High-technology Products Research Articles

Does High Technology Product Exports Increase Welfare or Countries with High Welfare Levels Innovate Better? A Causality Analysis

After the Second World War, globalization has been promoted and supported by the leading countries, especially after the 1980s, globalization has accelerated. 18.8% percent of exports within total world trade as of 1980 has become 30.6% by 2019. Export became important, especially for reaching acceptable growth rates for countries, as manifested in the studies of Balassa, Chow and Heller. However, some countries changed their strategies toward exporting the products that create higher values to their trade level, which means exporting the more profitable high-technology products. By this new government strategy, it is aimed to find the answer to the question ‘Does High Technology Product Exports Increase Welfare or Countries with High Welfare Levels Innovate Better?’ using the causality test of Dimutriscue and Hurlin for 20 countries of the top10 and bottom 10 high-tech exporters of the world with the time span of 2007-2018. It is concluded that for bottom high-technology exporters, there is two-way causality between welfare and high technology exports, but for top ten high technology exporters, there is one-way causality from welfare to high technology exports. This may be the sign of after a certain saturation level of welfare; high-tech product exports do not create any value on welfare. To our knowledge, this research paper is the first study that makes a comparison between top high-tech exporters and bottom high-tech exports in terms of analysing the effects of high-tech exports on welfare. Moreover, this is the first paper on two-way impact analysis; the impacts of welfare on high-tech export and the impacts of high-tech export on welfare.

The history of the creation of lasers and analysis of the impact of their application in the material processing on the development of certain industries

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the history of the creation of the laser as one of the greatest technical inventions of the 20th century. This paper focuses on establishing a relation between the periodization of the stages of creation and implementation of certain types of lasers, with their influence on the invention of certain types of equipment and industrial technologies for processing the materials, the development of certain branches of the economy, and scientific-technological progress as a whole. In preparing the paper, the generally accepted methods, which are widely used in the preparation of historical research works, have been applied: the historical method – for the study and interpretation of the texts of primary sources and the search for other evidence used for research, as well as for the presentation of historical events associated with the development of laser technology; the historical-genetic method – for studying the genesis of specific historical phenomena and analyzing the causality of changes in the development of laser technology; the historical-critical method – for displaying cause-and-effect relationships, reconstructing events that influenced the development of laser technology; the method of historical periodization. The variety of different possible options for the use of lasers did not allow placing all the collected materials within the framework of one paper, and therefore, the authors have decided to dwell on the facts, which, in the opinion of the paper’s authors, are the most interesting, significant, poorly studied, and little known. The paper discusses the stages of: invention of the first laser; creation of the first commercial lasers; development of the first applications of lasers in industrial technologies for processing the materials. Special attention is paid to the “patent wars” that accompanied different stages of the creation of lasers. A comparative analysis of the market development for laser technology from the stage of creation to the present has been carried out. It has been shown that the modern market for laser technology continues to develop actively, as evidenced by the continued stable growth of laser sales over the past 10 years. This indicates that the demand for laser technology is inextricably linked with the development of high technology production and scientific-technological progress. The analysis has shown that recently, the trends in the use of laser technology have changed; in particular, their industrial and medical applications are decreasing, while there is an increase in their use in the fields of sensor production and communication.

Scale free is not rare in international trade networks

Failing to consider the strong correlations between weights and topological properties in capacity-weighted networks renders test results on the scale-free property unreliable. According to the preferential attachment mechanism, existing high-degree nodes normally attract new nodes. However, in capacity-weighted networks, the weights of existing edges increase as the network grows. We propose an optimized simplification method and apply it to international trade networks. Our study covers more than 1200 product categories annually from 1995 to 2018. We find that, on average, 38%, 38% and 69% of product networks in export, import and total trade are scale-free. Furthermore, the scale-free characteristics differ depending on the technology. Counter to expectations, the exports of high-technology products are distributed worldwide rather than concentrated in a few developed countries. Our research extends the scale-free exploration of capacity-weighted networks and demonstrates that choosing appropriate filtering methods can clarify the properties of complex networks.

