Higher Earnings Research Articles

Pendampingan Agribisnis Anggrek Hibrida di Kecamatan Matesih Kabupaten Karanganyar

<div data-canvas-width="511.892564516129"><em><strong>The Assistance of Hybrid Orchid Agribusiness in Matesih District Karanganyar Regency</strong></em>. Matesih District of Karanganyar Regency is known as the center of ornamental plants including orchids. However, most of the farmers grow orchids by raise the juvenile orchids into adult orchids which are then sold. Farmers have not been able to produce seedlings as well as to transfer plantlets from tissue culture bottles to media in pots. These community service programs aim to provide knowledge and increase the skills of partner farmers in acclimatizing hybrid orchids. Therefore they can transfer orchid seeds with a high success rate and earn higher profits from their orchid agribusiness. The program was carried out in Plosorejo Village, Matesih District, Karanganyar Regency from April to October 2020. Partner farmers consist of two farmer groups, namely the farmer group of RT 002 RW XIII and Tani Rejo IX. This program has succeeded in increasing the knowledge and skills of partner farmers in acclimatizing hybrid orchids. In terms of business, this program is profitable because based on the calculation with a capital of Rp869.000, 00 generates a profit of Rp1.311.000,00 per four months with a BC ratio of 1.5.</div>

GIRLS' EDUCATION POLICY IN SUDAN: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

Girls' education in the 21st Century, is not only a women's issue it is a development issue. Girls' education is `positively correlated with increased economic productivity, more robust labour markets, higher earnings, and improved societal health and well-being. Therefore, this study aimed to assess girls' education policy in Sudan. In doing so, this study followed a descriptive qualitative approach to the type of library research in which the data collection technique was carried out based on literature data. The study confirmed that there are several barriers to girls' education in Sudan including economic factors (i.e. poverty, cost of educational materials, girls are needed at home to contribute to the household economy), cultural factors (early marriages, tradition, and customs), and school factors (motivation as the lack of female role models). The researcher suggests that the authorities should enforce laws against the marriage of young girls. In addition, schools should be built in such a way that they are close to villages, allowing girls to attend. Furthermore, the nomads should be given lectures to be aware of the necessity of girls' education.

Social mobility and pro-government mobilization: the case of July 15th pro-government mobilization in Turkey

ABSTRACT What are the economic determinants of pro-government mobilizations? While recent studies have contributed to our understanding of the relationship between a defined set of economic variables and political unrest – including revolts, riots, and uprisings against the status quo – there has been relatively little attempt to understand how these models might apply to demonstrations in support of the existing regime, which remain an understudied phenomenon within the literature. The coup attempt, which took place in Turkey on 15 July 2016 and was organized by a religious movement within the Turkish military, led to widespread public protests which ultimately succeeded in overcoming the threat. This case affords us a valuable opportunity to study the phenomenon of pro-government mobilization and its political and economic underpinnings. By applying the theoretical contributions of the already well-established literature on social mobility, we argue that higher earnings, economic equality and social mobility will foster a greater likelihood of mass mobilizations in support of the regime. Our study contributes to the literature theoretically by extending the scope of the existing theories on mass mobilization and empirically by examining a rare case of pro-government mobilization in Turkey by using individual and regional level datasets.

The Positive Investor Perception On Earnings Quality And Tax Management

Empirically, high earnings quality positively influences market price movement. This is because it serves as a brief management guideline for implementing accounting standards and tax regulations for continuous meaningful improvement. This research tests investor’s perception of high earnings quality and tax management for a better prospect as indicated by future market value. An analysis of future return and dividend payout shows that the firm is currently on the right track, which significantly impacts the risk and agency fluctuation in the following period. This study used questionnaires to gather information from 384 respondents, including related parties with a dominant influence on the investment decision. Through structural equitation modeling, unobserved variables included earnings quality, tax management, and future market value, including dividend policy. The observed variable was the push for increasing the accounting information quality. The high earnings quality indicates management's obedience in implementing all available regulations, both accounting standard and tax regulation. The dividend policy, related to earnings quality and tax management, positively contributes to a high financial reporting quality. Concerning Decision Tree Model and Bayes Theorem, the high accounting information quality is an application of game theory, including estimating the probability of long or short positions. As a mandatory obligation, the dividend policy is used to pressure the management to provide high-quality accounting information.

