High Travel Costs Research Articles

Compatibility and Pricing with Indirect Network Effects: Evidence from ATMs

Incompatibility in markets with indirect network e¤ects can a¤ect prices if consumers value ?mix and match?combinations of complementary network components. In this paper, we exam- ine the e¤ects of incompatibility using data from a classic market with indirect network e¤ects: Automated Teller Machines (ATMs). Our sample covers a period during which higher ATM fees increased incompatibility between ATM cards (which are bundled with deposit accounts) and other banks?ATM machines. A series of hedonic regressions suggests that incompatibility strengthens the relationship between deposit account pricing and own ATMs, and weakens the relationship between deposit account pricing and competitors?ATMs. The e¤ects of incom- patibility are stronger in areas with high population density, suggesting that high travel costs increase both the strength of network e¤ects and the importance of incompatibility in ATM markets.

Accessibility of workers in a compact city:: the case of Hong Kong

This article investigates the relationship between the accessibility of workers and the compact city structure in Hong Kong. We are particularly concerned with the influences of land-use policy and public transport systems development on the accessibility of workers. We construct a model which incorporates factors such as transfers in work trips, employment status, income, gender, marital status and living in accessible areas to account for the accessibility of workers. Our findings show that whether a worker lives in an accessible area or not does not affect his or her accessibility, rather transfers in work trips have the greatest impact, indicating that variability in accessibility to jobs is different in a compact city structure with a hierarchical transport network from that in cities in Europe and the US. Although income is not a significant factor affecting the accessibility of workers, workers in Hong Kong have to bear high travel costs on transfers. Also noteworthy is the finding that married workers spend longer times on work trips than the workers who are single. It might be attributed to the fact that a high proportion of households employ foreign domestic helpers to take care of their housework so that they could spend more time on work trips.

A new travel cost approach based on network structures and taste variety

This study develops a travel cost function that considers with equal significance the distance between origin and destination, as well as the characteristics of alternative travel routes. These characteristics include the status of infrastructure, frequency of congestion and the traveler's taste for variety, which may lead to an increase in welfare as the number of alternative routes increases. The theoretical definition of travel cost is made up of two cost components: the expected variable cost component, which accounts for the cost of traveling on a specific route, and the network cost, which accounts for the sacrifices inherent in alternative possibilities of traveling in a specific network. The analysis of the model shows that an increase in the unitary travel price generates a proportional increase in the number of alternative routes for which the total travel cost within a specific network has a minimum. The proposed definition of the total travel cost demonstrates that, if more alternative network routes are offered, travelers are willing to pay higher travel costs due to their taste for variety.

A Good‐Enough Service: Values, Trade‐Offs and the NHS

A Good‐Enough Service: Values, Trade‐Offs and the NHS

Demanding Expectations: Surviving and Thriving as a Collegiate Debate Coach

Kelly M. McDonald (*) In the last year of my graduate program at the University of Kansas, I had occasion to look closely at the crowd assembled for the awards breakfast on the last day of competition at the Donn W. Parson Heart of America tournament. I was set back by the observation that, as I prepared to begin my career as a tenure track faculty member and debate coach, there were less than a dozen tenured or tenure track, active directors in the room. While a simple accounting of one tournament's coaches does not necessarily support larger trends or conclusions about the health of debate coaching as a profession, I argue that the few active tenure-track coaches is a harbinger of deeper, structural concerns about the health and sustainability of the profession. In short, the structure of collegiate debate tournaments and the pressures placed on directors has necessarily created an unsustainable cycle that threatens the physical and mental well being of coaches and undermines the long-term health of the activity of collegiate de bate. The following outlines some problems and pitfalls faced by coaches and some suggestions to address them. STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS FACING COACHES One of the most obvious areas of concern for any coach concerns the annual travel schedule. First, one has to figure out where to travel given the dynamics of the team in terms of experience, interest and preparation. Second, one has to balance resources to make the travel schedule a reality. While every coach faces these decisions, a third and more difficult decision concerns how long their program's season will last. Reviewing the most recent issue of the AFA Newsletter reveals debate tournaments begin as early as the first weekend in September and extend for two weeks after the national championship tournaments (June 1999, p. 18-42). Arguably, one of the greatest sources of stress on a coach is travel. The fatigue that comes from long flights or drives, judging and coaching is compounded by the social and emotional impact of time away from partners, family and friends. Beyond deciding when to begin and end the travel season, which each year gets longer and filled with additional tournament options, a coach must decide on the type of tournament to support. Coaches are faced with deciding to attend regional or national tournaments and debate-only or full-service (offering debate and individual events) tournaments. While the organization and goals of individual debate programs drives the resolution of these considerations, they are more difficult if one directs a program that competes in individual events and different types of debate. Furthermore, the importance of presenting measurable success to one's administration leads programs to attend tournaments with larger numbers of elimination rounds to earn additional points for the national sweepstakes calculation. The dominance of some 'super-sized' tournaments such as Wake Forest, Northwestern, West Georgia, and the Heart of America are testament to the attraction of tournaments that are well managed but also offer competitive advantages to many teams with the large number of sweepstakes points available. The effect of these tournaments size has been to draw away competition from regional tournaments. The net effect is a downward spiral in the number of competitors in all divisions at regional tournaments. Higher travel costs and greater commitments of time necessary to travel and compete in these larger, national-circuit tournaments are opportunity costs for coaches and students in time away from teaching, scholarship and personal and professional engagements. The role of systems of support and reward cannot be overlooked when considering the life of a debate coach. Making a commitment to being a debate coach is a special commitment to being an educator in and outside of the classroom. Time spent with students listening to practice rounds or working on speaking or refutation drills is invaluable time for debater's development. …