Formation of Efficient Microfilm Converters with Reproducible Parameters

The use of microfilm converters provides information in the field of processing, storage, transmission and presentation of information, especially in the process of control and measurement of physical quantities, as well as in the technology of manufacturing high technology products. Microfilm transducers form an equivalent output signal, which is a function of the measured quantity; their design and manufacturing technology are interrelated and highly correlated. Microfilm transducers are manufactured using microelectronic technology, in which group methods are used in the formation of a structure, which increases the reproducibility of parameters, are characterized by high sensitivity, low inertia, low power consumption, high reliability, and are combined with measuring signal processing devices. When creating microfilm converters, a structure is determined that most closely meets the requirements, design parameters, modes of manufacturing operations, the effect of operating conditions on characteristics, and optimal modes of operation. Structurally, a microfilm transducer consists of a base, an insulated structure, heat-generating and temperature-sensitive elements that provide the transmission of electrical signals, film conductors and contact pads, which provide a specified function of converting the measured value into an output signal. In microfilm converters, film thermocouples are used as thermosensitive elements, and adhesive sublayers are used in their manufacturing technology. The use of technological methods of microelectronics when creating microfilm converters can significantly improve their operational parameters.

Classification of Risks of High-Technology Production

In the modern economic system, the concept of developing high-technology production shapes the competitiveness and outlook of national economic development. The specifics of high-technology production imply considerable risks emerging across the lifecycle, which requires risk management. The paper explores the aspects of businesses engaged in high-technology production and the risks involved. A classification of risks is proposed for high-technology production in accordance with the requirements set in standard GOST R ISO 9001-2015.

Engineering of modernization of high technology products based on the concept of strategic risk

The analysis showed that the most important results of the Aviation Industry Development Strategy are: an increase in the share of Russian manufacturers of aviation products in the world market; reorientation of the production of aviation industrial complex to the innovative segment of the global market. The aim of the study is to develop an engineering mechanism for the modernization of science-intensive products of the aviation industry. In accordance with this, a method is proposed for assessing the strategic risk of high technology products, a model for assessing the effectiveness of modernization of high technology products based on the concept of strategic risk as defining elements of the engineering process in the aviation industry. The practical implementation of the model is carried out.

STRATEGI PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN MEDIK PADA RSUD. KOTAPINANG KABUPATEN LABUHANBATU SELATAN TAHUN 2020

Hospitals are always required to improve the quality, scope and efficiency of hospital services through improving and developing hospital management, especially from human resources, funding and information towards hospital independence while still paying attention to their social functions. In providing complete health services to the community, the hospital must always pay attention to all aspects that play an important role. This study aims to describe the relevant strategies to be implemented by the RSUD. Kotapinang in improving the quality of services obtained as a result of the recommendations from the SWOT analysis using qualitative descriptive research conducted from January to June 2020. This study used snowball sampling techniques with initial informants as many as 5 directors consisting of: Head of Kotapinang District Hospital, Labuhanbatu Selatan District, Head of Medical Services, General Hospital of Kotapinang District Hospital, Inpatients in Kotapinang District Hospital and Patients who visited Kotapinang District Hospital. The results of the study concluded that it was necessary for the Regional Hospital. Kotapinang Regency of South Labuhanbatu needs to work on self-improvement through improving the quality and quantity of work supporting facilities and facilities in the delivery of health services and Striving for the use of information technology systems in assisting the service process while seeking access to the procurement of high technology products in the health sector to support increased quality of service.

Assessing the Factor Influence on Patent Activity in Mining and Metallurgical Industry (e.g. Nano Products)

The creation of an intellectual property product with a vector of effective implementation into production predetermines the search for optimal proportions of interaction between scientific, industrial, and educational parameters. Scientific, industrial and educational types of organizations are proposed to be interpreted as objects of interrelated elements that have a direct impact on patent activity in the field of nano production. Additional emphasis was placed on the factors that arise in the process of commercialization of objects of intellectual activity and have a critical impact on the final results of the process. In this connection, it was proposed to introduce the concept of dysfunction (a dysfunctional indicator of the promotion of high technology products), considered as a factor-obstacle in the process of entering the market of intellectual property. It also introduces the definition of success (an indicator of the success of promoting science-intensive products), considered as a vector antonym of dysfunction, which is a defining tool to improve the effectiveness of the strategy for the commercialization of scientific developments and projects.
 The paper defines the boundaries of the indicators of success and the dysfunctionality of the patent activity of high technology products using the example of nanomaterials. The indicators were evaluated for their compliance with the proposed criteria. This approach can be positioned as a way to identify and correct dysfunctional and successful factors that predetermine the effectiveness of patent activity of high technology products in the mining and metallurgical industry.
 The article proposes a model for assessing the factors affecting patent activity in the mining and metallurgical complex, based on the division of factors into blocks of standard and specific purposes, based on the specifics of the nano object of the mining and metallurgical complex as a product on the market. The model includes scientific, educational, and industrial indices that have a direct impact on patenting activity in the field of nanomaterials and nanotechnology in the mining and metallurgical industry. The correspondence of scientific, production, and educational parameters was checked on the example of a science-intensive product of the proposed model for increasing patent activity