Labor Taxation and the Uneven Growth of Wage Inequality

Abstract Wage inequality has risen in some rich countries but not others, and where it has risen, the divergence has been mainly between middle and high earners. I argue that taxation is an important factor driving this uneven growth of pretax wage inequality. In some countries, marginal tax rates on upper-middle incomes are high and stable, reducing the income that workers receive relative to the costs borne by employers. In others, marginal taxes on upper-middle incomes have been reduced, in some instances considerably, which incentivizes pretax income growth. I show that marginal tax rates are strongly correlated with pretax 90/10 and 90/50 wage ratios. The results are robust to alternative estimators that control for unobserved heterogeneity and other statistical issues. The findings suggest that, in an era of liberalized wage bargaining and decreased economic coordination, taxation may have taken on a greater role as an inequality-reducing institution.

A SIMPLE NONPARAMETRIC APPROACH FOR ESTIMATION AND INFERENCE OF CONDITIONAL QUANTILE FUNCTIONS

In this paper, we present a new nonparametric method for estimating a conditional quantile function and develop its weak convergence theory. The proposed estimator is computationally easy to implement and automatically ensures quantile monotonicity by construction. For inference, we propose to use a residual bootstrap method. Our Monte Carlo simulations show that this new estimator compares well with the check-function-based estimator in terms of estimation mean squared error. The bootstrap confidence bands yield adequate coverage probabilities. An empirical example uses a dataset of Canadian high school graduate earnings, illustrating the usefulness of the proposed method in applications.

Attitude of the first year medical students towards medicine as career: Motivations and apprehensions of being a doctor

The choice of a career as a doctor is a complex personal decision influenced by a multitude of factors. These include family background, role models, media, and personal experiences. The present study was done with the objectives to know the reasons for first-year medical students for joining MBBS and their apprehensions. A cross-sectional study carried out among first-year students of batch 2018, 2019, and 2020 of a Medical College of North India. The data was collected within 10 days of admission in MBBS. A total of 278 students were given pre-designed and pre-validated questionnaire after informed consent. Out of multiple reasons for being doctor respect in society was the largest, i.e. 83%, while 72% joined because of high earning by the doctor. More than 80% had a professional image of the doctor as a calm, helping and well-groomed person, while 60% thought doctors don’t listen properly, and 57% had a perception that doctors are not much concerned about the problems of patient. Sixtyeight percent (68%) thought media doesn’t portray a good image of doctors. According to students outrage in the community and lack of trust for doctors were the major reasons for violence against doctors. Munnabhai MBBS, Anand and Patch Adams, Sanjeevani and House MD were the movies and series motivated most students to be a doctor. Respect in society was the prime motivator to be a doctor among students still they feel media doesn’t justify the image of doctors. Movies and television series can be used to keep the students high in morale and excitement.

Forced Entrepreneurs

ABSTRACTConventional wisdom suggests that labor market distress drives workers into temporary self‐employment, lowering entrepreneurial quality. Analyzing employment histories for 640,000 U.S. workers, we document that graduating college during a period of high unemployment does increase entry to entrepreneurship. However, compared to voluntary entrepreneurs, firms founded by forced entrepreneurs are more likely to survive, innovate, and receive venture backing. Explaining these results, we confirm that labor shocks disproportionately impact high earners, with these workers starting more successful firms. Overall, we document untapped entrepreneurial potential across the top of the income distribution and the role of recessions in reversing this missing entrepreneurship.

