High Degree Of Order Research Articles

SMES and TCSC Coordinated Strategy for Multi-area Multi-source System with Water Cycle Algorithm Based 3DOF-PID Controller

ABSTRACT This paper attempted to assess the supremacy of designed higher-order degree of freedom (DOF) proportional(P)-integral(I)-derivative(D) (PID) (3DOF-PID) controller making use of a new meta-heuristic optimization approach of water cycle algorithm (WCA) in the study of load frequency control. For this, two test system models of dual area hydro-thermal system system and multiarea multisource systems are believed for investigative purposes. The investigation is performed by imparting the area-1 of test system models with a disturbance of 10% step load (10%SLP). Parameters of 3DOF-PID are rendered optimally over the index of integral square error. Efficacy of the presented 3DOF-PID regulator fine-tuned with WCA is demonstrated with other control schemes that have been implemented on the same test systems. Moreover, superconducting magnetic energy storage and Thyristor controlled series compensator territorial schema is implemented for the MSMA system for performance enhancement. Finally, the robustness of the presented approach is demonstrated through sensitivity analysis.

Improved Method for Preparing Nanospheres from Pomelo Peel to Achieve High Graphitization at a Low Temperature

Biomass waste is a valuable resource that can be recovered, reused, and is renewable. However, converting biomass waste to a high degree of order is a bigger challenge, and graphitization at low temperatures is even more difficult. This paper proposes an improved method (Ni element catalysis) for highly graphitizing pomelo peel at low temperatures (750 –900 °C). In this paper, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to study the method and the effect of temperature on structural changes during graphitization. Under the improved method, pomelo peel was transformed into nano-spherical graphitized material. The degree of graphitization reached 80.23% at 900 °C, which was 31.39% higher than that of the traditional method. Furthermore, through HRTEM, the lattice fringe spacing was observed to be 0.337 nm, which is between pure graphite (0.3354 nm) and amorphous graphite (0.3440 nm). In this paper, the improved method can obtain highly graphitized nanospheres at low temperatures, thus reducing energy consumption, reducing environmental pollution, and promoting sustainable development.

Relationship between nitrogen fertilizer and structural, pasting and rheological properties on common buckwheat starch

Nitrogen is an essential element for the yield and quality of grain. In this study, the structural and physicochemical properties of two common buckwheat varieties under four nitrogen levels (0, 90, 180, 270 kg N ha−1) at one location in two years were investigated. With increasing nitrogen level, the contents of moisture and amylose decreased but the contents of ash and crude protein increased. Excessive nitrogen application significantly increased the granule size, but reduced the light transmittance, water solubility, swelling power, absorption of water and oil. All the samples showed a typical A – type pattern, while high relative crystallinity and low order degree were observed under high nitrogen level. The samples under high nitrogen level had lower textural properties, pasting properties and rheological properties but higher pasting temperature and gelatinization enthalpy. These results indicated that nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected the structural and physicochemical properties of common buckwheat starch.

Theory of the nanoscale surface ripples produced by ion irradiation of a miscut (001) gallium arsenide surface.

We develop a theory for the surface ripples produced by near-normal-incidence ion bombardment of a (001) GaAs surface with a small miscut along the [110] direction. We restrict our attention to the case in which the energy of the incident ions is below the sputter yield threshold and the sample temperature is just above the recrystallization temperature. Highly ordered, faceted ripples with their wave vector aligned with the [110] direction form when the ion beam is normally incident and there is no miscut. Two additional terms appear in the equationof motion when the beam is obliquely incident and/or there is a miscut: a linearly dispersive term and a nonlinearly dispersive term. The coefficients of these terms can become large as the threshold temperature for pattern formation is approached from above. In the absence of strong nonlinear dispersion, strong linear dispersion leads to ripples with a dramatically increased degree of order. These ripples are nearly sinusoidal even though they are on the surface of a single crystal. The exceptionally high degree of order is disrupted by nonlinear dispersion if the coefficient of that term is sufficiently large. However, by choosing the angle of ion incidence appropriately, the coefficient of the nonlinearly dispersive term can be made small. Ion bombardment will then produce highly ordered ripples. For a different range of parameter values, nucleation and growth of facets and spinodal decomposition can occur.