Cost-benefit model for multi-generational high-technology products to compare sequential innovation strategy with quality strategy.

In the rapidly changing high-tech industry, firms that produce multi-generational products struggle to consistently introduce new products that are superior in innovativeness. However, developing innovative products in a short time sequence period is likely to cause quality problems. Therefore, considering time and resource constraints, two kinds of strategies are commonly employed: sequential innovation strategy, sequentially introducing a new generation of technology product at every launch interval, ensuring timely innovativeness but with relatively uncertain quality, or quality strategy, intermittently introducing a new generation of products, together with a derivative model between generations to enhance the quality. In this study, we propose a framework for a cost–benefit analysis that compares these two strategies by considering competition between firms within a generation as well as that within a firm across multiple generations (i.e., cannibalization) throughout the launch cycle of high-tech products. We apply our proposed framework to the smartphone market and conduct a sensitivity analysis. The results are expected to contribute to strategic decision-making related to the introduction of multi-generational technology products.

INEFFICIENCY CAUSES AND RESOLUTIONS TOWARD FINANCIAL SUCCESS OF SINGAPORE MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES

This study estimates the profitability and marketability efficiencies’ scores and determinants of 114 Singapore listed manufacturing firms from 2007 to 2018 by adopting bootstrapped two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) as well as one- and two-part fractional regression models. The study reveals that the average marketability efficiency of Singapore listed manufacturing firms (0.881) is lower than the average profitability efficiency (0.970) during the study period. Further, the results show that the length of listing, headcount, institutional ownership, leverage ratio and high-technology production statistically affect the profitability and marketability efficiencies of Singapore listed manufacturing firms.

Inventory replenishment policies for two successive generations price-sensitive technology products

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>The high technology products come in generations, where the demand for newer technology generations is strongly influenced by the installed base of earlier generations (such as computers, cameras, notebooks, etc). However, the effect of technology substitution on inventory replenishment policies has received little attention in the supply chain literature. In the hi-technology market, consumers' purchasing capability, the utility of a product along with the entry of the advanced generation product influence the market expansion/contraction of the products. In this study, the impact of parallel diffusion of two successive generations' products on inventory policies of the monopolist has been analysed. The demand models have been characterised by considering the life-cycle dynamics for a P-type inventory system. The purpose of this paper is to develop a model for joint pricing and replenishment of technology generation products. The model has been solved by using a genetic algorithm technique. The impact of yearly price drop and the price sensitivity of demand on the profit margins vis-à-vis on replenishment policies has also been studied. The paper also brings forward the dynamics of the launch of newer generations and the pricing strategies on optimal inventory replenishment policies. Numerical illustrations have also been covered in the paper.</p>

State Stimulation of Innovation Activities in Switzerland and Russia

The article explores the system of State Financing of Research and Development (R&D) of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in Switzerland. Authors outlined the results of their analysis of key state institutions of financial support. The innovative vector of Swiss economy with a focus on its own financial resources, a developed national scientific and educational environment, as well as mechanisms of tax incentives for scientific and innovative activities of large, small and medium-sized enterprises at the regional level allowed Switzerland to become one of the leaders in the world innovation market. Russia can borrow the experience of Switzerland in the development of multichannel and targeted financial support for innovative activities of SMEs carrying out R&D in areas of scientific and technological development and focus on the production of science-intensive products. A certain exemption from the income tax and a reduction in the rate of insurance tax to SME employees engaged in innovative activities in priority sectors of Russia, the introduction of tax incentives and tax deductions such as patent boxes and super deductions will ensure the increase of the number of SMEs and in their contribution to GDP, will boost a competitiveness of the manufactured high technology products. The Swiss case will help to improve the mechanisms for integrating academic and university science with government and non-government organizations and SMEs in order to accelerate the commercialization of scientific research and the development of international network cooperation. The development of forms of integration cooperation between financial investors and youth small enterprises, start-up leaders and technology start-ups adapted to the Russian realities will allow to increase the level of interaction between the state in the field of higher education and science with large business and SMEs and to solve the priority tasks of training qualified personnel in innovation-oriented sectors of the economy.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ УЧАСТИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ИНСТИТУТОВ РАЗВИТИЯ В РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПРОГРАММЫ «ЦИФРОВАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ»

