High-speed Spinning Research Articles

Development Hybrid High-Speed Electro Pneumatic Spindles Drive Unit

Abstract The essence of the research is the search for geometric, material and technological limits of the new concept of spinning spindles. Considering the trend of introducing new generation electric drives into the segment of high-speed spinning spindles (over 120,000 rpm), it is necessary to map and describe the basic physical connections, to find the necessary dependencies and correlations of individual design parameters and their limits for the design of a new generation of spindles. Due to the design limitations of the original and years-used spindle drive concept with a belt and the requirement for the production and development of a new generation of spun fibers, it is necessary to expand the basic knowledge for the design of spindles of the new concept, the design of which will be based on the knowledge and dependencies obtained by measuring and examining the basic principles and determining parameters for the design of spindle structures of a new progressive concept.

Energy storage performance of sandwich structure dielectric composite by BNNS/TiO2 Co-doping for the high electric field capacitor

Dielectric capacitors are crucial for power systems and hybrid vehicles. However, the polymer dielectric owns low energy density and cannot meet the demands of high-power and energy storage systems. The synergistic improvement of balance between dielectric constant (εr) and breakdowon field strength (Eb), along with better energy storage performance, is a primary focus of this study. This research employs a high εr of P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) blended with linear PMMA to create a sandwich-structured composite via high-speed electrostatic spinning. Boron Nitride Nanosheets (BNNSs) for insulation and TiO2 for polarization are used as fillers, aiming to achieve polymer-based composite with large energy storage density and minimal energy loss. Results show that the sandwich-structured composite with 0.5 vol.% BNNSs in outer layer and 3 wt.% TiO2 in middle layer achieves the largest Ue of 21.8 J/cm3 at the η of 74 %. This study broadens the application of novel dielectric materials in the fields of energy.

Guanidine Derivatives Leverage the Antibacterial Performance of Bio-Based Polyamide PA56 Fibres

Bacterial damage has significantly impacted humanity, prompting the control of harmful microorganisms and infectious diseases. In this study, antibacterial bio-based PA56 fibres were prepared with high-speed spinning using ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EMA) as the compatibiliser and polypentamethylene guanidine sulphate (PPGS) as the antibacterial agent. The effects of PPGS content on the properties of PA56 draw-textured yarns (DTYs) were investigated. The compatibility between PPGS and PA greatly improved with EMA incorporation. Compared with PA56 fibres, the elongation at break of the sample containing 2.0 wt% EMA and PPGS increased by 25.93%. The inhibition rates of the fibres with 1.0 wt% PPGS against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reached over 99.99%. Samples were easily coloured with dyes, exhibiting good colour fastness, regardless of the EMA content. However, the antibacterial performances of dyed DTYs decreased to varying degrees. the inhibition rates of samples of 0.5wt% addition of PPGS against E. coli were reduced from 99.99% to 28.50% and 25.36% after dyeing with Acid Blue 80 and Dispersible Blue 2BLN, respectively. The EMA-modified fibres exhibited the best antibacterial activity after dyeing with neutral gray 2BL. These findings are expected to promote the wider use of biobased PA56 in practical applications that require antibacterial performance and to guide the dyeing process of antimicrobial fibres.

High-speed spinning of collagen microfibers comprising aligned fibrils for creating artificial tendons

