High Yield Levels Research Articles

Impacts of break crops and crop rotations on oilseed rape productivity: A review

Over the past decades, the economic benefit has prompted farmers to grow oilseed rape (OSR). Consequently, the global OSR production increased considerably, and today the crop is grown in shorter rotations than ever before. This development is evident for the major growing regions in the European Union, Canada, China, India and Australia. OSR crops usually yield more if grown after other species than when grown after OSR. Based on >550 comparisons, this review quantifies the yield benefit of OSR growing after a break crop with OSR after OSR as well as OSR growing after two-year and three-year breaks with continuous OSR. The mean yield increase varied with species of break crop and crop break intervals, ranging from 0.22 t ha−1 for OSR after barley to 0.46 t ha−1 after legumes, with a ranking of: barley < wheat < legumes. The mean yield increase of OSR after barley was consistent over varying yield levels of the following OSR, while it was inconsistent for OSR following wheat and legumes, with a lower yield response of OSR after wheat and a higher yield response of OSR after legumes at high yield levels. The mean additional yield after two successive break crops was 0.53 t ha-1, but depended on the yield of the following OSR crop and decreased at higher yield levels. A three-year break demonstrated a consistent yield benefit of 0.47 t ha-1 independent of the yield level of the succeeding OSR crop. We discuss the underlying mechanisms how different break crops and break intervals affect the seed yield of OSR, with a particular focus on diseases, pests and weeds. By quantifying the effects of different break crops and break intervals, it is our aim to provide the basis for decision to grow OSR in diverse rotations, to maintain the resources which contributed to the success of the OSR crop over the past decades, to exploit the full yield potential of the crop and to promote more sustainable OSR cropping systems.

ВПЛИВ БУР’ЯНІВ НА РІВЕНЬ ВОДНОГО ЖИВЛЕННЯ ПОСІВІВ БУРЯКІВ ЦУКРОВИХ

ВПЛИВ БУР’ЯНІВ НА РІВЕНЬ ВОДНОГО ЖИВЛЕННЯ ПОСІВІВ БУРЯКІВ ЦУКРОВИХ

Characterization of backcross introgression lines derived from Oryza nivara accessions for photosynthesis and yield.

Improvement of photosynthetic traits is a promising strategy to break the yield potential barrier of major food crops. Leaf photosynthetic traits were evaluated in a set of high yielding Oryza sativa, cv. Swarna × Oryza nivara backcross introgression lines (BILs) along with recurrent parent Swarna, both in wet (Kharif) and dry (Rabi) seasons in normal irrigated field conditions. Net photosynthesis (P N) ranged from 15.37 to 23.25µmol (CO2) m-2s-1 in the BILs. Significant difference in P N was observed across the seasons and genotypes. Six BILs showed high photosynthesis compared with recurrent parent in both seasons. Chlorophyll content showed minimum variation across the seasons for any specific BIL but significant variation was observed among BILs. Significant positive association between photosynthetic traits and yield traits was observed, but this association was not consistent across seasons mainly due to contrasting weather parameters in both seasons. BILs 166s and 248s with high and consistent photosynthetic rate exhibited stable high yield levels in both the seasons compared to the recurrent parent Swarna. There is scope to exploit photosynthetic efficiency of wild and weedy rice to identify genes for improvement of photosynthetic rate in cultivars.

Crop Improvement strategies for Mitigation of Methane Emissions from Rice

Climate change and its effects on agriculture will impact global food security. Rice (Oryza sativa L.), the major staple crop of the world, is subjected to substantial environmental constraints and criticism because of its role in climate change; methane emission under irrigated ecosystem. Mitigation of methane is the way forward for sustainable and eco-friendly rice production. Limiting area and production of rice may not be a feasible option as majority of the Asian population depends on rice. An urgent and integrated research approach to understand the mechanisms and interactions involved in methane release through rice plant is required to design viable mitigation technologies. Genetics of methane emission must be studied in detail, along with agronomic and management practices to obtain the precise information to elucidate the inheritance of related traits. Crop improvement interventions are required to identify contributing traits to methane emission, with subsequent deployment in plant breeding. Identification of rice cultivars with high-yield levels and traits contributing to low methane production represents an economic approach. Focus of breeding needs a shift towards adaptation to new production systems that can sustain effects of climate change. Low methane emitting varieties suitable to water management practices are more promising. This can be manifested in simultaneous achievement of global food security and mitigation of emissions without radical changes in the agronomic practices for the rice ecosystem. In this Review, an account of methane emission studies from rice and impact of crop growth stages as well as traits are outlined. The genotypic variation reported in Oryza spp for methane emission and breeding approaches for development of low methane emitting varieties are discussed.