Synthesis of Super-Long Carbon Nanotubes from Cellulosic Biomass under Microwave Radiation.

This study reports a novel method for synthesizing super-long carbon nanotubes (SL-CNTs) from cellulose via a microwave treatment process without an external catalyst. CNTs with a length of 0.7–2 mm were obtained via microwave treatment of cellulose biochar temperatures of 1200–1400 °C. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), together with high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) results, were used to investigate the changes in the length and morphology of CNTs with respect to treatment temperature. The morphology of CNTs changed from twisted, curved, and threadlike to straight structures. The average length of CNTs after microwave pyrolysis at 600 °C was approximately 600–1800 nm, which after microwave treatment at 1300 °C and 1400 °C increased to about 1–2 mm. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) results confirmed the crystalline structure of CNTs with two prominent peaks at 2θ = 26.3° and 2θ = 43.2° correlating with the graphite (002) and (100) reflections. The ID/IG ratio obtained from Raman spectra of the CNTs decreased to the lowest value of 0.84 after microwave treatment at 1400 °C, implying a high degree of carbon order. The presence of Fe and trace amounts of other elements were confirmed by the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and were postulated to have catalyzed the growth of CNTs. The mechanism of the SL-CNTs growth under microwave treatment was proposed and discussed.

Solid-State Pathway Control via Reaction-Directing Heteroatoms: Ordered Pyridazine Nanothreads through Selective Cycloaddition.

Nanothreads are one-dimensional nanomaterials composed of a primarily sp3 hydrocarbon backbone, typically formed through the compression of small molecules to high pressures. Although nanothreads have been synthesized from a range of precursors, controlling reaction pathways to produce atomically precise materials remains a difficult challenge. Here, we show how heteroatoms within precursors can serve as "thread-directing" groups by selecting for specific cycloaddition reaction pathways. By using a less-reactive diazine group within a six-membered aromatic ring, we successfully predict and synthesize the first carbon nanothread material derived from pyridazine (1,2-diazine, C4H4N2). Compared with previous nanothreads, the synthesized polypyridazine, shows a predominantly uniform chemical structure with exceptional long-range order, allowing for structural characterization using vibrational spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results demonstrate how thread-directing groups can be used for reaction pathway control and the formation of chemically precise nanothreads with a high degree of structural order.

Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Amidoxime-Modified Polyacrylonitrile/Fly Ash Composite Adsorbent and Its Application to Metal Wastewater Treatment.

The polyacrylonitrile/fly ash composite was synthesized through solution polymerization and was modified with NH2OH·HCl. The amidoxime-modified polyacrylonitrile/fly ash composite demonstrated excellent adsorption capacity for Zn2+ in an aqueous medium. Fourier transform-Infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the prepared materials. The results showed that the resulting amidoxime-modified polyacrylonitrile/fly ash composite was able to effectively remove Zn2+ at pH 4–6. Adsorption of Zn2+ was hindered by the coexisting cations. The adsorption kinetics of Zn2+ by Zn2+ followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorption process also satisfactorily fit the Langmuir model, and the adsorption process was mainly single layer. The Gibbs free energy ΔG0, ΔH0, and ΔS0 were negative, indicating the adsorption was a spontaneous, exothermic, and high degree of order in solution system.

Effect of cobalt doping on photocatalytic water splitting activity of NiTi-layered double hydroxide

Cobalt-doping a NiTi layered double hydroxide affords CoNiTi-LDH with smaller plate sizes and a higher degree of order, which allows the band gap to shrink from 2.7 eV to 2.4 eV. CoNiTi-LDH is active for both water oxidation and reduction.

THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ZHURAVLINY LOG KAOLIN. PART 1

The considerable portion of kaolin used in Russia was imported from Ukraine. There is urgent necessity to assume the measures for the import substitution in consideration of the presence of suitable deposits. The Zhuravliny Log kaolin deposit (Chelyabinsky district, Russia) is the largest one (more than sixty million tons of assured resources of the primary kaolin) in Russia. The chem-ical and phase composition of the concentrated kaolin was determined. The SiO2/Al2O3ratio made 1.30. The free quartz quantity was equal to 4.4%. CaO and mica were not revealed. Kaolin powders were fine-dispersed (mainly up to 2 μm). In his paper, the thermal behavior of this kaolin was studied by the complex thermal analysis, X-ray diffractometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was shown that the dehydroxylation occurred at appr. 500 °С. Further, at 910 °Сmetakaolinite probably turned into silica spinel. The absence of a peak at appr. 250–300 °C implies the absence of the free gibbsite Al(OH)3 or goethite FeOOH. By size of reflexes in the range of 2θ20–22°it was estimated the Hinckley index (HI) as the structure order indicator: HI made 1.76 that indicated rather high degree of order. After a heat treatment at 400 °С index reduced to 1.69. Crystallite size along the c-axis amounted 61.5 nm. Mullite was the main phase at 1200 °С.

High Crystalline Quality Conductive Polypyrrole Film Prepared by Interface Chemical Oxidation Polymerization Method

The authors report that polypyrrole (PPy) films with large area and high crystalline quality have been achieved using an interfacial chemical oxidation method. By dissolving different reactants in two immiscible solvents, the PPy is synthetized at the interface region of the two solutions. The PPy films have sharp XRD diffraction peaks, indicating that the molecular chains in the film are arranged in a high degree of order and that they reflect high crystalline quality. High crystal quality is also conducive to improving electrical conductivity. The conductivity of the as prepared PPy film is about 0.3 S/cm, and the carrier mobility is about 5 cm2/(Vs). In addition, the biggest advantage of this method is that the prepared PPy film has a large area and is easy to transfer to other substrates. This will confidently broaden the application of PPy in the future.

Acceleration of B2/L21 order-disorder transformation in Ni2MnAl Heusler alloys by in-magnetic-field annealing

Ferromagnetic L21 phase of Ni2MnAl with high order degree is difficult to synthesize because of low L21/B2 order-disorder transformation temperature. It is found that magnetic field accelerated the transformation from the antiferromagnetic disordered B2 to ordered L21 phase. Magnetization increased by in-magnetic-field annealing at 673 K, which indicated the acceleration of the ordering to L21 phase. Magnetic field effects on the B2/L21 order-disorder transformation were discussed based on magnetic-field-induced change of transformation temperature, enhancement of degree of order at annealing temperature, and reduction of critical radius of L21 nuclei. Growth kinetics of L21 phase were evaluated by Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation, which indicated that 15-T annealing accelerated the growth of L21 phase 5.7 times faster than zero-field annealing. Our results showed that magnetic field can contribute to shortening the annealing time for synthesis of ferromagnetic L21-Ni2MnAl alloy.

A novel medium-range structure in Zr80Pt20 metallic glass

What determines the glass forming ability (GFA) remains one of the major unsolved problems in materials science. Despite extensive research attempting to resolve it from the perspective of short range order, the medium range order (MRO) structures are also thought to play an important role in the GFA. In this paper, the MRO of Zr80Pt20 metallic glass (MG) is investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. We find a novel MRO structure, in which the icosahedral clusters packed in the Bergman method, exists in the glass. This MRO cluster, with the size of 1.2–1.4 nm and high degree of five-symmetry order, will contribute to the high GFA of Zr80Pt20 MG.