Bundles of engineered collagen microfibers are promising synthetic tendons as substitutes for autogenous grafts. The purpose of this study was to develop high-speed and continuous spinning of collagen microfibers that involves stretching of collagen stream. Our study revealed the ‘critical fibrillogenesis concentration (CFC)’ of neutralized collagen solutions, which is defined as the upper limit of the collagen concentration at which neutralized collagen molecules remain stable as long as they are cooled ( ⩽ 10 °C). Neutralized collagen solutions at collagen concentrations slightly below the CFC formed cord-like collagen gels comprising longitudinally aligned fibrils when extruded from nozzles into an ethanol bath. Dry collagen microfibers with a controlled diameter ranging from 122 ± 2–31.2 ± 1.7 μm can be spun from the cord-like gels using nozzles of various sizes. The spinning process was improved by including stretching of collagen stream to further reduce diameter and increase linear velocity. We extruded a collagen solution through a 182 μm diameter nozzle while simultaneously stretching it in an ethanol bath during gelation and fiber formation. This process resembles the stretching of a melted thermoplastic resin because it solidifies during melt spinning. The mechanical properties of the stretched collagen microfibers were comparable to the highest literature values obtained using microfluidic wet spinning, as they exhibited longitudinally aligned fibrils both on their surface and in their core. Previous wet spinning methods were unable to generate collagen microfibers with a consistent tendon-like fibrillar arrangement throughout the samples. Although the tangent modulus (137 ± 7 MPa) and stress at break of the swollen bundles of stretched microfibers (13.8 ± 1.9 MPa) were lower than those of human anterior cruciate ligament, they were within the same order of magnitude. We developed a spinning technique that produces narrow collagen microfibers with a tendon-like arrangement that can serve as artificial fiber units for collagen-based synthetic tendons.

Six Steps Commutation Torque and Dynamic Characteristics of Spherical Brushless Direct Current Motor

This paper presents developing a new three-degrees of freedom (DOF) electromagnetic actuator referred to here as a spherical brushless direct current (SBLDC) motor. The SBLDC motor consists of permanent magnets (PMs) in a rotor and three layers of electromagnets (EMs) in a stator. The EMs in the middle layer of the stator generate a spinning torque, and the other two layers, placed symmetrically with respect to the middle, produce a tilting torque. Winding layouts of the EMs in each layer are analytically studied for decoupling between spinning and tilting torque. Furthermore, a six steps commutation is proposed to independently control the tilting torque as well as the spinning torque. The commutation torque model is validated by the moment method based distributed multipoles (MMDMP) according to various tilting angles and directions. Then, the commutation torque model is further utilized to develop open-loop control and analyze stability with respect to equilibria. Finally, the performance of the SBLDC motor and control system is verified experimentally using commercial brushless direct current motor (BLDC) drivers. The results show the substantial potential of the SBLDC motor in automation and mobility applications requiring orientation control with high-speed spinning.

Water Droplet Collison and Erosion on High-Speed Spinning Wheels

<div>The water droplet erosion (WDE) on high-speed rotating wheels appears in several engineering fields such as wind turbines, stationary steam turbines, fuel cell turbines, and turbochargers. The main reasons for this phenomenon are the high relative velocity difference between the colliding particles and the rotor, as well as the presence of inadequate material structure and surface parameters. One of the latest challenges in this area is the compressor wheels used in turbochargers, which has a speed up to 300,000 rpm and have typically been made of aluminum alloy for decades, to achieve the lowest possible rotor inertia. However, while in the past this component was only encountered with filtered air, nowadays, due to developments in compliance with tightening emission standards, various fluids also collide with the spinning blades, which can cause mechanical damage. One such fluid is the condensed water in the low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation channel (LP-EGR) formulated at cold starts and low-speed high load conditions. This kind of design has been developed to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions and is used in both gasoline and diesel engines. This article presents a state-of-the-art review of this WDE process, focusing on the formation of the condensed water before the compressor wheel, summarizing the influencing factors of WDE and the effects of the damage including using component testbench experiences and simulation methodologies. Inspection possibilities such as high-speed camera measurement and vibration analysis are also an important part of the document.</div>

Geomagnetic Data-based Rotational Speed Measurement Method for High-speed Spinning Bodies

Geomagnetic Data-based Rotational Speed Measurement Method for High-speed Spinning Bodies

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS TO ENHANCE THE RING MACHINE EFFICIENCY AND YARN QUALITY BY DETERMINATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF DYNAMIC YARN TENSION