Hirudin variants production by genetic engineered microbial factory

ABSTRACTHirudin was discovered as an active anticoagulant in leech extracts almost 60 years ago. Since their initial discovery, hirudin and its variants have been produced with various anti-thrombotic, cancer cell inhibition, diabetic cataract treatment and anti-fatigue activities. Some hirudin variants have been approved for clinical use and released into the marketplace. Recent progress has seen made in relation to hirudin variants expressed in several well-established microbial hosts, including Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris and others, with high levels of activity and yield. This review summarizes the current progress on hirudin production using microbial producers, and considers the outlook for future development.

Secondary and Micronutrient Uptake, Partitioning, and Removal across a Wide Range of Soybean Seed Yield Levels

Micronutrient uptake was strongly influenced by environment and/or variety. Leaf tissue micronutrient concentrations varied largely between growth stages and within each specific growth stage. Total micronutrient uptake for soybean yield of 6,700 kg ha−1 was &lt;0.9 kg ha−1 for Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B. Late season S supply is critical as sulfur uptake during seed fill increased with yield, while remobilization from vegetative tissue was relatively less than that of N. Reduced atmospheric S deposition, in conjunction with higher grain sale prices and steadily increasing yields of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], has many growers considering an increase in secondary and micronutrient applications. Limited information exists quantifying requirements of S, Mg, Ca, Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B across a wide yield range for modern soybean production systems. Using six site‐years and eight varieties, plants were sampled at six growth stages and partitioned into their respective plant parts and analyzed. Nutrients were acquired heavily (48–73%) from R1 through R5.5 with peak uptake rates near R3. Yet, uptake after R5.5 represented a greater portion of total S uptake as yield increased from the low (24.9%) to high (32.2%) yield level (3608 vs. 5483 kg ha−1). This coincided with seed S accumulation, which relied more heavily on continued uptake after R5.5 (58%) vs. vegetative S remobilization (42%). Across all environments (site × year) and varieties, total S uptake (0.004 kg S kg grain−1) and removal (0.003 kg S kg grain−1) showed moderate (R2 = 0.58) and strong (R2 = 0.76) relations with yield, respectively. These relations for each micronutrient were much weaker (R2 = 0.13–0.66), due largely to the main effects of environment and variety along with their respective interactions with yield. Furthermore, micronutrient concentrations in leaf tissue varied considerably (CV = 28–46%) during recommend testing stages. Thus, previously reported inconsistent yield responses to foliar application of these micronutrients may primarily be due to the large variability in leaf tissue concentrations and nutrient requirements.

Tetraploid buckwheat as a green manure crop for organic farming

The purpose of the research is to investigate the prospects of using the new breeding number of tetraploid buckwheat Ustymivska tetra 1/2017 (UT 1/2017) for the ability to increase the vegetative mass in comparison with the diploid variety.&#x0D; Methods of research. Experiment was laid in 2017. Buckwheat variety Ukrainka was used as a standard. The investigated variety and standard were sown with ordinary narrow-row and wide-row methods (15 and 45 cm, respectively), with different seeding rates of 300, 400 and 500 seeds / m2 and for three terms (12 May, 14 June and 17 July). Amount of the green mass was determined during the flowering phase for all three terms of sowing.&#x0D; Results. According to the data obtained under optimal conditions, the variety of buckwheat UT 1/2017 formed in 1.5-2 times a greater green mass of plants in comparison with diploids Ukrainka at a level of 4.05-7.05 kg of green mass per 1 m2, which, in terms of per 1 hectare is 85-100 tons and indicates its suitability for repeated and stubble crops if there is sufficient moisture in the soil. The greatest influence on the productivity of the variety in the experiment had the sowing period. A high level of yield at the first planting date indicates the most optimal conditions for the productivity of buckwheat vegetative mass in this period. The row spacing also affects the yield. Thus, with a wide-sowing planting (45 cm), the density of plants was optimal when sowing 500 pcs/m2, and for a narrow row - 300 pcs/m2, at which the maximum yield of green mass was formed - 6.77 and 7.05 kg/m2, respectively.