Today, the Russian economy is gradually shifting to an innovative development path. The need for modernization is explained by the depletion of traditional resources and the globalization of scientific and technological progress. Domestic production is under strong pressure on the domestic market, because cheaper imported goods attract a significant portion of consumers. The current situation requires rapid changes in the production environment by stepping up the development of technological developments. The development of innovative processes is one of the most effective ways to achieve sustainable economic growth, improve social and competition policy. The place of the Russian Federation in the world community directly depends on the results of the production of high technology products.
 In these conditions, new forms and methods are required to ensure the flow of long-term investment resources into the economy. The pooling of public resources and the financial capabilities of private enterprises will solve the problem of investing in new innovative projects. Development institutions are one of such super-effective mechanisms contributing to the solution of this problem.

Introducing sharing-focused business models in the B2B context: comparing interaction and environmental sustainability for selling, renting and sharing on industrial markets

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the sales-, rental- and sharing-focused business models for industrial markets by analysing interactions and environmental sustainability efforts within them.Design/methodology/approachCase studies are conducted at two world-leading manufacturing firms of complex industrial products. The analysis compares how interaction takes place in sales-, rental- and sharing-focused business models in industrial markets for high-technology products in connection with environmental sustainability outcomes.FindingsThe findings show the need for different interaction patterns in sales-, rental- and sharing-focused business models at firm, relationship and network levels. The implementation of sharing-focussed business models requires new interactions with actors within firms, between firms and key collaborators and in networks. The firms in our study have made a wide range of efforts to improve the environmental sustainability of their products. Sharing-focused business models have the potential to be environmentally sustainable if products can be shared among customers. However, under-usage of products and the increased need to transport them may reduce environmental sustainability.Originality/valueThis study reveals that although manufacturing firms and customers are willing to implement sharing-focused business models, there are obstacles to achieving the expected environmental sustainability associated with this business model. These are due to the high-technology nature and level of customisation of the associated firms’ products and services, which make it difficult to share resources across firms without advanced adaptations to products such as re-programming. This study contributes to the sharing-focused business model literature for the business-to-business context, by pointing to the pivotal role partnerships with new actors and closer collaboration with existing actors in supply chains can play in enabling sharing-focused business models in the future.

Methodology for the Field Evaluation of the Impact of Augmented Reality Tools for Maintenance Workers in the Aeronautic Industry

Augmented Reality (AR) enhances the comprehension of complex situations by making the handling of contextual information easier. Maintenance activities in aeronautics consist of complex tasks carried out on various high-technology products under severe constraints from the sector and work environment. AR tools appear to be a potential solution to improve interactions between workers and technical data to increase the productivity and the quality of aeronautical maintenance activities. However, assessments of the actual impact of AR on industrial processes are limited due to a lack of methods and tools to assist in the integration and evaluation of AR tools in the field. This paper presents a method for deploying AR tools adapted to maintenance workers and for selecting relevant evaluation criteria of the impact in an industrial context. This method is applied to design an AR tool for the maintenance workshop, to experiment on real use cases, and to observe the impact of AR on productivity and user satisfaction for all worker profiles. Further work aims to generalize the results to the whole maintenance process in the aeronautical industry. The use of the collected data should enable the prediction of the impact of AR for related maintenance activities.