Financialization and Wage Inequality in Urban China

The growth of wage inequality during a period of rapid economic development and reform in China raises questions about the nature of economic stratification in contemporary Chinese society. The most prominent explanation is that the transition to a market economy contributed to the growth of wage inequality by increasing the returns to human capital and skill in China. However, recent research suggests that the labor market in China is highly segmented across economic sectors because of preferential state investment and reform of strategic sectors. We contend that the growth and prominence of the financial sector in China empowered financial labor to obtain greater compensation, which created a wage premium in the sector. Drawing on nationally representative data on Chinese urban households, we test this argument by estimating adjusted wage differentials between financial and non-financial sectors across the distribution of earnings since the late 1980s. Estimates show that a wage premium emerged in the mid-1990s for low, median, and high earners in the financial sector. Over the next two decades, wage disparities within the financial sector increased as the wage premium shrank for low earners in the sector while expanding for high earners in the sector. We find that this dynamic is explained by growing occupational stratification in the financial sector, where the wage premium greatly expanded for the highest-paid managers and executives. Overall, this study extends the literature on contemporary economic inequality in China by identifying how excessive compensation among top earners in the financial sector contributed to wage inequality.

How the earnings growth of US immigrants was underestimated

Two radically different descriptions of immigrant earnings trajectories in the USA have emerged. One asserts that immigrant men, following the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, have low initial earnings and high earnings growth. Another asserts that the post-1965 immigrants have low initial earnings and low earnings growth. We describe the methodological issues that create this divide and show that low earnings growth becomes high earnings growth when immigrants are followed from their initial years in the USA; earnings growth is allowed to vary with entry earnings; and—when following cohorts instead of individuals—sample restrictions commonly used by labor economists are avoided.

Political Stress and the Sustainability of Funded Pension Schemes: Introduction of a Financial Theory

This study introduces multiplayer game in the modern pension market. Particularly, this study claims that low earners and high earners have different interests when playing in funded pension market scheme. This differentiating is enabled by avoiding the entire society as a single earning cohort. This study using financial position, demonstrates a socio-economic anomaly in the funded pension system, which is in favor of high-earning cohorts at the expense of low-earning cohorts. This anomaly is realized by a lack of insurance and exposure to financial and systemic risks. Furthermore, the anomaly could lead to a pension re-reform back to an unfunded scheme system, due mostly to political pressure. This study found that a minimum pension guarantee is a rebalance mechanism for this anomaly, which increases the probability of a sustainable pension scheme. Nowadays when countries try to balance between social expenses and awaking financial markets, one may find this theory highly relevant. It is obviously one of the cases where social targets meat financial equilibrium and here they are in the same side. Specifically, it is argued that implementing the guarantee with an intra-generational, risk-sharing mechanism is the most efficient way to reduce the effect of this abnormality.

Labor supply responses to income tax free and bracket expansions

PurposeAn important concern of economic policy analysis is how income taxes affect labor supply since this is crucial in assessing the efficiency costs of taxation and designing labor income taxation. The focus in the literature has been mostly to study the responses of high earners and women. The authors contribute to this literature by focusing more on how middle earners respond to financial incentives and whether the responses are different between men and women.Design/methodology/approachThe authors exploit substantial expansions in the level of individual income exempt from taxation and taxed at a lower marginal tax rate while the schedule of marginal tax rates remained the same. The authors adopt an empirical framework that is similar to Bosch and van der Klaauw (2012) and condition on the effects of other factors, such as inflows of foreign workers that may have affected the wages, participation and working hours of native males and females. The authors also conduct various sensitivity analyses to examine the robustness of the estimates.FindingsThe authors find robust evidence that the tax reforms increased the wages of medium and high educated married males and females significantly. They also had a positive impact on work participation that was more substantial for married women, especially the medium educated. The authors estimate significant positive own wage labor supply elasticities that are small and about the same for men and women when the authors condition on the labor outcome effects of inflows of EU and non-EU foreign workers, which changed the skill distribution of the economy and had a more significant impact on female labor outcomes. Smaller wage labor supply elasticities indicate lower disincentive effects and deadweight losses from the imposition of taxes and have implications on the design of optimal taxation of men and women.Originality/valuePrevious investigations of the labor supply responses of both men and women to a given policy change have been identified mostly by exploiting changes in joint income taxation and marginal tax rates. The authors exploit substantial expansions in the level of individual income exempt from taxation and taxed at a lower marginal tax rate while the schedule of marginal tax rates remained the same. The income effects of these reforms could be limited since the reduced marginal tax rates apply to only part of the income.

