High Zingiberene Research Articles

Development of BC3F2 Tomato Genotypes with Arthropod Resistance Introgressed from Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum (PI127826)

Arthropod pests are among the biggest problems faced in tomato production worldwide. To overcome the losses caused by these pests, one of the most sustainable and economical strategies is the use of resistance introgressed from wild species. We aimed to develop BC3F2 tomato genotypes with high levels of zingiberene (ZGB) and resistance to whitefly (Bemisia tabaci biotype B), South American tomato pinworm (Tuta absoluta), and the two-spotted spider mite (Tatranychus urticae), from the wild accession of Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum (accession PI127826). The quantification of ZGB in 520 BC3F2 genotypes and in the parentals yielded the selection of five genotypes with high ZGB content and three with low ZGB content, which were then infested with B. tabaci, T. absolute, and T. urticae. In these eight genotypes and in the parents, the types and amounts of trichomes on the leaves were determined. Additionally, molecular markers were used to identify the genotypes with a higher recurrent genome recovery. The results confirmed the transfer of resistance from S. habrochaites to the BC3F2 genotypes and showed that this resistance seems to be directly related to high concentrations of ZGB and the presence of type IV trichomes.

Selection of F2BC1 tomato genotypes for processing containing high levels of zingiberene and resistant to tomato pinworms

An alternative for the management of the tomato moth is genetic resistance obtained through interspecific crosses. The aim of this study was to select genotypes from the second generation of the first backcrossing (F2BC1) between the cultivar Redencao, which presents processing characteristics, and the wild access Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum ‘PI-127826’, containing high levels of zingiberene and resistant to tomato moths, using different damage evaluation methodologies. For this purpose, F2BC1 genotypes with different zingiberene levels were submitted to a pest resistance test comprising ten treatments. The treatments consisted of five F2BC1 genotypes with high zingiberene content, three with low content, and the parental plants. The damage caused by the caterpillars were evaluated using two methodologies, a graded visual evaluation and estimates of the percentage of damaged leaf areas. Additionally, population growth was evaluated based on the count of the number of caterpillars present on leaflets. Zingiberene-rich F2BC1 genotypes were less damaged compared to those containing low levels of this substance and the recurrent parent. The two methodologies for assessing damages were demonstrated as feasible. The RVTZ 2011–079-117 and RVTZ 2011–079-335 genotypes presented potential as resistant tomato moth sources.

Tomato Breeding for Sustainable Crop Systems: High Levels of Zingiberene Providing Resistance to Multiple Arthropods

In sustainable cropping systems, the management of herbivorous arthropods is a challenge for the high performance of the tomato crop. One way to reduce the damage caused by these pests is the use of resistant cultivars within a sustainable integrated management system. The host selection of Tetranychus urticae, Bemisia tabaci, and Tuta absoluta was evaluated, characterizing their preference among the tomato genotypes RVTZ2011-79-503-143, RVTZ2011-79-335-164, RVTZ2011-79-185-250 (high zingiberene content—HZC), and RVTZ2011-79-117-273 (low zingiberene content—LZC). Such genotypes were selected in the F2BC2 generation (the F2 generation of the 2th backcross towards Solanum lycopersicum after the inicial interspecific cross S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites var. hirsutum), resulting from crossing Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum PI-127826 (HZC and resistant to mites) and the commercial cv. Redenção (S. lycopersicum) (LZC and susceptible to mites). In choice and no-choice bioassays by T. urticae, and in choice bioassays by B. tabaci and T. absoluta, arthropods preferred to stay and oviposit in an LZC genotype. In contrast, genotypes with HZC showed repellency to pests and induced a non-preference for oviposition. The F2BC2 genotypes selected for HZC are considered sources of resistance genes to these pests for tomato breeding programs, and therefore have excellent potential for sustainable cropping systems. These results represent an advance in obtaining tomato genetic materials which can be used in sustainable production systems with less loss from pests.

Trichomes and Allelochemicals in Tomato Genotypes Have Antagonistic Effects Upon Behavior and Biology of Tetranychus urticae.