The yarn spinning process involves the interaction of large varieties of variables. The relation between the dynamic yarn tension (DYT), yarn quality, and production efficiency of the spinning frame cannot be established conclusively. Artificial neural network (ANN) is a promising step in this filed. In this research work, ANNs simulation and modeling is applied for the optimization of the DYT n to improve the production efficiency and quality of yarn. The research to date in DYT is insufficient to meet the developmental requirement of the high-speed and efficient ring spinning frame. One of the major problems facing the effective use of the ANN is the correct selection of the input parameters to be fed for the training of ANNs. Data of various input variables such as count, traveler no., spindle speed and dynamic yarn tension etc., was used for ANN modeling and simulation. DYT plays a significant role in the determination of yarn quality and its productivity in terms of end breakage rate. However, it has never been explained in terms of displacement from the original yarn path. This work is aimed to the determination and optimization of DYT at ring spinning frame. The influence of different yarn geometry parameters on DYT, measured by the tensiometer was investigated. The optimized DYT values for the machines, running at different speed and different counts were determined using ANN modeling. It is found that the optimized values predicted from ANN resulted in better quality, high production, and decreased end-breakage at industrial ring spinning frames. By the implementation of ANNs the optimum speed and effective utilization of textile raw materials can be achieved.

Preparation and performance of nanofibers by centrifugal spinning with multi-field coupling

Nanomaterials are used in a variety of fields. As a novel way to produce nanofibers, high-speed centrifugal spinning has attracted wide attention. Nanofibers are widely used in medical transmission, bio-chips, and environmental protection. In high-speed centrifugal spinning production, the quality of nanofibers will be affected by the coupling effects of gravity field, centrifugal position, flow field, temperature and humidity field. The quality of nanofibers will also be affected by the collection distance, motor speed and nozzle structure size. In this paper, the flow of spinning solution in the nozzle is investigated mathematically. Then the solution flow in the nozzle is simulated. Finally, high-speed centrifugal spinning experiments were carried out and nanofiber membranes were collected. The surface quality of the nanofiber membrane was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the figure of fiber diameter distribution was obtained. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis shows that the thermal stability and ablative resistance of nanofiber membranes are improved. The results show that the high-speed centrifugal spinning method has high production efficiency. The nanofibers produced by high-speed centrifugal spinning method have good surface quality, uniform diameter distribution and good thermal stability.

HR-MAS DREAMTIME NMR for Slow Spinning ex Vivo and in Vivo Samples.

HR-MAS NMR is a powerful tool, capable of monitoring molecular changes in intact heterogeneous samples. However, one of the biggest limitations of 1H NMR is its narrow spectral width which leads to considerable overlap in complex natural samples. DREAMTIME NMR is a highly selective technique that allows users to isolate suites of metabolites from congested spectra. This permits targeted metabolomics by NMR and is ideal for monitoring specific processes. To date, DREAMTIME has only been employed in solution-state NMR, here it is adapted for HR-MAS applications. At high spinning speeds (>5 kHz), DREAMTIME works with minimal modifications. However, spinning over 3-4 kHz leads to cell lysis, and if maintaining sample integrity is necessary, slower spinning (<2.5 kHz) is required. Very slow spinning (≤500 Hz) is advantageous for in vivo analysis to increase organism survival; however, sidebands from water pose a problem. To address this, a version of DREAMTIME, termed DREAMTIME-SLOWMAS, is introduced. Both techniques are compared at 2500, 500, and 50 Hz, using ex vivo worm tissue. Following this, DREAMTIME-SLOWMAS is applied to monitor key metabolites of anoxic stress in living shrimp at 500 Hz. Thus, standard DREAMTIME works well under MAS conditions and is recommended for samples reswollen in D2O or spun >2500 Hz. For slow spinning in vivo or intact tissue samples, DREAMTIME-SLOWMAS provides an excellent way to target process-specific metabolites while maintaining sample integrity. Overall, DREAMTIME should find widespread application wherever targeted molecular information is required from complex samples with a high degree of spectral overlap.