Grain number responses to pre-anthesis dry matter and nitrogen in improving wheat yield in the Huang-Huai Plain

Wheat yield components vary between different ecological regions and yield levels. Grain number responses to pre-anthesis dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) in increasing yield were always investigated in spike organs, neglecting the effect of non-spike organ nutrition or overall distribution. This paper determined the relationships between grain number and pre-anthesis DM and N in spike and non-spike organs under different yield levels, with using two sorts of field experiments (different water-nitrogen modes and cultivation management patterns) from 2012–2015 in Huang-Huai plain. The results indicated that improving yield under yield of <7500 kg ha−1 depends on increasing grain number per spike (GNs) or spike number (SN) or both, increased yield under higher yield of >7500 kg ha−1 mainly depends on GNs. GNs showed significant positive relationships with above-ground DM accumulation from jointing to anthesis under high or low yield levels. Rapid DM growth in spring achieves higher GNs. Spike and non-spike DM and N contents both demonstrated strong positive relationships with GNs, spike DM distribution also shows a positive correlation, but spike N distribution ratio show negatively correlation with GNs. Improved N distribution in non-spike organs and DM partition in spike organs conduce to increasing GNs.

Influence of relief conditions on plant growth and development

The objectives of our investigations are to describe the limits of variability of the main agricultural types of modern ukrainian winter wheat varieties in order to their relations with difference growth conditions. The most target traits for determining these relations are agronomic-value, such as yield, protein content and protein composition (amount of gliadins and glutenins). As an additional purpose we evaluated relations between relief conditions and amount of microelements and heavy metals, relation amid growth conditions and content of value microelements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium). Our investigations confirmed statements about relations between content of nutrient elements in winter wheat plants, their uptaking from soil, type of relief, wheat variety genotype and limits of adaptable for difference conditions. Winter wheat is an cultivar with wide, but specific demands to growth and development conditions. Due to relief conditions, north exposition of the slope gives more advantages for winter wheat vegetation. We recommended varieties Komerciyna, Smuglyanka, Zolotokolosa for growing under these conditions by grain productivity and varieties Komerciyna, Smuglyanka and Natalka by grain protein content and protein composition. Variability of agriculture-value traits between varieties was higher under slope conditions than on flat. Only variety Korisna was stable by protein composition under every condition. At the same time all varieties were depended on grows conditions (relief) to reach high level of grain yield. We cannot observe just the same by grain quality. We established that wheat grains contains more microelements than straw. At the same time the lead and nickel uptake was more in the straw samples. Thus, influence of relief on microelements and heavy metals content in the winter wheat grain and straw is not so high as for macroelements and, thus, for grain productivity and quality.

Effects of foliar fertilization of a biostimulant obtained from chicken feathers on maize yield

Abstract Due to the important contribution that it makes to human nutrition, maize is one of the most widely-consumed cereals in the world. There is, therefore, high demand for fertilizers that will maintain maize production at both high yield and quality levels. The objective of this work was to study the effect of foliar fertilization using a biostimulant, obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis from chicken feathers, on the productivity and quality of maize crops (Zea mays, L. cv PR32W86 Pioneer), located in Trujillanos (Extremadura, Spain), over two consecutive seasons. Foliar biostimulant/biofertilizer was applied three times each season and at two rates (3.6 and 7.2 l ha−1). At the higher rate and for both seasons, foliar fertilization significantly increased the leaf concentrations of macro- and micronutrients, while grain protein content and yield increased by 26% and 14%. These results suggest that the foliar use of this biostimulant could be of great interest to the farmer for improving both maize crop yield and quality.

Single seed precise sowing of maize using computer simulation.

