High Reversible Capacity Research Articles

Engineering of Cerium Modified TiNb2O7 Nanoparticles For Low-Temperature Lithium-Ion Battery.

Although TiNb2O7 (TNO) with comparable operating potential and ideal theoretical capacity is considered to be the most ideal replacement for negative Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), the low ionic and electronic conductivity still limit its practical application as satisfactory anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high-power density. Herein, TNO nanoparticles modified by Cerium (Ce) with outstanding electrochemical performance are synthesized. The successful introduction of Ce3+ in the lattice leads to increased interplanar spacing, refined grain size, more oxygen vacancy, and a smaller lithium diffusion barrier, which are conducive to improve conductivity of both Li+ and electrons. As a result, the modified TNO reaches high reversible capacity of 256.0mAhg-1 at 100mAg-1 after 100cycles, and 183.0mAhg-1 even under 3200mAg-1. In particular, when the temperature drops to -20°C, the cell undergoing 1500cycles at a high current density of 500mAg-1 can still reach 89.7mAhg-1, corresponding to a capacity decay rate per cycle of only 0.033%. This work provides a new way to improve the electrochemical properties of alternative anodes for LIBs at extreme temperature.

Mn-doped FeNCN as advance anode for potassium ion batteries

The development of anode materials with advanced structures to facilitate rapid charge transport and enhance potassium storage performance is urgently needed to propel the advancement of potassium ion batteries (PIBs). Transition metal carbodiimides have emerged as promising PIB electrode materials, but achieving high capacity and long-lasting cycling stability remains a challenging task. Here, Mn-doped FeNCN was synthesized by a one-step high-temperature solid-state reaction. Mn doping expands the lattice and boosts ionic conductivity, enabling favorable potassium ion storage and enhanced charging/discharging rates. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) calculations also prove that Mn-doped FeNCN facilitates the enhancement of potassium ions adsorption and promotes electron transfer. As a result, optimized Mn-FeNCN delivers high reversible capacity (402.6 mAh/g at 100 mA g−1) as PIBs anode. Even at high current density of 1000 mA g−1, it still delivers the reverse capacity of 301 mAh/g. This work provides a promising strategy to improve electrochemical performance of the transition metal carbodiimides.

Effects of Lithium Halides on Electrode-Electrolyte Bifunctional Materials for High-Capacity All-Solid-State Batteries.

All-solid-state batteries have attracted attention because of their high energy density, safety, and long cycle life. Sulfide active materials exhibit high capacities and enable an enhanced energy density in all-solid-state batteries. In this study, we synthesized electrode-electrolyte bifunctional materials in the system Li2S-V2S3-LiX (X = F, Cl, Br, or I) through a mechanochemical process. In addition, the effects of the addition of lithium halides on the electrochemical properties were investigated. All-solid-state batteries with the Li2S-V2S3-LiI electrode showed the highest capacity of 400 mAh g-1 among all the cells, even though their electronic and ionic conductivities were the same. From the point of view of the ionic conductivity and structure of the electrodes during cycling, it was clarified that a high reversible capacity was achieved not only by high ionic and electronic conductivities before cycling but also by maintaining the ionic conductivity even at the deep state of charge. Furthermore, high-loading all-solid-state cells were fabricated using the Li2S-V2S3-LiI materials with a mass loading of 37.3 mg cm-2, exhibiting a high areal capacity of approximately 11.5 mAh cm-2 at 60 °C and good cycle performance.

Large-Scale Synthesis of Highly Porous CuO/Cu2O/Cu/Carbon Derived from Aerogels for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes.

In this work, an effective strategy for the large-scale fabrication of highly porous CuO/Cu2O/Cu/carbon (P-Cu-C) has been established. Cu-cross-linked aerogels were first continuously prepared using a continuous flow mode to form uniform beads, which were transformed into P-Cu-C with a subsequent pyrolysis process. Various pyrolysis temperatures were used to form a series of P-Cu-C including P-Cu-C-250, P-Cu-C-200, P-Cu-C-350, and P-Cu-C-450 to investigate suitable pyrolysis conversion processes. The obtained P-Cu-C series were utilized as anodes of lithium-ion batteries, in which P-Cu-C-250 exhibited a higher reversible gravimetric capacity, excellent rate capability, and superior cycle stability. The enhanced behavior of P-Cu-C-250 was benefitted from the synergistic interaction between uniformly dispersed CuO, Cu2O, Cu nanoparticles, and highly graphitized carbon with a large surface area and highly porous structure. More importantly, the preparation of P-Cu-C-250 could be scaled up by taking advantage of the continuous flow synthesis mode, which may provide pilot- or industrial-scale applications. The large-scale fabrication proposed here may give a universal method to fabricate highly porous metal oxide-carbon anode materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage applications. Porous CuO/Cu2O/Cu/carbon derived from Cu-crosslinked aerogels was used as Li-ion battery anode materials, exhibiting a high reversible areal capacity, large gravimetric capacity, superior cycling performance, and excellent rate capacity. A continuous preparation method is established to ensure the product scaled up.