A critical review on recent developments and solutions in the high-speed ring spinning process

Twist plays an important role in textile technology, particularly in the production of staple yarn structures. Due to the higher yarn quality and flexibility of the process, most short staple fiber yarns are produced in the ring spinning process in comparison to other high-speed spinning processes, such as rotor or air jet spinning. To impart twist in the yarn, the ring/traveler system, rotor and air jet nozzle are used in the ring, rotor and air jet spinning processes respectively. However, the productivity of the ring spinning process is limited significantly due to the frictional heat generated between the ring and traveler, especially at higher angular spindle speeds, which is crucial for the spinning of man-made fibers. This paper aims to describe the recent developments and solutions for increasing productivity in the ring spinning process in a systemic way. To reduce the friction, different topologies and surface modifications in the ring/traveler system were made to increase the angular spindle speed of maximum 23,000 rpm. To eliminate the friction, the twisting element was made of an air bearing or magnetically elevated rings were developed by replacing the ring/traveler system completely, thus permitting a higher angular spindle speed of up to 50,000 rpm. Further approaches deal with cap, loop and nova spinning or Nu-Torque technology to reduce yarn tension or residual torque in the yarn, respectively. The results of the presented work reveal the potential of different developments, especially in the field of twisting system, so that the productivity of ring spinning can be increased drastically.

Attitude control for a full-scale flexible electric solar wind sail spacecraft on heliocentric and displaced non-Keplerian orbits

The electric solar wind sail (E-sail) spacecraft is a fuel-free propulsion system with promising potential in deep space explorations and solar activity monitoring missions. It is challenging to conduct attitude control for a full-scale flexible E-sail spacecraft due to its complex dynamical characteristics, including the spatial multi-scale, high-speed spinning, and large deformations. In this work, a double-loop attitude control strategy for the flexible E-sail spacecraft with high accuracy and efficiency is proposed. The E-sail spacecraft is firstly modeled by the referenced nodal coordinate formulation, where the rotations are described by the Lie group approach. A state-feedback controller developed from the Lyapunov stability theory is prescribed as the inner loop. The gain is obtained by solving a semidefinite programming problem with linear matrix inequality constraints, which is globally optimal and numerically reliable. A multi-variable proportional-integral-derivative controller is then introduced as the outer loop for flexibly enhancing the control performance. Several missions of the E-sail spacecraft, including attitude maneuvers on heliocentric and displaced non-Keplerian orbits, are studied to show that the desired attitude adjustments are accurately and efficiently achieved without exciting high-frequency oscillations. The double-loop control strategy has great prospects in designing and implementing orbital transformation and long-term stable Sun-orbiting missions.

One-Shot Resin 3D-Printed Stators for Low-Cost Fabrication of Magic-Angle Spinning NMR Probeheads.

Additive manufacturing such as three-dimensional (3D)-printing has revolutionized the fast and low-cost fabrication of otherwise expensive NMR parts. High-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy demands rotating the sample at a specific angle (54.74°) inside a pneumatic turbine, which must be designed to achieve stable and high spinning speeds without mechanical friction. Moreover, instability of the sample rotation often leads to crashes, resulting in costly repairs. Producing these intricate parts requires traditional machining, which is time-consuming, costly, and relies on specialized labor. Herein, we show that 3D-printing can be used to fabricate the sample holder housing (stator) in one shot, while the radiofrequency (RF) solenoid was constructed using conventional materials available in electronics stores. The 3D-printed stator, equipped with a homemade RF coil, showed remarkable spinning stability, yielding high-quality NMR data. At a cost below 5 €, the 3D-printed stator represents a cost reduction of over 99% compared to repaired commercial stators, illustrating the potential of 3D-printing for mass-producing affordable magic-angle spinning stators.