Mating system and mating success of the desert spider Agelenopsis aperta

Field studies of the desert spider Agelenopsis aperta revealed a primarily monogamous mating system. However polygyny, polyandry and polygynandry were superimposed upon the primary system, with 9% of the marked males and 11% of the marked females in a field population mating more than once. In the laboratory males commonly mated multiply with fertile offspring resulting, while females were less likely than males to mate multiply. Monogamy under field conditions was enforced by two factors: (1) high travel costs to males, and (2) a significant decline in female receptivity after the first mating. Heavy males were more likely to be accepted by females both in the field, and in female choice experiments conducted in the laboratory. Finally, male weight determined the outcome of male-male agonistic interactions over females. One possible explanation for female choice in this system which lacks male parental investment is that females may be using male size as an indicator of future success of their offspring.

Work, Search, and Travel among White and Black Youth

In this paper we investigate the relationships between job search, commutes to work, and metropolitan decentralization of employment among young whites and blacks. We investigate the effects of travel costs (based partly on access to auto travel) and metropolitan decentralization on distances traveled while searching and working, unemployment durations, and wages. High travel costs and reduced travel distances appear to raise unemployment durations and lower wages for blacks by modest amounts. Furthermore, blacks and inner-city residents do not offset greater metropolitan decentralization with greater distances traveled. Both results are consistent with persistent spatial mismatch.

Job-Rich but Housing-Poor: The Dilemma of a Western Amenity Town∗

Sedona, Arizona, an amenity town that trades on intangible quality-of-life attributes like spectacular scenery, the arts, and its nonmetropolitan location, has a conflict between low-wage employment catering to its tourist sector and expensive housing for its affluent residents. Many of those who work in Sedona do not live in the community. This study, based on a survey of 286 employees, shows that workers who live in Sedona do not have incomes that are significantly higher than commuters from the outside, but they live in housing that is almost twice as expensive. Employees who live in Sedona pay dearly for housing in order to be near jobs, natural beauty, and the cultural ambience of an amenity town. Commuters, on the other hand, incur high travel costs but enjoy cheaper housing and the lifestyle of small towns and rural areas. The emergence of amenity environments and long-distance commuting in Sedona is symbolic of the increased differentiation of nonmetropolitan landscapes.

Lek formation by female choice: a simulation study

We used computer simulation to study the formation of mating aggregations under the influence of female choice. Female movements were not constrained by home range size. Males formed clumped dispersions if females expressed strong preferences either for larger leks or for male quality. High travel costs for females visiting leks produced male dispersions that matched the initial distribution of females. High costs to females for waiting for matings produced evenly dispersed males. Depending on the relative weights of these factors, a continuous range of outcomes from a single lek per population to evenly dispersed males was produced. The results suggest that effects of female choice on lek evolution are more likely to be detected by studying the processes by which leks form than by characterizing the spatial distribution of displaying males.

Consumer Preferences for Group Practice Medical Services in Rural Areas

Public initiatives are promoting the development of group medical practices in rural areas despite the fact that little information regarding consumer preferences for group practice medical services is available. In this paper, survey data are used to investigate these preferences, as evidenced in the choice of a usual source of care. In the rural area of central Wisconsin studied, consumers tended to choose a multispecialty group in preference to alternative providers, given equal travel costs. Variations in travel costs were found to be an important determinant of this choice. This suggests that consumer acceptance of multispeciality group practices in rural areas will depend to a large extent on their locational convenience. Additional research is needed to determine how consumer preferences for multispecialty group services, particularly as they are reflected in the acceptance of higher travel costs, are dependent on the size and characteristics of the group.

The Effect of Public Policies on the Demand for Higher Education

A binomial logit model is fitted to the college attendance behavior of 27,046 male high-school juniors in 1960, divided into 20 subgroups defined by student ability and family income. Tuition, high admissions standards, travel costs, and room and board costs all have significant negative effects on attendance. The highest elasticities of demand are found to occur in the low-income strata and lower-middle ability quartile, suggesting that an efficient subsidy program should focus on these groups. Coefficients of forgone earnings and measures of the local payoff to college attendance are small but generally have the expected sign.

Welllllcome to Camp Curry

Research Article| July 01 1974 Welllllcome to Camp Curry Shirley Sargent Shirley Sargent Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar California Historical Quarterly (1974) 53 (2): 131–138. https://doi.org/10.2307/25157501 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Shirley Sargent; Welllllcome to Camp Curry. California Historical Quarterly 1 July 1974; 53 (2): 131–138. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/25157501 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCalifornia History Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1974 The California Historical Society Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

A psychiatric and parapsychiatric register for an island community.

THIS REPORT is a description of a method for studying the psychiatric and parapsychiatric experience of the population of a geographically demarcated community. The study was designed to utilize the unique characteristics of the community for epidemiological and ecological purposes. The locale is an island and hence its population is separated from other populations. The high cost of travel to the mainland in the face of low income further serves to keep the population isolated. Because of this isolation, virtually all medical and psychiatric services are secured within the community. Since migration is limited and measurable, the population at risk can be determined. Because caretaker relationships are informal and the community small in size, demographic data are readily acquired. These considerations make the community particularly suitable for epidemiological and ecological studies of mental and related disorders. The technical device used in the study