In order to test the feasibility of computer simulation in field maize planting, the selection of the method of single seed precise sowing in maize is studied based on the quadratic function model Y = A×(D-Dm)2+Ym, which depicts the relationship between maize yield and planting density. And the advantages and disadvantages of the two planting methods under the condition of single seed sowing are also compared: Method 1 is optimum density planting, while Method 2 is the ideal seedling emergence number planting. It is found that the yield reduction rate and yield fluctuation of Method 2 are all lower than those of Method 1. The yield of Method 2 increased by at least 0.043 t/hm2, and showed more advantages over Method 1 with higher yield level. Further study made on the influence of seedling emergence rate on the yield of maize finds that the yields of the two methods are both highly positively correlated with the seedling emergence rate and the standard deviations of their yields are both highly negatively correlated with the seedling emergence rate. For the study of the break-up problem of sparse caused by the method of single seed precise sowing, the definition of seedling missing spots is put forward. The study found that the relationship between number of hundred-dot spot and field seedling emergence rate is as the parabola function y = -189.32x2 + 309.55x - 118.95 and the relationship between number of spot missing seedling and field seedling emergence rate is as the negative exponent function y = 395.69e-6.144x. The results may help to guide the maize seeds production and single seed precise sowing to some extent.

Development of recombinant high yielding lines with improved protein content in rice (Oryza sativaL.)

AbstractRice has the lowest grain protein content (GPC) among cereals. Efforts have been made to improve GPC through the modified bulk-pedigree method of selection. A total of 1780 F8recombinant lines were derived in the year 2013 from five different cross combinations involving two high-GPC landraces, namely ARC10075 and ARC10063, three high-yielding parents, namely Swarna, Naveen and IR64, and one parent, namely Sharbati, known for superior grain quality with high micronutrient content. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to facilitate high-throughput selection for GPC. Significant selection differential, response to selection and non-significant differences between the predicted and observed response to selection for GPC and protein yield indicated the effectiveness of this selection process. This resulted in lines with high GPC, protein yield and desirable levels of amylose content. Further, based on high mean and stability for GPC and protein yield over the environments in the wet seasons of 2013, 2014 and the dry season of 2014, 12 elite lines were identified. Higher accumulation of glutelin fraction and non-significant change in prolamin/glutelin ratio in the grain suggested safe guarding of the nutritional value of rice grain protein of most of these identified lines. Since rice is the staple food of millions, the output of breeding for high GPC could have a significant role in alleviating protein malnutrition, especially in the developing world.

DRIP FERTIGATION REGIME FOR POTATO ON SANDY SOIL

To establish the optimum fertilizer rate and propose an appropriate drip fertigation regime for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) on sandy soil, a two-year field experiment comparing different fertigation levels on potato yield, irrigation water productivity (IWP) and partial fertilizer productivity (PFP) was carried out during 2012–2013. The treatments included five fertigation levels: 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of the recommended fertilizer dose of 420:105:495 of N:P:K in kg ha–1 year–1 in 2012; and 10%, 35%, 60%, 85% and 110% of the recommended dose of 390:150:465 of N:P:K in kg ha–1 year–1 in 2013. The recommended fertilizer dose was estimated based on the method of nutrient balance for a target yield of 45.0 Mg ha–1. The soil matric potential at 20 cm depth beneath the emitters was controlled above –25 kPa for drip fertigation. Results showed the highest tuber yield was 38.0 Mg ha–1 for 90%NPK in 2012 and 45.8 Mg ha–1 for 60%NPK in 2013, which was significantly higher than that for 10%NPK. The highest IWP was for 70%NPK in 2012 and 60%NPK in 2013. The highest PFP values were 255.5 kg kg−1 in 2012 and 316.4 kg kg−1 in 2013, recorded in the 10%NPK plots and were significantly higher than for other fertigation treatments. High yield levels of potatoes and both high IWP and PFP could be reached by drip fertigation with 72% of the recommended fertilization dose. Compared with the recommended fertilizer dose, the yield and IWP of 72% NPK increased by 5.9% and 4.7%, respectively. It was possible to make average savings in one season alone of 136, 36 and 152 kg ha–1 N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively. In conclusion, drip fertigation with 72% NPK should be considered optimum for potato production on sandy soils. Each fertilizer amount based on irrigation interval was applied with irrigation quota at 5–6 mm when soil matric potential at soil depths of 20 cm immediately under drip emitters reached –25 kPa. Furthermore, drip fertigation was triggered when 10 consecutive days were without fertigation or rainfall in 24 h exceeded 10 mm.