A Control Method of Projectile Spinning Speed Based on Magnetic Field Vector Transformation in a Railgun

This article studies the spinning speed control method of projectile in a railgun. The core idea is to adjust the current in extra rails to produce a controllable magnetic field and rotational torque. Then, the spinning speed and direction can be accurately controlled. Based on the Biot–Savart law, a model is established to analyze the rotating characteristics affected by the current waveform in the extra rails. Results show that this method is feasible since the spinning speed is linear and controllable. It can achieve a high speed to meet the fly spinning stability. It is also found that the increase of spinning speed is at the expense of muzzle velocity, and the launching system cannot achieve the maximum spinning speed and maximum muzzle velocity at the same time. The greater the energy given to the inner rails, the higher the muzzle velocity, and the faster the spinning speed. Without a large muzzle velocity, it may not achieve a high spinning speed. Finally, the influence of different parameters on the consistency of spinning speed is analyzed. The method proposed in this article can control the spinning speed accurately, which is of reference significance for the development of electromagnetic launch technology.

Rearrangement of GO nanosheets with inner and outer forces under high-speed spin for supercapacitor

The self-standing graphene membranes are considered as ideal electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, maintaining highly regularized and uniform graphene membranes with satisfied electrochemical performance is still a challenge. Herein, with the chelation of metal cation and the radial shear force introduced by high-speed spinning, the uniform interlayer channels and shrunken cracks between adjacent nanosheets can be achieved in the metal-intercalated graphene oxide (GO) membranes, thus realizing regularization both in normal and radial direction. With the promotion in electron transfer and electrolyte penetration, the iron cross-linked GO membrane with spin coating for 40 cycles exhibits a high specific capacitance (427 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and rate capability (42.6% capacitance retention from 1 to 40 A g−1), as well as excellent cyclic capability (90.5% capacitance retention after 20,000 cycles). Particularly, a 21% increasement in capacitance can be achieved after high-speed spinning treatment. Moreover, the spin regularization strategy can be extended to GO membranes cross-linked by various multi-valence metal cations, the electrochemical performance of metal-cation cross-linked GO membrane electrodes after high-speed spinning treatment can also be improved obviously. Therefore, this paper provides a novel method to fabricate highly ordered GO membranes with promising electrochemical performance, which presents an immense potential application in membrane materials applied in energy storage, separation and catalysis.

Fiber trajectory tracking of centrifugal spinning and coupled-forces field effects on jet motion stability

High-speed centrifugal spinning holds excellent potential as a promising approach for nanofiber manufacturing due to its various raw materials, low environmental requirements, and high preparation efficiency. However, continuous jet movement and trajectory tracking on the action of gravity, centrifugal force, Coriolis force, viscous force, and air resistance remain significant challenges. Therefore, the present article has developed a polymer jet motion model based on the momentum equation, continuity equation, and constitutive equation of non-Newtonian fluid to explore the influence of spinning parameters on jet motion. Moreover, curved fiber trajectory in the centrifugal field, jet velocity distribution, and variation of air velocity around the nozzle have been simulated using the discrete phase model in terms of different angular velocities and solution concentrations. It is found that the angular velocity affects the formation of the jet trajectory. Furthermore, the solution concentration determines the attenuation of the jet velocity. Therefore, centrifugal spinning experiments have been carried out to verify the correctness of the results and theoretical analysis gained from the research. Scanning electron microscope observations show nanofibers with 6 wt% polyethylene oxide solution at 5500 rpm have better morphology and quality.

High-Speed Centrifugal Spinning Polymer Slip Mechanism and PEO/PVA Composite Fiber Preparation.

Composite nanofibers with excellent physical and chemical properties are widely used in new energy, biomedical, environmental, electronic, and other fields. Their preparation methods have been investigated extensively by many experts. High-speed centrifugal spinning is a novel method used to fabricate composite nanofibers. The slip mechanism of polymer solution flows is an important factor affecting the morphology and quality of composite nanofibers prepared by high-speed centrifugal spinning. As the polymer solution flows, the liquid wall slip occurs inside the nozzle, followed by liquid-liquid interface slip and gas-liquid interface slip. The factors affecting polymer slip were investigated by developing a mathematical model in the nozzle. This suggests that the magnitude of the velocity is an important factor that affects polymer slip and determines fiber quality and morphology. Under the same rotational speed, the smaller the nozzle diameter, the greater the concentration of velocity distribution and the smaller the diameter of the produced composite nanofibers. Finally, PEO/PVA composite nanofibers were prepared using high-speed centrifugal spinning equipment at 900-5000 rpm and nozzle diameters of 0.2 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, and 0.8 mm. The morphology and quality of the collected PEO/PVA composite nanofibers were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and TG experiments. Then, the optimal parameters for the preparation of PEO/PVA composite nanofibers by high-speed centrifugal spinning were obtained by combining the external environmental factors in the preparation process. Theoretical evaluation and experimental data were provided for the centrifugal composite spinning slip mechanism and for the preparation of composite nanofibers.