Tomato genotypes selected for their high foliar zingiberene (ZGB) contents in a segregating F2 population were assessed to determine their effect on behavior and biology of Tetranychus urticae Koch, the putative resistance mechanisms involved and the role of trichomes on that resistance. Genotypes with contrasting ZGB content (RVTZ-09 = low ZGB, RVTZ-79 = high ZGB, RVTZ-142 = high ZGB, and RVTZ-331 = high ZGB) were selected from an interspecific cross between wild S. habrochaites var. hirsutum accession PI-127826 (high ZGB content and resistant to mites) and S. lycopersicum cv. Redenção (low ZGB content and susceptible to mites). To determine the effect of these genotypes on mite behavior and biology, free- and no-choice tests, as well as biological studies were performed. Types and densities of trichomes on the foliar surface and their correlation with ZGB contents was determined. Genotypes rich in ZGB (RVTZ-79, RVTZ-142, and RVTZ-331) presented a high number of types IV and VI glandular trichomes, and both type IV and VI densities were positively correlated with ZGB content. In the free-choice test, T. urticae showed a high preference toward S. lycopersicum cv. Redenção and the genotype RVTZ-09 (low ZGB content), whereas, genotypes with high ZBG content were less preferred. Moreover, on high ZGB genotypes, increase in the egg incubation period and in total mortality of nymphs, and decrease of fecundity rate were observed, indicating deleterious effects in mite biology. Results indicated that high ZGB/high glandular trichome densities genotypes present both non-preference and antibiosis mechanisms of resistance to the mite.

Selection of tomato genotypes for processing resistant to spider mite and whitefly

The objective of the research was to select genotypes from the second generation of the first backcross (F 2 BC 1 ) between the tomato cultivar for processing S. lycopersicum cultivar Redencao and the wild access S. habrochaites var. hirsutum PI-127826, with high levels of zingiberene (ZGB), resistant to the mite Tetranychus urticae Koch and the whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci biotype B). From the F 2 BC 1 population the ZGB content was quantified and then five plants with high zingiberene was selected (RVTZ 2011-079-117, RVTZ 2011-079-185, RVTZ 2011-079-335, RVTZ 2011-079-345 and RVTZ 2011-079-503) and four with low zingiberene content (RVTZ 2011-079-417, RVTZ 2011-331-460, RVTZ 2011-079-538 and RVTZ 2011-079-548). Genotypes selected for high and low ZGB content and the parentals S. habrochaites var. hirsutum access PI-127826 and ‘Redencao’ were evaluated for repellency to the mite T. urticae and the whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotype B. There was a significant and inverse correlation between ZGB content and average distances traveled by mites on tomato leaflets. Plants of PI-127826, wild parental with high ZGB content, showed averages for number of whitefly eggs significantly lower in relation to the group of F 2 BC 1 , genotypes with low-ZGB. Genotypes of the F 2 BC 1 generation with high zingiberene levels RVTZ 2011-079-117, RVTZ 2011-079-185, RVTZ 2011-079-335, RVTZ 2011-079-345 and RVTZ 2011-079-503 are promising for progress in achieving lines with background for processing, resistant to arthropod pests. Among them RVTZ 2011-079-117 stands out for both pests evaluated.

Selection of processing tomato genotypes resistant to two spotted spider mite

ABSTRACT One of the major problems in cultivation of tomato is the occurrence of pests and diseases. The objective of the research was to select genotypes from the second generation of the first backcross (F2BC1) between the tomato cultivar for processing S. lycopersicum (cv. Redenção) and the wild access S. habrochaites var. hirsutum (PI-127826), with high levels of zingiberene (ZGB), resistant to the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). From the F2BC1 population. The ZGB content was quantified and five plants with high zingiberene selected (RVTZ 2011-079-117, RVTZ 2011-079-185, RVTZ 2011-079-335, RVTZ 2011-079-345 and RVTZ 2011-079-503) and four with low zingiberene content (RVTZ 2011-079-417, RVTZ 2011-331-460, RVTZ 2011-079-538 and RVTZ 2011-079-548) were selected. Genotypes selected for high and low ZGB content and the parentals S. habrochaites var. hirsutum access PI-127826 and ‘Redenção’ were evaluated for repellency to the twospotted spider mite. There was a significant and inverse correlation between ZGB content and average distances travelled by mites on tomato leaflets. The genotypes of the F2BC1 generation with high zingiberene levels RVTZ 2011-079-117, RVTZ 2011-079-185, RVTZ 2011-079-335, RVTZ 2011-079-345 and RVTZ 2011-079-503 are promising for progress in achieving resistant lines to arthropod pests. Among them RVTZ 2011-079-117 stands out for resistance to twospotted spider mite.