Retention of proteins and minerals after cooking in cowpea genotypes1

ABSTRACT Cowpea is a tolerant crop to water deficit, with moderate protein and mineral contents, as well as fast cooking, which are important requirements for semi-arid regions. This study aimed to evaluate the retention of total proteins and minerals after cooking in cowpea genotypes, in order to select those that best preserve these nutrients contents. Twenty-four genotypes were evaluated, being ten lines, five commercial cultivars and nine landraces maintained by farmers. Cooking had a reduced effect on the contents of protein, potassium, calcium, iron and zinc in cowpea grains, with significant effects only in a few genotypes. A significant and positive correlation was observed only for grain yield x zinc content and protein content x cooking time. The line CPCR3F6L17 presented a high grain yield and high levels of protein, potassium, iron and zinc after cooking, showing to be a promising option for the studied region.

Changes in root morphology with yield level of sugar beet

The high yield level sugar beet has reached in the past years might have altered the morphology of the storage root. The study thus aimed at analyzing storage root diameter and length in relation to yield under various environmental conditions. For that purpose, data of various field and pot experiments were included covering a broad range of storage root diameters and yield levels of sugar beet. It turned out that there was a close relationship between storage root diameter and root yield, which was not affected by different environmental conditions (site, year). Furthermore, breeding progress had obviously not changed this relation, as it was not affected by varieties. Results from pot experiments could well be compared with field trial data. In field trials, storage root length did not exceed 25cm independent of yield level, whereas in pot experiments plants formed longer storage roots with higher yield levels. It is discussed that increasing penetration resistance in soil could limit the further expansion of the storage root diameter. A more aboveground growth of the storage root with increasing yield level, however, will make yield estimates based on root diameter more difficult.

Organic seed treatments of vegetables to prevent seedborne diseases

Seedborne pathogens of vegetables are responsible for the re-emergence of diseases of the past, as well as the introduction of diseases into new geographical areas. Seed treatment can be used to eradicate seedborne pathogens or to protect from soilborne pathogens. The European Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1452/ 2003 states that only organic seeds must be used in organic horticulture. Starting crop production with clean seeds is the background for a healthy crop. Physical seed treatments, including mechanical treatments, thermal treatments, radiations, and redox treatments can be highly effective. The use of natural compounds, which could be of organic or inorganic nature, is another useful tool. Organic compounds comprise plant extracts, essential oils, as well as purified microorganism compounds. Biological control, based on the use of antagonistic microorganisms, can be effective and sustainable to control seedborne diseases. Indigenous or introduced seed-associated microorganisms might suppress seed infections by pathogens. Numerous filamentous fungi, yeast, and bacteria have been studied as biological control agents against seedborne pathogens. Microbial interactions on the spermosphere should be deeply investigated in order to develop effective BCAs. Seed treatments with elicitors may be helpful to initiate a defence response already early in plant development and has the advantage of being applied in a contained environment. The main advantages and drawbacks for every type of seed treatment will be described, together with the main knowledge and technology gaps concerning vegetable crops. The cost-effectiveness of the seed treatments will be considered. Integrated control strategies, including different seed treatments, could be helpful to guarantee a high level of disease Control and production yield.

Dry Matter and Nitrogen Uptake, Partitioning, and Removal across a Wide Range of Soybean Seed Yield Levels

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growers are concerned that soybean yield is restricted by limitations on biological N2 fixation and soil nitrogen (N) mineralization. However, a comprehensive study characterizing actual soybean N requirements across wide‐ranging seed yield environments is nonexistent for modern soybean production systems. Using six site‐years and eight soybean varieties, plants were sampled at six growth stages and partitioned into their respective plant parts and analyzed. For each kilogram increase in yield, total dry matter accumulation, harvest index, and total N uptake increased by 1.45 kg, 0.0034%, and 0.054 kg, respectively, but all varied by environment at any specific yield level, whereas N removal did not (0.055 kg N kg−1 grain). Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) increased (0.0019–0.004% kg−1 grain) with yield but varied by environment and yield level, resulting in indices between 73 and 90%. Peak uptake rates for N were 3.6 to 4.3 kg ha−1 d−1 between R4 and R5, depending on the yield level. After R5.5, 66 to 69% of vegetative N was remobilized to the seed, which accounted for 50.4% of seed N at the low yield level (3608 kg ha−1), but only 38.9% at the high yield level (5483 kg ha−1). Moreover, higher yields attained a greater portion of their total N uptake after R5.5 (40.1%) compared with the low yield level (29.7%). These results highlight greater remobilization efficiencies and late‐season N uptake in conjunction with greater NHI to support higher yields per unit of N uptake in current production realities.