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A HIGH-YIELD EDIBLE OIL EXPELLER SCREW SHAFT

This project focuses on the design, construction, and performance testing of a mechanical oil expeller press for extracting oil from various raw materials including coconut, mustard seed, sesame, and groundnuts. The expeller was also subject to structural analysis using simulation software to ensure its safety and efficiency. Unlike chemical and centrifuge processes, which rely on solvents or high-speed spinning to extract oil, the mechanical expeller press uses a screw to apply pressure to the raw material, forcing the oil out. The screw shaft was designed using the ASME shaft design code and manufactured using locally available mild steel. The machine was powered by a 1 hp electric motor, and the screw rotated at a speed of 140 rpm. Raw materials were fed into the machine through a hopper and compressed inside the barrel for oil extraction. The cake, or residual material, was discharged outside the machine using a choke mechanism. The pressure on the screw was analyzed using simulation software and found to be within safe limits, ensuring the machine's durability and reliability. Overall, this project provides a viable solution for small-scale oil extraction using a mechanical expeller press that is safe, efficient, and cost-effective. KEYWORDS: Seeds, Oil Expeller Shaft Design, Oil Extraction, Fabrication, Efficiency.

Acoustic Black Holes in a Spinning Beam

Abstract Through creating slow waves in structures, Acoustic Black Hole (ABH) shows promise for potential vibration control applications. However, it remains unclear whether such phenomena can still occur in a structure undergoing high-speed spinning, and if so, what is the interplay among various system parameters and what are the underpinning physical mechanisms. To address this issue, this work establishes a semi-analytical model for a spinning ABH beam based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory under the energy framework. After its validation, the model is used to reveal a few important vibration features pertinent to the spinning ABH beam through examining its dynamics, modal properties and energy flow. It is shown that the spinning-induced centrifugal effects generate hardening effects inside the structure, thus increasing the overall structural stiffness and stretching the wavelength of the modal deformation of flexural waves as compared with its counterpart at still. Meanwhile, energy flow to the ABH portion of the beam is also adversely affected. As a result, the ABH-induced overall damping enhancement effect of the viscoelastic coating, as observed in conventional ABH beam at still, is impaired. Nevertheless, the study confirms that typical ABH features, in terms of wave compression, energy trapping and dissipation, though affected by the spinning effects, are still persistent in a high-speed spinning structure. This paves the way forward for the embodiment of ABH phenomena in the design of high performance rotating mechanical components such as turbine blades.

Mathematical model of multisegment balloons in ring spinning

High-speed ring spinning is limited by issues such as yarn quality and yarn breakage, and the spinning tension significantly affects yarn breakage and winding speed. The shape of the balloon in ring spinning is closely related to the distribution of tension within the yarn. In this study, a force analysis of the balloon yarn was conducted focusing on the balloon section during ring spinning, and a mathematical model of the balloon was established. The model included factors such as the centrifugal force, Coriolis force, and the air resistance of the yarn. Suitable parameters were then selected to extract the balloon trajectory curve and compare it with simulations to validate the model. The model was used to analyze the effects of balloon speed, yarn linear density, balloon bottom radius, balloon height, and yarn tension at the top of the balloon on the yarn tension at the bottom of the balloon, and the overall shape of the balloon. The balloon model established in this study could also be used for the study of balloon yarn tension in other processes. The effects of the main parameters influencing the yarn tension of the multi-balloon can provide a theoretical reference for enhancing the design of high-speed ring spinning.