Microscopic Diffusion Characteristics of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates on the Surface of Anthracite: The Influence of Different Attachment Sites of Benzene Ring in the Backbone

In order to explore the effect of the attachment site of the benzene ring in the backbone of the surfactant on its diffusion characteristics on the surface of anthracite, the molecular dynamics simulation method was used, and the four isomers (m-C16, m = 2,4,6,8; m represents the attachment site of the benzene ring in the backbone) of sodium hexadecyl benzene sulfonate (SHS) were selected. Binary models of surfactant/anthracite, surfactant/graphene modified by oxygen-containing functional groups, and a ternary model of water/surfactant/anthracite were constructed. By analyzing a series of properties such as interaction energy, contact surface area, relative concentration distribution, radial distribution function, hydrophobic tail chain order parameter, etc., it is concluded that the adsorption strength of 4-C16 on the surface of anthracite is the highest; the reason is that 4-C16 has the highest degree of aggregation near the oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of anthracite. Further investigations find that 4-C16 can be densely covered on the ketone group, and the longer branch chain of 4-C16 has the highest degree of order in the Z-axis direction.

Role of Heat Treatment on Atomic Order and Ordering Domains in Ni45Co5Mn36.6In13.4 Ribbons

The effects of cooling rate and annealed temperature on the state of atomic order and microstructure of L21 domains of Ni45Co5Mn36.6In13.4 ribbons are investigated comprehensively. The state of atomic order is quantitatively studied by in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the microstructure of ordered domains is revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As-spun ribbons show B2 structure of low atomic order, exhibiting the dispersive L21 domains’ morphology. By applying heat treatment around the order–disorder transition temperature followed by furnace cooling or quenching into water, respectively, we found the strong dependence of ordered domains on cooling rates. Furnace cooling samples show L21 domains with small sized antiphase boundary, revealing a high degree of atomic order, while quenching hinders the formation of ordered domains. Annealing above the order–disorder transition temperature followed by quenching preserves the disordered atomic state with the mixture of L21 structure in B2 matrix.

Time- and Temperature-Dependent Growth Behavior of Ionic Liquids on Au(111) Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy in Ultrahigh Vacuum.

We deposited defined amounts of [C1C1Im][Tf2N] on Au(111) at different temperatures and investigated the morphology and wetting behavior of the deposited films by atomic force microscopy. For multilayer coverages, we observe a drastically different growth behavior when comparing deposition at room temperature (RT) and deposition below 170 K followed by slow annealing to RT. Upon deposition at RT, we find the formation of 2–30 nm high and 50–500 nm wide metastable 3D droplets on top of a checkerboard-type wetting layer. These droplets spread out into stable 2D bilayers, on the time scale of hours and days. The same 2D bilayer structure is obtained after deposition below 170 K and slow annealing to RT. We present a statistical analysis on the time-dependent changes of the shape and volume of the 3D droplets and the 2D bilayers. We attribute the stabilization of the 2D bilayers on the wetting layer and on already formed bilayers to the high degree of order in these layers. Notably, the transformation process from the 3D droplets to 2D bilayer islands is accelerated by tip effects and also X-ray radiation.

Mineralogical Characteristic of Nanhong Agate with Black Seaweed Pattern Mineral Inclusion

Nanhong from Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, China has gained great popularity in the gem market in China for its vibrant colour. Its attractive orange-red colour is generated by fine hematite concentrations. Recently, a new kind of named seaweed pattern agate, belonging to the family of the Nanhong agates appeared in the local market of Liangshan Prefecture. Microscopic examination showed that the fine red and black grain minerals scattered in various forms such as silkiness and disseminated forms in the sample. Infrared spectrometer, Raman spectrometer and X-ray powder diffraction were used to study the gemmological and mineralogical characteristics of the The results proved that the main mineral component of the was quartz with a low relative content of moganite and high degree of order. The crystallinity of the is about 6.76. FTIR spectra showed a weak peak at 3 674 cm-1 related to OH-. Combined with the XRD testing result (d=8.418 A), it supported the existence of phyllosilicates in the Raman spectrum of red grain mineal showed peaks at 226, 245, 292 cm-1, which matched well with hematite. Meanwhile the spectrum of black grain was consistent with sulfide minerals (peaks at 342, 377 cm-1). Further testing results of scanning electron microscopy and back scattering diffraction confirmed that most of the black grain mineral is pyrite(FeAs(0.015-0.018 5)S(1.826-1.886)), which belongs to isometric system. According to Raman database, the last peak at 289 cm-1 was identical with chalcopyrite. All these evidence showed pyrite had a paragenetic relationship with chalcopyrite in some area of seaweed pattern agate. Another important features were that mineral components and morphological distribution of these black grains were obviously different from features such as Fe and Mn oxides and organic grains that appear in common seaweed pattern from other places, which may indicate that the origin of seaweed pattern agate is from Liangshan.

