High Safety Performance Research Articles

Prospects for the development of small nuclear power plants in Russia

This article reviews the main properties of the modular design of small nuclear power plants (SNPPs), shows the possibility of reducing the cost and construction time of this class of plants through factory production, the effect of serialization, and the reduction of redundant safety systems. The prospects for significant expansion of the field of application of nuclear technologies due to their modularity and the possibility to ensure high safety performance are presented. Possible areas of SNPP use for power supply of remote territories including the Arctic area, production of high-potential heat and hydrogen for industrial consumers, and other applications are analyzed. It shows the need to develop and implement a new nuclear energy technology platform based on SNPPs to solve the problems of global decarbonization of the world economy by significantly expanding the scope of nuclear energy technologies in addition to the currently developed technological platform of a closed nuclear fuel cycle with fast neutron reactors and the technological platform of controlled thermonuclear fusion. The authors propose to create a pilot site for testing technologies for captive production of hydrogen (heat) for an industrial consumer, as well as other technologies for the utilitarian use of SNPPs based on a pilot demonstration of a nuclear power plant with a high-temperature (about 1100C) fast neutron reactor with a gas coolant.

Advanced Zinc–Iodine Batteries with Ultrahigh Capacity and Superior Rate Performance Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide and Water‐in‐Salt Electrolyte

AbstractAqueous rechargeable zinc–iodine batteries have received increasing attention in the field of portable electronics due to their high safety, low‐cost, and great electrochemical performance. However, the insulated nature of iodine and the unrestricted shuttle effect of soluble triiodide seriously limit the lifespan and Coulombic efficiency (CE) of the batteries. Herein, a high‐performance zinc–iodine energy storage system based on the hydrothermal reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and a high concentration zinc chloride water‐in‐salt electrolyte are promoted. The 3D microporous structures and outstanding electrical conductivity of rGO make it an excellent host for iodine, while the water‐in‐salt electrolyte effectively suppresses the shuttle effect of triiodide and improves the CE of the system. As a result, an ultra‐high I2 mass loading of 25.33 mg cm−2 (loading ratio of 71.69 wt.%) is realized during the continuous charging/discharging process. The batteries deliver a high capacity of 6.5 mAh cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2 with a much‐improved CE of 95% and a prominent rate performance with capacity of 1 mAh cm−2 at 80 mA cm−2. A stable long‐term cycling performance is also achieved with capacity retention of 2 mAh cm−2 after 2000 cycles at 50 mA cm−2.

Revealing crack-healing mechanism of NCM composite cathode for sustainable cyclability of sulfide-based solid-state batteries

Understanding the interfacial phenomena in composite cathodes is essential for achieving excellent cycle performance in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), which exhibit high safety performance and energy densities. Herein, we report on the spontaneous crack-healing mechanism in a composite cathode consisting of LiNi0.7Co0.15Mn0.15O2 (NCM) and Li6PS5Cl0.5Br0.5. This cathode exhibited excellent cycle performance during cell tests owing to the stack pressure, which enhanced the ionic and electrical transfers at the material interfaces by remarkably reducing macrocracks between the materials in the composite cathode. Apart from the mechanical effects, a cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) composed of carbon, sulfur, bromine, and oxygen was formed at the interface of NCM and the binder, as decomposing the SSE adjacent to the NCM particles during electrochemical cycles. By contrast, the migration of sulfur and carbon species filled the microcracks between the NCM primary particles inside the secondary particles, thus improving the crucial crack issue of ASSBs. Furthermore, sufficient stack pressure and binding materials played a key role in maintaining the conductive pathway of the cathode by contributing to mechanical crack healing and chemical CEI formation. In this manner, achieving a better understanding of the healing behavior of microcracks and macrocracks in composite cathodes can facilitate the development of ASSBs with a long cycle performance.