Research Article Resistance to Helicoverpa armigera mediated by zingiberene and glandular trichomes in tomatoes for industrial processing

The Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) is a recent pest in Brazil, causing losses in tomato production in the Espirito Santo and Goias states, in Brazil. A promising alternative to control this insect pest is the development of resistent tomato varieties. The breeding programs have aimed to introduce alleles of resistance present in the wild tomato accessions in the cultivated tomato. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify resistance to in tomato genotypes with high zingiberene leaf contents in the segregating population (F2) from the first backcross to Solanum lycopersicum 'Redencao' from S. habrochaites var. hirsutum accession 'PI-127826'. For this, the glandular trichomes present in the leaves of the selected genotypes were quantified and submitted to two antixenosis and one antibiosis test of resistance to H. armigera. The genotypes 'RVTZ-2011-pl#117', 'RVTZ-2011-pl#185', 'RVTZ-2011-pl#335', and 'RVTZ-2011-pl#503' showed a high density of type IV and type VI glandular trichomes. These genotypes showed higher resistance levels to H. armigera by antixenosis and antibiosis than the Redencao variety. The indirect selection for high zingiberene content and high density of type IV and type VI trichomes was effective to obtain tomato genotypes with higher levels of resistance to H. armigera

Selection of tomato genotypes for processing with high zingiberene content, resistant to pests

ABSTRACT Tomato cultivars resistant to arthropod pests are an important tool to reduce the use of pesticides. Resistance sources can be found in wild Solanum species such as S. habrochaites, which shows high levels of zingiberene (ZGB). This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of a tomato F2 progeny to spider mite and whitefly by evaluating the ZGB content, in laboratory, in plants from the F2 population of the interspecific crossing Solanum lycopersicum cultivar Redenção x Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum (PI-127826), F1 plants, susceptible plants (cultivar Redenção) and plants of the wild species (PI-127826). From the F2 population, six plants with high content and three with low content of ZGB were selected. For evaluating the impact of ZGB on the spider mite behavior, the distance walked by spider mites from a central point was measured on the selected plants and their parents. For whitefly, the number of eggs and nymphs were quantified. Spider mites travelled shorter distances in plants with high ZGB content. Also, the number of whitefly eggs and nymphs was lower in these plants. Higher ZBG contents affected negatively both the spider mite and the whitefly behavior.

Indirect selection of industrial tomato genotypes rich in zingiberene and resistant to Tuta absoluta Meyrick.

Obtaining tomato cultivars resistant to pests through interspecific crosses between commercial cultivars and wild accessions is an important tool in integrated pest management. The aim of this study was to select tomato genotypes with high zingiberene (ZGB) levels that are resistant to the South American tomato moth (Tuta absoluta Meyrick) and to estimate genetic parameters of ZGB inheritance from the interspecific cross Solanum lycopersicum cultivar 'Redenção' x Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum (PI-127826 accession). F2 plants with different ZGB contents were selected and submitted to a tomato moth resistance test. ZGB content exhibits high broad sense heritability, with incomplete dominance of lower ZGB content. Furthermore, the level of ZGB in leaflets was estimated to be controlled by two genes. These results show that high ZGB levels are effective at conferring resistance to the South American tomato moth.

