databases. The analysis focused on annual publication trends, productive journals and their indexation status, research methods, educational levels examined, and dominant keywords. The findings show an increase in publications over the last five years, especially in 2023–2024. Most articles were published in national journals indexed by SINTA, while publications in international indexed journals remain limited. The dominant research method was qualitative-descriptive (52 articles), followed by quantitative (22 articles), mixed methods (5 articles), R&amp;D (5 articles), and literature review (7 articles). Junior high school/MTs was the most researched education level, with 47 articles, followed by high school with 34, while research at the elementary and higher education levels was still limited. The most dominant keywords used were mathematical connections and mathematical connection ability, along with problem-solving and contextual learning. This study highlights mathematical connections as an important focus in mathematics education research in Indonesia and suggests further exploration across varied education levels and methodologies.

Despite its economic profitability, fur farming in Europe, responsible for half of global production, faces a growing ethical backlash. Animal welfare concerns, particularly regarding mink, foxes, and raccoon dogs kept in restrictive cages, have intensified due to advocacy, scientific reviews, and COVID-19 outbreaks. In response, several EU nations have implemented bans or stricter regulations. However, limited research exists on EU public opinion. This study analyses data from Eurobarometer 533 (March 2023), surveying 26,368 citizens across 27 EU countries, to assess attitudes toward fur farming. Respondents selected from three policy preferences: a full ban, EU-wide regulation, or acceptance of current practices. Multinomial logistic regression and chi-square tests revealed significant socio-demographic and ideological influences. Older individuals were more supportive of current practices (p = 0.001), while higher education levels correlated with support for a ban or stricter regulation (p = 0.003). Income positively influenced support for regulation (p = 0.002), and women (p = 0.008), urban residents (p = 0.001), and those with regular animal contact (p = 0.007) were more likely to support reform. Right-leaning respondents (p = 0.012) and residents of countries without fur farming bans (p &lt; 0.001) were less supportive. These findings suggest that values, demographics, and national legislation significantly shape public opinion. Aligning policy with evolving societal values requires integrated legislative reform, public engagement, and equitable transition strategies to ensure meaningful and sustainable improvements in animal welfare across the EU.

Considering Taiwan's impending status as a super-aged society, active involvement in volunteer work has been identified as a means to facilitate active aging, enhance social participation, and sustain the mental and physical well-being of older adults. However, volunteers require proper training to cope with the complex situations they encounter as first-line care providers. Existing volunteer training programs lack pretraining assessments to gauge preparedness for the challenges faced by frontline care providers. This study was designed to identify the demographic characteristics, competencies, and needs of older adult volunteers and investigate the influence of demographic variables on key caregiving competencies. A comparative cross-sectional survey design was adopted, and the data were collected using a structured self-reporting questionnaire. Simple random sampling was employed to select 73 community care centers in a southern city in Taiwan, with 1,000 older adult volunteer caregivers enrolled as participants. The average age of the participants was 71.79 years, and most were female (80.8%), were married (64.2%), had a senior high school or higher level of education (51.9%), and had over 5 years of volunteer work experience (68.0%). The mean score for overall competencies and needs of older adults, as measured using the Older Volunteer Competency Scale, was 3.91±2.66. The three dimensions of this scale, ranked in descending mean score order, were volunteer service skills (4.49±2.76), volunteer service awareness (3.91±2.85), and volunteer interpersonal interaction (3.54±2.86). Age, volunteering experience, and educational level were shown to significantly influence the level of need. In terms of overall competencies and needs, the oldest age group had a higher needs level than the middle-aged group. Also, those participants with the least volunteering experience and the lowest educational level groups had the highest related needs. In terms of service awareness, both the youngest and oldest age groups demonstrated greater needs than the middle-aged group. Similarly, those with an elementary school or junior high school level of education were identified as having greater needs than those with a senior high school or higher level of education. In terms of service skills, those participants with the least volunteering experience and the lowest educational level groups had the greatest related needs. In terms of interpersonal interaction, those participants in the least volunteering experience and lowest educational level groups had the greatest related needs. The needs of older volunteers are significantly influenced by age, length of volunteering experience, and educational level. Community care centers should conduct pre-employment assessments to optimally allocate tasks as well as provide opportunities for on-the-job training.

Influenza, pneumococcal, COVID-19 vaccine willingness and uptake with influencing factors in 38,184 chinese older adults in 2022: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

Long-term health-related quality of life and satisfaction following fronto-orbital advancement in non-syndromic metopic synostosis: FACE-Q Craniofacial Module and SCAR-Q.

An opportunity to save? SBRT is less costly than IMRT for intermediate-risk prostate cancer.

Oral health knowledge (OHK) is vital for maintenance of good oral health. However, poor oral health remains a significant burden for individuals globally. This study aimed to assess OHK by ethnicity and its covariates in terms of sociodemographic, clinical oral health status and dental health care utilization among primary school adolescents in rural Maasai populated areas in Tanzania. Using a two-stage cluster sample design, we randomly selected 23 out of 66 eligible rural schools in Arusha region, where a total of 906 (91.6%) adolescents aged 12–14 years accepted to participate an interview and an oral clinical examination. The interview included questions on socio-demographic factors and oral health related behavior, while clinical examination included oral hygiene status, gingival bleeding, DMFT, dental fluorosis and dental erosion. OHK was assessed by asking six questions whereby the higher the sum-score in the index, the higher the knowledge for the adolescent towards oral health. Good OHK was observed on 65.1% (590/906) of the adolescents, whereby good OHK in non-Maasai and Maasai were 79.5% and 61.4%, respectively. For the whole group of Maasais and non-Maasais, clinical variables (oral hygiene status, gingival bleeding, DMFT, dental fluorosis and dental erosion) were not associated with good OHK. However, for the non-Maasai group, having less dental fluorosis was associated with good OHK. Modified Poisson regression analysis revealed that being a non-Maasai (APR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4), having a mother with higher education level (APR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4) and ever visited a dentist for dental check-up (APR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4) were significant predictors for having good OHK. A slight majority of the adolescents investigated had good OHK which was significantly associated with ethnicity, maternal education level and ever visited for dental check-up. There is a need to improve OHK, and emphasize adoption of oral disease prevention efforts.

This study explored factors influencing the coping strategies of mothers of high-risk newborns using Lazarus and Folkman's stress appraisal coping model. Mothers' coping strategies impact both their well-being and their infants' development. Identification of key influencing factors is crucial for effective interventions. This was a single-centre, descriptive, cross-sectional study. A total of 141 mothers of high-risk newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit in South Korea participated in this study. Data were collected from August 2023 to January 2024 using structured questionnaires. Linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the influence of perceived stress and nursing support on coping strategies. Mothers with higher education levels and those with more sources of social support were more likely to use adaptive coping strategies, suggesting that access to knowledge and emotional support may facilitate effective stress management. Conversely, stress related to parental role alteration was associated with a higher likelihood of using maladaptive coping strategies, while informational nursing support appeared to mitigate this tendency. Nurses can support coping by providing clear information about the newborn's condition. Additionally, providing opportunities for mothers to actively participate in newborn care may serve as an effective strategy to enhance adaptive coping strategies.