Classification and Application Research of Lithium Electronic Batteries

In recent years, the damaging effects of burning fossil fuels on the environment and petrol has started to decline, the demand for sustainable energy has risen sharply, and lithium electronic batteries have become a hot spot today due to their high specific capacity, high self-discharge rate, long life and high safety performance. Since lithium metal is an active metal, its preparation and preservation have high requirements on the environment. This paper discusses the development history, working principle, classification and practical application of lithium electronic batteries in real life. The two types of lithium batteries are called lithium metal batteries and lithium ion batteries, respectively. The battery of lithium electronic battery is composed of positive electrode, diaphragm, organic electrolyte, battery shell and negative electrode. Rechargeable battery is also called “lithium ion". Its working principle is to cycle lithium ion back and forth between positive and negative electrodes, and to add and reuse lithium ion alternately and continuously between positive and negative electrodes during charge and discharge. There are basically three categories of lithium-ion battery electrolyte: liquid, solid and molten salt. At present, lithium iron phosphate or frequently used nickel-manganese-cobalt ternary materials are employed as the cathode of standard goods., and negative electrode is mainly graphite and other carbon materials. A better study could result from a deeper understanding of lithium-ion batteries, providing a wealth of theoretical knowledge for in-depth research.

Effect of Microwave Power and Gas Flow Rate on the Combustion Characteristics of the ADN-based Liquid Propellant

As a new type of energy-containing material, Ammonium dinitramide based liquid propellant has the advantages of being green, having low toxicity, good stability, and high safety performance. Traditional catalytic combustion methods require preheating of the catalytic bed and deactivation of the catalytic particles at high temperatures, while microwave ignition methods can effectively solve these problems. To study the combustion characteristics of ADN-based liquid propellants during microwave ignition, the influence of microwave power and gas flow rates on the combustion process are analyzed using experimental methods. A high-speed camera was used to observe the enhanced effects of microwave power and gas flow on plasma and flame. Combined with temperature measurement, the combustion process of ADN-based liquid propellants under the action of plasma was analyzed. The combustion process in the presence of microwaves was observed by comparing parameters such as flame length, flame temperature, and radical intensity. Those results show that, with the increase in microwave power, the luminous burning area of the flame grows significantly. The microwave power is increased by 250 W each, and the flame jet length is increased by nearly 20%. The increase in microwave power also leads to an increase in propellant combustion temperature, however, this increase gradually slows down. At a gas flow rate of 20 L/min, the ADN-based liquid propellant showed the best combustion performance with a maximum jet length of 14.51 cm and an average jet length increase of approximately 85.9% compared to 14 L/min. Too much gas flow rate will hinder the development of the jet, while the high-velocity airflow will have a cooling effect on the flame temperature. The results provide a basis for the specific parameter design of microwave ignition and promote the application of ADN-based liquid propellants in the aerospace field.

Alginate Fiber-Grafted Polyetheramine-Driven High Ion-Conductive and Flame-Retardant Separator and Solid Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Metal Batteries.

Traditional polymer-based separators and solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) often suffer from inherent poor flame retardancy and unsatisfied ionic conductivity, which seriously affect the safety and energy storage performance of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Inspired by the mechanism of Li+ conductivity, an alginate fiber (AF)-grafted polyetheramine (AF-PEA) separator with efficient Li+ transport and excellent flame retardancy is dedicatedly designed, which also can act as the backbone for PEO-based SPEs (PEO@AF-PEA). Based on the intrinsic flame retardancy of the AF, the AF-PEA shows self-extinguishing ability, and its Li+ transport ability (1.8 mS cm-1 at 25 °C) is enhanced by grafting the ion-conductive PEA chain segment. By simulating the transport and distribution of Li+ in the AF-PEA, the PEA with 7-segment chain lengths can uniformly fill the Li+ transport space between the alginate backbone to promote the Li+ adsorption and the utilization of Li+ anchoring points in PEA side chains, increasing the Li+ transport rate and migration capacity. The LiFePO4/Li solid-state battery assembled using PEO@AF-PEA SPEs exhibits high safety and excellent cycling performance (exceeding 100 mAh g-1 after 1500 cycles at 2 C current density and 80 °C with less than 0.016% capacity decay for each cycle).