Stearic sunflower oil as a sustainable and healthy alternative to palm oil. A review

Palm oil is widely used in the food industry because of its lower cost, high oxidative stability index, long shelf-life, and a reasonable replacement of trans fats. However, increased palm oil production reduces biodiversity, damages the ecosystem, and poses health risks to humans. Unsustainable development of palm plantations has caused deforestation and loss of natural habitat, rendering many species (Sumatran orangutans, elephants, and tigers) critically endangered. Similarly, decomposition and burning of carbon-rich soil in vast and deep peatlands is increasing carbon emissions. Furthermore, excessive consumption of palmitic acid (and other saturated fats except stearic acid) increases bad cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, we need healthier, stable, and solid/semi-solid oils at room temperature with longer shelf-life and without trans fats. Here, we review the advancements in the development of sunflower oil varieties containing high stearic (∼18%) and high oleic (∼70%) acids which makes them healthy and sustainable alternatives to palm oil. First, the high-stearic-high-oleic sunflower crops can have grain and oil yield as high as 4036 and 1685 kg/ha and oleic and stearic acid yield up to ∼73 and ∼21%. Second, high-stearic-high-oleic oils obtained from mutant and hybrid sunflower cultivars have higher oxidative stability index and therefore have better stability, quality, and functionality than regular sunflower oil. For example, the oxidative stability index of commercially available Nutrisun at 110 °C is six times greater than that of regular sunflower oil. Finally, recent advances have made several mutant and hybrid cultivars with high grain and oil yield and high levels of stearic and oleic acids available. Given this progress, natural healthy high-stearic-high-oleic sunflower oil can now be grown in both the hemispheres in a sustainable manner with the currently available advanced technology and without damaging the ecosystem as is currently happening with palm oil cultivation.

Site-Specific Fertilizer Nitrogen Management Using Optical Sensor in Irrigated Wheat in the Northwestern India

An optical sensor-based fertilizer nitrogen (N) management strategy that relies on visible and near-infrared spectral response from plant canopies was evaluated for irrigated wheat in the northwestern India. GreenSeeker™ optical sensor-guided fertilizer N dose, computed from an estimate of potential yield and response index, takes into account both the temporal and field-to-field variabilities and is applied only once after measuring in-season spectral response from the crop canopy. Seven field experiments were conducted in four wheat seasons to decide whether to apply the optical sensor-guided fertilizer N dose at 2nd or 3rd irrigation stage and to work out the appropriate N management before applying it. Robust relationships between in-season sensor-based estimates of yield and actual wheat yields were observed both at 2nd (R2 = 0.64) and 3rd (R2 = 0.86) irrigation stages of the crop. GreenSeeker-based fertilizer N management resulted in high yield levels and high N-use efficiency. Application of 30 kg N ha−1 at planting and 45 kg N ha−1 at 1st irrigation was found to be the appropriate N management before applying the GreenSeeker-guided dose at 2nd irrigation stage. Grain yields obtained by following sensor-guided N management were at par with those observed with the blanket recommendation of 120 kg N ha−1, but with greater recovery efficiency (by 6.7–16.2%) and agronomic efficiency [by 4.7–9.4 kg grain (kg N applied)−1]. The major outcome of this study was that applying a moderate amount of fertilizer N at planting and enough fertilizer N to meet the high N demand during the period between crown root initiation stage and maximum tillering stage before applying a sensor-guided fertilizer N dose at 2nd irrigation stage results not only in high yields but also in high fertilizer N-use efficiency in irrigated wheat.

Ligand-Controlled Chemoselective One-Pot Synthesis of Dibenzothiazepinones and Dibenzoxazepinones via Twice Copper-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling

A highly efficient and generally applicable protocol, starting from 2-bromobenzamides and 2-bromo(thio)phenols via twice copper-catalyzed couplings to afford dibenzothiazepines and dibenzoxazepinones has been developed. High levels of yield and chemoselectivity are achieved in a single-pot reaction by using an appropriate ligand. Moreover, this facile methodology allows rapid access to a variety of bio­active compounds and known psychotropic drug, which should broaden its application in organic synthesis.