РАЗРАБОТКА ПОДХОДОВ К РАЗВИТИЮ ИНДУСТРИАЛЬНОГО ИНЖИНИРИНГА КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТА ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ПОЛНОГО ЖИЗНЕННОГО ЦИКЛА НАУКОЕМКОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ (Development of Approaches to Development of Industrial Engineering as a Tool To Ensure a Full Life Cycle of Scientific Products)

Russian Abstract:Основная цель исследования: разработка теоретических оснований и методического подхода к развитию индустриального инжиниринга для обеспечения производства наукоемкой продукции на различных этапах ее жизненного цикла. English Abstract:The main goal of the study: the development of theoretical foundations and a methodological approach to the development of industrial engineering to ensure the production of high technology products at various stages of its life cycle.

Uticaj inovacionih indikatora na povećanje izvoza visoko tehnoloških proizvoda

Competitiveness of high-technology products (HTP) is more significant on the world market than products of medium and low quality. Increase in the innovation performance should lead to the growth of high technology application in production consequently rising exports of HTP as an important factor in increasing competitiveness. In this paper we wanted to analyze the correlations and conditionality of exports of HTP (share of exports in total country exports) and selected indicators that influence innovation: GDP, R&D costs (research and development cost in four sectors), degree of education of the population, number of researchers (in four sectors) and global innovation index (GII). The main aim was to identify which indicators contributed to the growth of exports of HTP in the analyzed countries (Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary) in the observed period of ten years (2009-2018), in order to give certain recommendations on the measures and procedures Serbia should take to increase the level of innovation index and exports of HTP. In this paper, the exports of HTP was analyzed in Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary. The influence of the chosen indicators on export of high technology products was analyzed using the POLS model, the fixed effects model and the random effects model. The results indicate that if analyzed countries do not find resources to intensify investment in education and R&D, they will not reach the average EU innovation indicators for many years. Also, it will seriously harm the competitiveness of the economies of the observed countries in the conditions dictated by the modern business environment and the challenges of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0).

Hydrogen production technology by electrolysis of water and its application in renewable energy consumption

In order to deal with the energy crisis and environmental pollution, renewable energy power generation in the world has been rapid development. At present, the most widely used is solar energy and wind energy, but also caused a serious problem of abandoning light and wind. Hydrogen energy has become an ideal carrier of electric energy storage due to its high efficiency, clean and renewable characteristics. Electrolytic water hydrogen production technology with renewable energy as power source is one of the most promising energy conversion methods. This paper briefly analyzes the current situation of power generation and consumption of renewable energy in China in recent years, and then expounds the characteristics, principles, development status and improvement methods of alkaline, proton exchange membrane and high temperature solid oxide electrolytic water hydrogen production technology, and demonstrates its application prospect in the field of renewable energy power generation and energy storage with examples.

Principles of the Economic Policy in the Euroasian Economic Union (EEU): Development of Innovative Productions

The article discusses prospects of further increase in the EEU integration with reference to the target benchmarks that national economies set when making decisions on joining regional integration blocs like the Eurasian Economic Union. The focus is on the possibility of developing high technology production in EEU countries. A two-sector model and analysis of statistical information are used to assess the prospects for the development of innovative production on the territory of the EEU. It is shown that with the developed monopolized structure and low level of production competitiveness, financing innovation by transforming savings into investments is really difficult. The authors suggest a critical assessment of the current inflation targeting policy of the Central Bank of Russia. Based on the macroeconomic model of the interaction of savings and investments and the generalization of data subject to the level of monopolization of the Russian economy, it is argued that the implementation of the inflation targeting policy does not create real prerequisites for the development of high-tech production in Russia and other EEU member countries. It is stated that the current conditions require a policy of mobilizing resources to be invested in innovative projects. It is concluded that in modern conditions, a significant increase in the financing of innovative products is possible only through state support based on the modernization of the taxation system. It is indicated that in the long term, targeted financing of innovative products should be carried out within the framework of the single economic policy of the EEU. The authors suppose that just creation of prerequisites for innovative development in the EEU can increase real attractiveness of this integration block for potential new members.

Получение арктического дизельного топлива с температурой применения до минус 65°С в ПАО «Славнефть-ЯНОС»

Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation has developed unique standard for arctic diesel fuel which assumes achievement of low temperature indicators of fuel below minus 65°C without use of additives. Thanks to high production technology during the period 2016–2020 Slavneft-YANOS PJSC during several test-industrial runs has produced test and test-industrial consignments of arctic diesel fuel for Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. This fuel is now put into production line.