Contactless de-tumbling of the uncooperative targets using arc-linear electromagnetic device

The contactless electromagnetic de-tumbling method does not have physical contact with the uncooperative space targets and can avoid generating new space debris. Due to pollution-free and high safety performance advantages, this method has a tremendous prospect in the application of de-tumbling the uncooperative space targets. In this paper, an improved arc-linear electromagnetic device and its corresponding de-tumbling method are presented based on the principle of electromagnetic eddy current, which is mainly used for the uncooperative space targets. The analytical model of the electromagnetic device is obtained by introducing the Carter and Russel-Norsworthy coefficients and validated by the finite element method (FEM). Then, the effect on the de-tumbling torque with different electromagnetic parameters is further analyzed. Finally, the three-dimensional dynamic simulation of the uncooperative space target is carried out. The results show that the uncooperative space target can be de-tumbled in a short time by the proposed contactless electromagnetic de-tumbling device.

Understanding the failure mechanism towards developing high-voltage single-crystal Ni-rich Co-free cathodes

Benefited from its high process feasibility and controllable costs, binary-metal layered structured LiNi0.8Mn0.2O2 (NM) can effectively alleviate the cobalt supply crisis under the surge of global electric vehicles (EVs) sales, which is considered as the most promising next-generation cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the lack of deep understanding on the failure mechanism of NM has seriously hindered its application, especially under the harsh condition of high-voltage without sacrifices of reversible capacity. Herein, single-crystal LiNi0.8Mn0.2O2 is selected and compared with traditional LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM), mainly focusing on the failure mechanism of Co-free cathode and illuminating the significant effect of Co element on the Li/Ni antisite defect and dynamic characteristic. Specifically, the presence of high Li/Ni antisite defect in NM cathode easily results in the extremely dramatic H2/H3 phase transition, which exacerbates the distortion of the lattice, mechanical strain changes and exhibits poor electrochemical performance, especially under the high cutoff voltage. Furthermore, the reaction kinetic of NM is impaired due to the absence of Co element, especially at the single-crystal architecture. Whereas, the negative influence of Li/Ni antisite defect is controllable at low current densities, owing to the attenuated polarization. Notably, Co-free NM can exhibit better safety performance than that of NCM cathode. These findings are beneficial for understanding the fundamental reaction mechanism of single-crystal Ni-rich Co-free cathode materials, providing new insights and great encouragements to design and develop the next generation of LIBs with low-cost and high-safety performances.

Self-adaptable gel polymer electrolytes enable high-performance and all-round safety lithium ion batteries

High safety and electrochemical performance of lithium batteries are a pair of irreconcilable contradictions. Adding flame retardants to electrolytes or introducing the flame retarded structures to various polymeric matrices can attain the purpose of an improved fire-safety, but there is almost no positive contribution and even are many negative effects on the electrochemical performance of batteries due to chemical or/and physical incompatibility with electrolyte, electrode, etc.. Inspired by nature, we delicately design an intelligent self-adaptable gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on a novel copolymer with functional pendent groups, which can assist lithium ion migration, afford redox stability, promote cyclization reaction and suppress combustion by a synergy of the pendent groups. Using this copolymer-based GPE, not only deliver the various batteries superior long-term cycling performance at room temperature, but also a thermal shutdown function at high temperature and a flame retardancy exposed to fire can be achieved. Significantly, LiFePO4/GPE/graphite pouch battery with an initial capacity of 24.06 mAh possesses a capacity retention of 75.9% and a coulombic efficiency of 99.6% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C, and meanwhile presents excellent resistance to mechanical damage, high temperature and flame, demonstrating a proof of concept for extensively high safety of the practical LIBs.

Preparation of High Performance Lithium‐Ion Battery Separators by Double‐Needle Electrospinning

AbstractTraditional polyolefin separators suffer from poor heat resistance and wettability with electrolyte, which leads to compromised safety and electrical properties of lithium‐ion batteries. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has high thermal stability and good chemical stability, but its high crystallinity leads to low ionic conductivity. In order to solve these problems, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) resin was introduced in this paper, and the PVDF/PVA composite separator was prepared by double‐needle electrospinning. The introduction of PVA resin improved its mechanical properties and electrolyte wettability, and ionic conductivity after assembly into a battery. Double‐needle electrospinning process is simple and can preserve the surface properties of fibers, and the prepared composite separator had a high porosity and electrolyte uptake. The composite separator has an ionic conductivity of 2.454 mS ⋅ cm−1, a high capacity retention rate of 97.5 % after 100 charge and discharge cycles, and a capacity retention rate of 86.8 % under 2 C high‐rate discharge. The results show that the battery assembled with PVDF/PVA composite separator has high safety performance and electrical performance, and has application prospects.