Scalable molten salt strategy synthesis of large-size 2D MoS2(1-x)Se2x alloy for boosting potassium-ion storage performance

Owing to the lamellar structure and large theoretical specific capacity, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising anodes for potassium ion batteries (KIBs). However, the development and application of TMDs are greatly confined by the inferior conductivity and structure integrity. Herein, a two-dimensional (2D) MoS2(1-x)Se2x ternary alloy supported by carbon nanosheets (MoS2(1-x)Se2x/C) is designed to boost their electrochemical performance in KIBs. Owing to the unique 2D structure, the assistance of carbon, as well as the synergistic effect of S and Se, the MoS2(1-x)Se2x/C gets many obvious merits as: abundant K+ diffusion path, enhanced structure stability and improved conductivity. Thus, our designed MoS2(1-x)Se2x/C obtains the high reversible capacity (279.93 mAh/g at 0.2 A/g), excellent rate performance and long-cycling capability for KIBs. Even cycling for 500 times at the high current density of 1 A/g, a large reversible capacity of 257.94 mAh/g is kept. Moreover, the energy storage mechanisms of MoS2(1-x)Se2x during potassiation and depotassiation process are revealed. Our work provides a new insight into the modification of TMDs anode for potassium ion batteries.

Enhanced diffusion kinetics in Y-doped SnO2 anodes for low-temperature lithium-ion batteries: A combined theoretical and experimental study

In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries suitable for low temperatures in various fields. SnO2, with its high theoretical specific capacity, has emerged as an ideal candidate for low-temperature lithium-ion batteries. However, tin oxide exhibits inherent issues such as poor conductivity and limited cycle reversibility. Enhancing the diffusion rate of lithium ions in tin oxide is crucial for improving its low-temperature performance. We use first-principles calculations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) to investigate the doping models of various transition metal elements (Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Gr, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) with a rational ratio of 4 % in SnO2. The results indicate that Y doping decreases the band gap of SnO2 by 0.253 eV, leading to a significant reduction in the Li-ion diffusion barrier of α-Sn. Furthermore, the synthesized SnO2 doped with Y (Y-SnO2) electrode exhibited excellent cyclic stability as an anode and achieved a high reversible capacity of 672 mAh g−1 at −10°C, surpassing that of the pure SnO2 (450 mAh g−1). Moreover, it demonstrated a higher diffusion coefficient of lithium ions and lower charge transfer impedance at both low and room temperatures.

A Natural Casein-Based Separator with Brick-and-Mortar Structure for Stable, High-Rate Proton Batteries.

Rechargeable aqueous proton batteries with small organic molecule anodes are currently considered promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their low cost, stable safety, and environmental friendliness. However, the practical application is limited by the poor cycling stability caused by the shuttling of soluble organic molecules between electrodes. Herein, a cell separator is modified by a GO-casein-Cu2+ layer with a brick-and-mortar structure to inhibit the shuttling of small organic molecules. Experimental and calculation results indicate that, attributed to the synergistic effect of physical blocking of casein molecular chains and electrostatic and coordination interactions of Cu2+, bulk dissolution and shuttling of multiple small molecules can be inhibited simultaneously, while H+ transfer across the separators is not almost affected. With the protection of the GO-casein-Cu2+ separator, soluble small molecules, such as diquinoxalino[2,3-a:2',3'-c]phenazine,2,3,8,9,14,15-hexacyano (6CN-DQPZ) exhibit a high reversible capacity of 262.6 mA h g-1 and amazing stability (capacity retention of 92.9% after 1000 cycles at 1 A g-1). In addition, this strategy is also proved available to other active conjugated small molecules, such as indanthrone (IDT), providing a general green sustainable strategy for advancing the use of small organic molecule electrodes in proton cells.

Formation of hollow spheres structures Co/CoO/ZnO@NC from metal-organic frameworks as a anode for lithium-ion batteries

Transition metal oxides have become a potential anode material for LIBs due to their large theoretical capacity, low cost, abundant resources. However, significant volume changes and severe particle aggregation occur during charge/discharge process. In this work, it is found that the composite of dual component active TMO and single metal, and coating by doped carbon are the effective methods to improve the electrochemical performance and adapt to volume changes in storing lithium. The specific process is based on the co-precipitation of Zn and Co ions in the presence of 2-methylimidazolium salts to produce imidazolium salt frameworks (ZIFs) of bimetallic zeolites, which are then thermally decomposed to form hollow spheres structures Co/CoO/ZnO@NC. The hollow sphere uses Co as the core and CoO/ZnO@NC particles coated with nitrogen doped carbon layer as the shell. These spherical structures exhibit excellent electrochemical performance, high reversible capacity, excellent cycling stability (702 mAh/g at 100 mAg−1 after 100 cycles), and good rate capability (735 mAh/g and 515 mAh/g at 100 mA g−1 and 2000 mA g−1 respectively).