Selection of Tomato Hybrids With Zingiberene Concentration for Breeding Programs to Pest Resistance

The zingiberene is a sesquiterpene that is present in tomato leaves. This compound is known to promote resistance to pests and diseases. The Brazil has a germplasm bank of vegetable at Universidade Federal de Viçosa (HGB-UFV) crops with over 8 million accesses. One technique that helps in the choice of progenitors with favorable concentrations of zingiberene is the diallel crosses. The diallel crosses allow the estimation of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). Thus, the aim of this study was to find out tomato hybrids with high zingiberene concentrations. The genitors were divided into two contrasting groups for resistance to pests. The characterization and quantification spectrophotometric of zingiberene was performed, obtaining absorbance values at 270 nm. To determine the content of zingiberene in hybrids those were coming from the diallel cross. The analysis from the spectrophotometric method was performed. The estimates of GCA and SCA of these hybrids at combinations HGB 2119 x LA716, HGB 2119 x PI 12786, HGB 2214 x HGB 674, HGB 2064 x HGB 674, HGB 2214 x PI 127826, HGB 985 x LA 716 and Santa Clara x HGB 674 have high potential in tomato plant breeding aiming of resistance to pests and diseases.

Resistance to the South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta in high acylsugar and/or high zingiberene tomato genotypes

Zingiberene (ZGB) and acylsugars (AS) are allelochemicals responsible for high levels of arthropod resistance found in Solanum habrochaites (= Lycopersicon hirsutum) var. hirsutum ‘PI 127826’ and S. (= L.) pennelli ‘LA 716’, respectively. These accessions were used to develop commercial lines with good levels of pest resistance. The objective of the present work was to assess the ZGB and AS contents and the levels of resistance to Tuta absoluta in tomato hybrids between high ZGB × high AS lines, as compared with their parental lines and with commercial checks. High AS homozygous lines [TOM-688 and TOM-689, both originated from the interspecific cross S. lycopersicum (= L. esculentum) × S. pennelli], high ZGB homozygous lines (ZGB-703 and ZGB-704, both derived from the interspecific cross S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites var. hirsutum), double heterozygotes for both ZGB and AS, single heterozygotes for ZGB, and single heterozygotes for AS were assessed for AS and ZGB contents. Low-ZGB low-AS checks ‘Debora Max’ and ‘TOM-684’ were used, as well as checks with high ZGB (PI 127826) and high AS (LA 716). The genotypes were submitted to infestation with South American tomato pinworm adults in a screenhouse, and oviposition counts were taken 10 days after the initial infestation date. Plants were scored for overall plant damage and percent leaflets attacked up to the 38th day after infestation. Genotypes heterozygous for ZGB or AS showed allelochemical contents intermediate to those of their high and low content parents, indicating incompletely dominant gene action for contents of each of the allelochemicals. There were no significant differences in T. absoluta oviposition between high-AS homozygous genotypes, high-ZGB homozygotes, single heterozygotes for AS, single heterozygotes for ZGB and double heterozygotes for ZGB and AS, but all these genotypes showed egg counts significantly lower than the low-ZGB low-AS checks. Feeding damage of T. absoluta was higher in the low-ZGB low-AS checks than in any other ZGB-rich or AS-rich tomato genotype. Relative to ZGB or AS single heterozygotes, the heterozygotes for both ZGB and AS showed higher levels of resistance to the insect, as measured by overall plant damage, indicating a synergic effect of the allelochemicals on resistance.

Métodos para quantificação do zingibereno em tomateiro, visando à seleção indireta de plantas resistentes aos artrópodes-praga

Two quantification methodologies of zingiberene were tested to establish a criterion for indirect selection of tomato plants resistant to arthropod pests. The tomato plants evaluated were: Lycopersicon esculentum ‘TOM-556’' (absence or a low zingiberene content), L. hirsutum var. hirsutum ‘PI-127826’ (high zingiberene content),- F 1 TOM-556 x PI-127826, L. hirsutum var. glabratum ‘PI-134417’, L. esculentum ‘TOM-600’ (the last two with high contents of 2 - tridecanone), and Zingiber officinalis ‘ginger’ (species with high zingiberene content). The extraction of zingiberene was made in 4.21 cm 2 of tomato plant leaflets and 0.15g of Z. officinalis root, in 2mL of hexane stirred for 40 seconds and quantified in spectrophotometer and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), at 270 nm. These methodologies presented a positive correlation (r=0.85) indicating a good precision of quantification by spectrophotometer. A fast, cheap and nondestructive methodology for zingiberene quantification in tomato plants was established