BIM-based analysis of construction safety tracking using behavior-based safety in Bangladeshi construction industry

PurposeIn comparison to other industries, the construction industry is one of the most dangerous industries. Behavior-based safety (BBS) is a common and useful technique for risk indicator processing. Almost all studies are based on the BBS checklist, but very few of them focus on the increasing dangers faced by construction workers and the important factors that lead to accidents. This research represents a risk spatiotemporal analysis and visual tracking approach based on BBS and Building Information Modeling (BIM).Design/methodology/approachAfter the literature review, a BBS checklist was developed. Then a survey was conducted based on the BBS checklist and the temporal evolution of risks has been completed. After that, managing the risk with the automatic rule checking (ARC) system using BIM was conducted simultaneously to develop a framework by conducting a case study.FindingsBased on the grey clustering analysis, this work provides a temporal evolution analysis approach for dynamic analyzing BBS risk. According to the grey relational analysis (GRA) data, the main key factor of risk was the missing guardrail/handrail system. After that, a case study was performed and the system automatically warn in the preconstruction phase that the barrier is missing as the system benefits.Originality/valueA systematic framework has been provided for risk analysis through which high health and safety performance outcomes can be achieved on construction projects. This study will assist design engineers in addressing the potential danger to employees during the preconstruction stage and monitoring dynamic changes in risk on any construction site.

Recent achievements of free‐standing material and interface optimization in high‐energy‐density flexible lithium batteries

AbstractLithium‐based batteries are the most potential state‐of‐the‐art energy storage device for flexible electronics. The flexible lithium batteries have the advantages of high energy density, robust mechanical durability, and stable power output even under dynamic deformation. Among them, the synergies of flexible free‐standing electrodes, solid electrolytes, and electrode–electrolyte interfaces are crucial to achieving the goal of high energy density and safety performance for flexible lithium batteries. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the interface formation mechanism and influencing factors is crucial for the design of flexible electrodes and solid electrolytes. In this review, the interface challenges in flexible lithium‐based batteries including interface formation, electrodes‐electrolyte interface, and interparticle interface characteristics are presented. Then, strategies of interface optimization are summarized and discussed. Following this, the interface of flexible lithium‐based batteries with novel architecture is introduced, including the interface between each component and unit of the battery. Finally, the perspectives for the future development of flexible lithium‐based batteries are also given.

Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes for solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries with enhanced electrochemical properties

AbstractSolid‐state polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have attracted significant attention owing to their improvement in high energy density and high safety performance. However, the low lithium‐ion conductivity of SPEs at room temperature restricts their further application in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we propose a novel poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐based nanocomposite polymer electrolytes by blending boron‐containing nanoparticles (BNs) in the PEO matrix (abbreviated as: PEO/BNs NPEs). The boron atom of BNs is sp2‐hybridized and contains an empty p‐orbital that can interact with the anion of lithium salt, promoting the dissociation of the lithium salts. In addition, the introduction of the BNs could reduce the crystallinity of PEO. And thus, the ionic conductivity of PEO/BNs NPEs could reach as high as 1.19 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 60°C. Compared to the pure PEO solid polymer electrolyte (PEO SPEs), the PEO/BNs NPEs showed a wider electrochemical window (5.5 V) and larger lithium‐ion migration number (0.43). In addition, the cells assembled with PEO/BNs NPEs exhibited good cycle performance with an initial discharge capacity of 142.5 mA h g−1 and capacity retention of 87.7% after 200 cycles at 2 C (60°C).