Credit unions and earnings management to mitigate political scrutiny over tax-exempt status

In this paper, we examine whether credit unions manage earnings to mitigate political scrutiny. In particular, we study whether credit unions increased loan loss provisions to decrease earnings around a 2005 congressional hearing on the efficacy of credit unions’ tax-exempt status. On average, we find evidence consistent with credit unions managing earnings downward via the loan loss provision in the quarters leading up to and surrounding the congressional hearing. In addition, we find that credit unions with higher earnings before the loan loss provision engaged in more downward earnings management than credit unions with lower earnings before provision. Our findings contribute to the literature examining the use of downward earnings management to avoid political scrutiny and the banking literature. Likewise, our results inform the continued debate as to whether credit unions should be tax-exempt.

Role of Libraries in Human Flourishing: Adolescents' Motivational Orientation for Occupation.

Introduction: Adolescence is crucial for human flourishing and strongly influences having meaning in life. We investigated the association between local public library density as a shared resource and motivational orientation toward their occupation in Japanese adolescents. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted using data from a nationwide birth cohort survey in Japan (n = 12,184). At age 7, their caregivers answered questionnaires on children including the number of books read. Library density (low, moderate, or high) in each municipality was obtained from national statistics. At age 15, the adolescents indicated whether they had decided on an occupation and selected motivational orientations from among intrinsic (own ability and interest), extrinsic (high earnings, social class, or job stability), and altruistic (social contribution) orientations. Multilevel linear probability models were fitted, adjusting for confounders, including household socioeconomic status and city size. Results: Intrinsic, extrinsic, and altruistic motivations for desired occupation were reported by 40.7%, 31.9% and 41.8% of participants, respectively. Living in a municipality with a high library density at age 7 was associated with having intrinsic motivation at age 15 than low density by 3.1 percentage points (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.35, 5.85). The association was more prominent for those with lower income (P for interaction = 0.026). Neither extrinsic nor altruistic motivations were associated with library density (coefficient: −0.13; 95% CI: −2.81, 2.56; coefficient: 0.08; 95% CI: −2.72, 2.88 percentage points, respectively). Conclusions: Developing libraries in communities could encourage intrinsic motivation in adolescents, specifically for those in low-income households.

Industry-level versus firm-level forecasts of long-term earnings growth

This study assesses whether industry-level forecasts of long-term earnings growth (LTG) are more accurate than firm-level LTG forecasts commonly employed in prior work. I find that industry-level forecasts of LTG are more accurate than (i) firm-level forecasts, (ii) the median I/B/E/S consensus analyst LTG forecast, (iii) a zero growth forecast, and (iv) an LTG forecast combining industry and firm information. Industry-level forecasts are more accurate than firm-level forecasts for firms experiencing extreme growth and firms with high earnings variability, and are less accurate for firms in the Decline life-cycle stage.

Financial Distress, the Severity of Financial Distress and Direction of Earnings Management: Evidences from Indian Economy

This paper investigates the relationship between earnings management and financial distress and considers whether this relationship varies based on the severity of financial distress and signs of discretionary accruals (a proxy for earnings management). For this purpose, multiple regression analysis has been employed on a sample of 192 financially distressed Indian firms during the period 2011–2018, counting to 1,272 firm-year observations. Discretionary accruals are estimated by the Modified Jones model and Raman and Shahrur (2008) model, while Altman’s Z-score and distance-to-default model are used to detect the degree of financial distress. The findings disclose that the low distressed firms are indulged in higher earnings management than high distressed firms. Also, the low distressed firms are engaged more in income-decreasing earnings management. However, the results are not consistent across both earnings management and distress measures. The findings have significant implications for investors and creditors. They need to be aware of this fact while evaluating creditworthiness of a firm since firms with even a low degree of financial distress can indulge in earnings management to camouflage their true financial condition.