Textural and genetic relationships between glauconite and celadonite at the nanoscale: two different structural-compositional fields

Abstract. Glauconite and celadonite coexist at the nanometre scale in Early Jurassic submarine volcanic rocks of the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain) as a result of microbial activity. Samples from the limit between the two micas, recognizable in scanning electron microscopy, have been extracted using the focussed ion beam technique and studied by high-resolution analytical electron microscopy. Both micas are present as randomly oriented differentiated small crystals in the boundary area. They define clearly distinct compositional fields with gaps affecting to Fe, Mg and K. At the lattice scale, celadonite shows a high degree of order, with homogeneous orientation of the visible lattice parameters being a difference from glauconite, formed by packets no more than 10-layers thick. Smectite layers were also detected alongside glauconite packets, in accordance with X-ray diffractograms which indicate that glauconite is a mica–smectite interstratification being more than 90 % mica layers. The compositional gap indicates that celadonite is not the endmember of the glauconitic series and the two micas represent two different structural tendencies of mica, with glauconite having more distorted octahedral sheets, indicated by systematically higher b parameters than celadonite.

On the thermal evolution of high-pressure torsion processed titanium aluminide

As-received and high-pressure torsion processed Ti-45Al-7.5Nb alloys subjected to in-situ neutron diffraction under ramping temperature reveal microstructural, order parameter, phase and crystallographic evolution. While a high degree of order on the alternating Ti and Al layers on the γ-(0 2 1) planes in as-received material remains thermally unaffected up to 1350 K, severe plastic processing induces atomic disorder, isotropically mixing atoms across all planes. The disorder of the processed material recovers in the temperature range of 660–1000 K, at which regular diffusion dynamics is activated in both specimens. The recovery is seen in all parameters, such as integrated intensity, thermal lattice strain and peak width. Besides this, we attribute the anisotropic disorder in as-received material to different activation of necessary dislocations as regular and super-dislocations and their partials surrounding the stacking faults.

Recent Advances in Molecular Design of Organic Thermoelectric Materials

Recent Advances in Molecular Design of Organic Thermoelectric Materials

Non-Equilibrium Crystallization of Monotectic Zn-25%Bi Alloy under 600 g.

This study investigated the influence of supergravity on the segregation of components in the Zn–Bi monotectic system and consequently, the creation of an interface of the separation zone of both phases. The observation showed that near the separation boundary, in a very narrow area of the order of several hundred microns, all types of structures characteristic for the concentration range from 0 to 100% bismuth occurred. An additional effect of crystallization in high gravity is a high degree of structural order and an almost perfectly flat separation boundary. This is the case for both the zinc-rich zone and the bismuth-rich zone. Texture analysis revealed the existence of two privileged orientations in the zinc zone. Gravitational segregation also resulted in a strong rearrangement of the heavier bismuth to the outer end of the sample, leaving only very fine precipitates in the zinc region. For comparison, the results obtained for the crystallization under normal gravity are given. The effect of high orderliness of the structure was then absent. Despite segregation, a significant part of bismuth remained in the form of precipitates in the zinc matrix, and the separation border was shaped like a lens. The described method can be used for the production of massive bimaterials with a directed orientation of both components and a flat interface between them, such as thermo-generator elements or bimetallic electric cell parts, where the parameters (thickness) of the junction can be precisely defined at the manufacturing stage.