High-safety, wide-temperature-range, low-external-pressure and dendrite-free lithium battery with sulfide solid electrolyte

Li metal is considered to be the most ideal anode due to its highest energy density, but traditional lithium-metal liquid-electrolyte battery system suffers from low Coulombic efficiency, repetitive SEI formation, Li dendrite growth, etc. Herein, a new battery configuration is proposed to exploit room-temperature liquid lithium solutions (Li-BP-Ether) as anodes and argyrodite sulfide as solid electrolyte. Such liquid lithium solutions can deliver high safety performance, excellent dendrite suppression capability, low redox potentials, and high conductivity of 12 mS cm−1 at room temperature. Moreover, sulfide solid electrolyte has the highest room-temperature ionic conductivity among all solid electrolytes and ideal mechanical ductility for fully compact layer simply by cold pressing. This battery configuration combines the advantages of these materials and can operate at neglectable external pressure (3 kPa) in a wide temperature range (−20∼50 °C). As a result, a high reversible discharge capacity (140.4 mAh g−1) and high efficiencies (99.7% Coulombic efficiency and >96% energy efficiency after ∼100 cycles) are achieved. Furthermore, this battery demonstrates the best cycle stability and the highest efficiency among all the liquid lithium solution battery systems using solid cathodes reported so far. Overall, this class of battery configuration may open up a promising route for high-energy-density, cost-effective and safe rechargeable lithium batteries.

Unlocking the High Capacity Ammonium-Ion Storage in Defective Vanadium Dioxide.

Aqueous ammonium-ion storage has been considered a promising energy storage competitor to meet the requirements of safety, affordability, and sustainability. However, ammonium-ion storage is still in its infancy in the absence of reliable electrode materials. Here, defective VO2 (d-VO) is employed as an anode material for ammonium-ion batteries with a moderate transport pathway and high reversible capacity of ≈200 mAh g-1 . Notably, an anisotropic or anisotropic behavior of structural change of d-VO between c-axis and ab planes depends on the state of charge (SOC). Compared with potassium-ion storage, ammonium-ion storage delivers a higher diffusion coefficient and better electrochemical performance. A full cell is further fabricated by d-VO anode and MnO2 cathode, which delivers a high energy density of 96Wh kg-1 (based on the mass of VO2 ), and a peak energy density of 3254W kg-1 . In addition, capacity retention of 70% can be obtained after 10 000 cycles at a current density of 1 A g-1 . What's more, the resultant quasi-solid-state MnO2 //d-VO full cell based on hydrogel electrolyte also delivers high safety and decent electrochemical performance. This work will broaden the potential applications of the ammonium-ion battery for sustainable energy storage.

Accelerated discovery of novel high-performance zinc-ion battery cathode materials by combining high-throughput screening and experiments

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) have attracted much attention in recent years due to their high safety, low cost, and decent electrochemical performance. However, the traditional electrodes development process requires tedious synthesis and testing procedures, which reduces the efficiency of developing high-performance battery devices. Here, we proposed a high-throughput screening strategy based on first-principles calculations to aid the experimental development of high-performance spinel cathode materials for AZIBs. We obtained 14 spinel materials from 12,047 Mn/Zn-O based materials by examining their structures and whether they satisfy the basic properties of electrodes. Then their band structures and density of states, open circuit voltage and volume expansion rate, ionic diffusion coefficient and energy barrier were further evaluated by first-principles calculations, resulting in five potential candidates. One of the promising candidates identified, Mg2MnO4, was experimentally synthesized, characterized and integrated into an AZIB based cell to verify its performance as a cathode. The Mg2MnO4 cathode exhibits excellent cycling stability, which is consistent with the theoretically predicted low volume expansion. Moreover, at high current density, the Mg2MnO4 cathode still exhibits high reversible capacity and excellent rate performance, indicating that it is an excellent cathode material for AZIBs. Our work provides a new approach to accelerate the development of high-performance cathodes for AZIBs and other ion batteries.