Impact of alcohol consumption on the health of pregnant women and their children – a review of studies

Introduction: Alcohol is one of the strongest teratogens. Since the 1960s, information campaigns have been conducted to address its harmful effect and promote quitting drinking, especially by pregnant women. The aim of this paper includes a review of literature concerning research on alcohol use by pregnant women and learning about their knowledge of the detrimental effects of ethanol on the health of themselves and their unborn children. This paper shall also assess social campaigns devoted to informing this group of women about the harmful effects of alcohol consumption. Description of state of knowledge: The review explicitly confirmed data on the harmful effect of alcohol on the formation of morphological and behavioural changes stigmatising children, which are not always visible from birth, and often take the form characteristic of foetal alcohol syndrome only in schoolchildren. The results of molecular and psychological tests have raised the question as to whether the acceptable limits for blood alcohol content in pregnant women should be established. The toxic effects of alcohol and its metabolites depend not only on the amount consumed, but also on the body condition, style of drinking, and age. Summary: Studies covering 11 European countries have shown that drinking alcohol during pregnancy is more and more common, especially in better-educated women with higher earnings and from larger cities. Therefore, information campaigns that stress the harmfulness of the so-called risky drinking by pregnant women should be targeted primarily at this group.

PENGARUH EARNING PER SHARE DAN PRICE EARNING RATIO TERHADAP PRICE BOOK VALUE PADA PERUSAHAAN SEKTOR PERTAMBANGAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI INDEKS IDX30 TAHUN 2015-2020

The number of investors who own shares in the mining sector makes an investor must know what ratios can help analyze his chosen stock in order to maximize his investment returns. This study aims to determine the effect of earnings per share and price earnings ratio on price book value, especially in mining sector companies in the IDX30 index year 2015-2020. The method used in this research is descriptive with a quantitative approach. The population and sample of this study are six companies engaged in the mining sector whose shares are listed on the IDX30 index of the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The goal to be achieved in this study is to analyze how the effect of earnings per share and price earnings ratio on the price book value of mining sector companies in the IDX30 index year 2015-2020. The results of this study can be explained that the Sig value of Earning Per Share is of 0.668 or a value of 0.505 <0.05 with a t value of 0.433 so that it can be explained that the level of Earning Per Share has no effect on the price book value. While the Sig of the Price Earning Ratio is 0.578 or the value is 0.578 <0.05. Which means that the high and low Price Earning Ratio has no effect on the price book value. Meanwhile, simultaneously, the value of Sig. 0.758 > 0.05, it means that it can be concluded that simultaneously the Earning Per Share and Price Earning Ratio variables have no significant effect on Price Book Value.

Do taxes and transfers reduce gender income inequality? Evidence from eight European welfare states

We examine how taxes and transfers affect the incomes of men and women. Using microsimulation and intra-household income splitting rules, we measure the differences in the level and composition of individual disposable income by gender in eight European countries covering various welfare regime types. We quantify the extent to which taxes and transfers can counterbalance the gender gap in earnings, as well as which policy instruments contribute most to reducing the gender income gap. We find that with the exception of old-age public pensions, all taxes and transfers significantly reduce gender income inequality but cannot compensate for high gender earnings gaps. Our findings suggest that gender income equality is more likely to be achieved by promoting the universal/dual breadwinner model, whereby women's labour force participation and wages are on a par with men. To achieve this, men will likely need to work less and care more.

Corporate Social Responsibility, Audit Committee Expertise, and Financial Reporting: Empirical Evidence from Korea

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) involves multiple activities and is influenced by the cultural and legal environment of the country in which a firm is located. This study examines the role of audit committees’ (AC) financial expertise in the relationship between CSR and the earnings quality of Korean firms with high levels of CSR. Using a multivariate analysis, it investigates whether the ACs that include members with accounting expertise, finance expertise, or supervisory expertise individually affect a firm’s decision making. It also examines how ACs with diverse expertise contribute toward improving the financial reporting quality of firms with high levels of CSR. The results demonstrate that when there is a certified accountant in the AC of a firm that practices CSR based on ethical motivation, the earnings management through discretionary accruals is more strictly controlled. This is more effective when the AC comprises members with accounting and non-accounting expertise. This finding implies that the AC plays a positive role in improving the accounting information quality of firms with CSR excellence. Moreover, while the role of accounting experts in the AC is important for maintaining high earnings quality, combining other types of expertise creates synergy.