Seleção de plantas de tomateiro visando à resistência à artrópodes-praga mediada por zingibereno

The F 1 ( Lycopersicon esculentum ‘Tom - 556’ x L. hirsutum var. hirsutum ‘PI - 127826’) and F 2 populations were obtained seeking to select in this last plants with high zingiberene contents, as indirect selection criterion to arthropod-pests-resistant plants. P 1 ‘Tom - 556’ (45), P 2 ‘PI - 127826’ (50), F 1 (50) and F 2 (295) population plants were evaluated at 50 days of life. During five days, three quantifications in each plant were made by extraction of 4.21cm 2 of tomato plant leaflets in 2mL of hexane stirred for 40 seconds and quantified in spectrophotometer at 270 nm. The absorbency (Abs) average of zingiberene contents was obtained for individual and population plants and four F 2 genotypes with high zingiberene contents were selected (BPX - 368  179, Abs = 0,775; BPX - 368 ≠ 105, Abs = 0,649; BPX - 368 ≠ 250, Abs = 0,623; BPX - 368 ≠ 92, Abs = 0,605). The efficiency of plant selections with high zingiberene contents as an indirect selection criterion to arthropod pests tomato plants resistance was confirmed

Relação entre zingibereno, tricomas foliares e repelência de tomateiros a Tetranychus evansi

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os teores de zingibereno em populações segregantes (F2) do segundo retrocruzamento para Lycopersicon esculentum a partir da espécie selvagem L. hirsutum var. hirsutum, e verificar a relação entre estes teores e a densidade de tricomas glandulares e a repelência a Tetranychus evansi. Na quantificação do zingibereno, utilizou-se um método espectrofotométrico; os tricomas foram contados a partir de cortes paradérmicos e a resistência a ácaros foi avaliada por um bioteste de repelência. A seleção indireta quanto ao teor de zingibereno promoveu aumentos correlacionados no número de tricomas glandulares e na repelência ao ácaro, e o zingibereno nos tricomas glandulares participou efetivamente na resistência aos ácaros. A densidade de tricomas glandulares influencia de maneira determinante os teores de zingibereno, sendo que o tricoma tipo VI destacou-se por apresentar alta correlação com este aleloquímico. Os teores de zingibereno e a sua relação com tricomas glandulares e com a resistência a artrópodos-pragas se mantiveram ao longo dos retrocruzamentos, evidenciando a possibilidade de obtenção de plantas resistentes via seleção indireta para alto teor de zingibereno nos folíolos.

Inheritance of foliar zingiberene contents and their relationship to trichome densities and whitefly resistance in tomatoes

The sesquiterpene zingiberene, present in leaf glandular trichomes, is reportedly responsible for the high level of arthropod resistance found in Lycopersicon hirsutum var. hirsutum. This paper reports on the inheritance of zingiberene contents and of the various types of glandular trichomes in the interspecific cross L. esculentum × Lycopersicon hirsutum var. hirsutum. Plants of L. esculentum ‘TOM-556’ (= P1), L. hirsutum var. hirsutum ‘PI-127826’(= P2), F1 (P1 × P2) and F2 (P1 ×P2) were evaluated for zingiberene contents and densitities of and glandular (types I, IV, VI and VII) trichomes. Broad sense heritabilities were high for all traits studied (0.678, 0.831, 0.996, 0.799 and 0.717 respectively for zingiberene and trichome types I, IV, VI, VII). There were significant positive genetic correlations between zingiberene contents and densities of trichomes types IV, VI and VII. Inheritance of zingiberenecontents can be explained mostly by the action of a single major locus, inwhich the allele from L. hirsutum that conditions high content is incompletely recessive over the allele from L. esculentum. Action of an incompleteley recessive allele in one major locus appears to be evident for densities of trichome types IV, VI and VII, but there is also evidence of the action of other epistatic loci for types IV and VI. F2 genotypes selected for high zingiberene levels showed higher levels of resistance to the silverleaf whitefly Bemisia argentifolii than L. esculentum ‘TOM-556’, levels that were comparable those found in L. hirsutum var. hirsutum ‘PI-127826’ and other whitefly resistant accessions.