Novel ZrO2@Polyimde nano-microspheres-coated polyethylene separators for high energy density and high safety Li-ion battery

Due to the low melting point and non-polarity of polyethylene (PE), the commercially available PE microporous separator intrinsically has poor thermostability above 100 °C and inferior wettability, limiting the development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a novel PE composite separator coated by high-temperature zirconia@polyimide core–shell nano-microspheres (ZrO2@PI nano-microspheres) was designed, producing (ZrO2@PI)/PE separator with thermal stability, wettability, and flame retardancy. On account of the ZrO2 shell nanoencapsulation, the hydrophilicity of PI nano-microspheres has been dramatically improved, which can enhance the electrolyte wettability of the composite separator, and the prepared (ZrO2@PI)/PE separator displays enhanced thermal dimensional stability, maintaining its original shape with negligible shrinkage at 150 °C. Furthermore, different from the commercial Al2O3 ceramic-coated separators, the (ZrO2@PI)/PE separators possess lower areal density, which is only half as much as the Al2O3/PE separators. Besides, the half-cell assembled with this (ZrO2@PI)/PE separator shows a comparable capacity of 156.9 mAh·g−1 at 5 C to PE separator (118.4 mAh·g−1). Meanwhile, the cells assembled with (ZrO2@PI)/PE separator demonstrate enhanced cycle performance and thermal safety performance and can work continuously for 109 min at 140 °C, which has enormous improvement compared with the PE-separator-equipped cell (i.e., 21 min). The above results manifest that the (ZrO2@PI)/PE separator prepared in this work furnishes LIBs with high safety and electrochemical performance, promising new-generation high energy density and high security LIBs.

A Gel Polymer Electrolyte with 2D Filler‐reinforced for Dendrite Suppression Li‐Ion Batteries

AbstractGel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) incorporate both the high ionic conductivity of organic liquid electrolyte and the high safety performance of all‐solid‐state electrolytes (ASSEs), greatly improving the electrochemical performance of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). However, the practical application of GPEs is still limited by inferior interface compatibility, lithium dendrites, etc. Herein, we prepared GPEs based on poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) further co‐blended the two‐dimensional sheet inorganic filler hectorite and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to improve the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the GPEs. When the content of PMMA and hectorite is optimal, this GPEs have an ionic conductivity of 1.06×10−3 S cm−1 and outstanding lithium symmetric cells cycle time of more than 3000 h, indicating that the introduction of filler effectively inhibits the growth of lithium dendrites at room temperature. Moreover, the GPEs adopt a relatively simple solution casting method to provide a fresh idea for the synthesis of high‐performance GPEs.

Boosting the electrochemical performance of lithium titanate at sub-zero temperature with Mo, S doping, and addition of MXene

It is critical to exploit anode materials with high safety and excellent electrochemical performance at sub-zero temperature for lithium-ion batteries. Although Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is safe compared to graphite anode, its poor electrochemical performance at low temperature is a big challenge to be overcome. In this report, lithium titanate nanosheets with large surface area are prepared and their electrochemical performance is boosted by the combination of multiple heteroatoms doping and introduction of MXene. Electrochemical experiments show that the Mo, S co-doped sample nanocomposites display high reversible specific capacity, good rate capability, and cycling lives at the temperature of −20 °C, showing the great capability of Mo, S co-doping heteroatoms to improve the performance of LTO at sub-zero temperature. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation indicates that the Mo, S co-doping can introduce impurity energy level to promote the electronic conductivity of LTO, in favor of promoting the electrochemical performance.

Cyclotriphosphazene-based flame-retardant polymer electrolytes for high performance sodium metal batteries

A flexible flame-retardant polymer electrolyte (FRPE) based on the cross-linked network containing cyclophosphazene groups in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol)-functionalized cyclotriphosphazene (PEG-CP) is fabricated via thiol-acrylate and radical photopolymerizations under UV irradiation for the application in sodium metal batteries (SMBs). The PEG-CP with star-shaped structure applied as the ionic conductor and flame-retardant reinforcer, improves simultaneously the flame retardancy and ionic conductivity of FRPEs. With the increase of PEG-CP content, the crystallinity and glass-transition temperature of FRPEs decrease significantly, which is beneficial to the improvement of ionic conductivity. More importantly, the introduction of cyclic boronic ester improves the sodium-ion transference number and interfacial stability owing to the interaction between anions of sodium salt and boronic ester. The Na/FRPE-40/Na3V2(PO4)3 cell exhibits high specific capacity of 88.0 mAh/g at 0.1C, and retains 91.4 % of the initial capacity after 100 cycles. This work demonstrates that the FRPEs have the great potential for SMBs with high safety and excellent electrochemical performances.