Enhancing Conversion Kinetics through Electron Density Dual-Regulation of Catalysts and Sulfur toward Room-/Subzero-Temperature Na-S Batteries.

Room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na/S) batteries have received increasing attention for the next generation of large-scale energy storage, yet they are hindered by the severe dissolution of polysulfides, sluggish redox kinetic, and incomplete conversion of sodium polysulfides (NaPSs). Herein, the study proposes a dual-modulating strategy of the electronic structure of electrocatalyst and sulfur to accelerate the conversion of NaPSs. The selenium-modulated ZnS nanocrystals with electron rearrangement in hierarchical structured spherical carbon (Se-ZnS/HSC) facilitate Na+ transport and catalyze the conversion between short-chain sulfur and Na2S. And the in situ introduced Se within S can enhance conductivity and form an S─Se bond, suppressing the "polysulfides shuttle". Accordingly, the S@Se-ZnS/HSC cathode exhibits a specific capacity of as high as 1302.5 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and ultrahigh-rate capability (676.9 mAh g-1 at 5.0 A g-1). Even at -10 °C, this cathode still delivers a high reversible capacity of 401.2 mAh g-1 at 0.05 A g-1 and 94% of the original capacitance after 50 cycles. This work provides a novel design idea for high-performance Na/S batteries.

Achieving High-Rate and Stable Sodium-Ion Storage by Constructing Okra-Like NiS2/FeS2@Multichannel Carbon Nanofibers.

Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) are considered as promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high theoretical capacities. However, the relatively low electrical conductivity, large volume variation, and easy aggregation/pulverization of active materials seriously hinder their practical application. Herein, okra-like NiS2/FeS2 particles encapsulated in multichannel N-doped carbon nanofibers (NiS2/FeS2@MCNFs) are fabricated by a coprecipitation, electrospinning, and carbonization/sulfurization strategy. The combined advantages arising from the hollow multichannel structure in carbon skeleton and heterogeneous NiS2/FeS2 particles with rich interfaces can provide facile ion/electron transfer paths, ensure boosted reaction kinetics, and help maintain the structural integrity, thereby resulting in a high reversible capacity (457 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1), excellent rate performance (350 mA h g-1 at 5 A g-1), and outstanding long-term cycling stability (93.5% retention after 1100 cycles). This work provides a facile and efficient synthetic strategy to develop TMS-based heterostructured anode materials with high-rate and stable sodium storage properties.

Silicon/carbon nanotubes anode for lithium-ion batteries: Synthesis, interface and electrochemical performance

Silicon/carbon composite has been a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess high electrical conductivity, specific area, and mechanical strength, holding great potential for constructing advanced Si/C anode materials. However, the unstable interface and tricky synthesis processes hinder practical applications of Si/CNTs anode. In this work, we develop a one-step method to prepare Si/CNTs composite by magnesium reduction of SiO2 mixed with CNTs. The interface between Si nanoparticles and CNTs upon the weight ratio of SiO2 to CNTs and their influences on the electrochemical performances of Si/CNTs composite have been systematically studied. The Si nanoparticle partly reacts with CNTs and forms Si-C bonds in the interface when the mass ratio of SiO2 to CNTs is above 1.5. The electrochemical performance of this three-phase heterostructure (Si/CNTs-2) are significantly improved due to the Si-C chemical bonding. A high initial reversible capacity of 1100.2 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 is obtained, and the capacity of 922.4 mAh g−1 remains after 200 cycles with a high capacity retention of 83.3 %. The rate capability is excellent and the capacity is 797 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 and remains 612.3 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles. The interfacial design of Si/CNTs composite provides guidance to prepare high- performance Si/C composite anode.

Synergistic construction of uniform LiAlO2 coating on LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode materials by acid etching and polyvinylpyrrolidone cross-linking approaches for high-performance Li-ion batteries

A uniform and conductive LiAlO2 coating on the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode material was successfully constructed by the synergistic effects of acid etching and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) cross-linking approaches. Hydrolysis of Al sources (Al(NO3)3) generates H+ ions to etch the inert surfaces of hydroxide precursors, which leaves highly active sites exposed on the Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2 surfaces for subsequent coating. Furthermore, PVP polymeric chains act as cross-linkers to anchor Al(OH)3 onto the highly active Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2 surfaces for the formation of uniform LiAlO2 coating layers after chemical lithiation of calcination. The synergistically constructed LiAlO2 coating layers could effectively reduce the gas production and improve the cycling stability of the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode materials with a high reversible capacity of 212.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C for the initial cycle and 172.3 mAh g−1 at 1 C for the 200th cycle.

Triazine-based porous aromatic polymer coating with ultra-low interface impedance for stable Zn anode

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have superiorities such as high safety, low redox potential and low cost, but they still have the disadvantages of uncontrollable zinc dendrite growth, severe corrosion, and hydrogen evolution reactions. This study synthesized a porous organic polymer based on anthraquinone and triazine units (C-PAT) and used it as a protective coating for zinc anode of AZIBs. Profiting by high hydrophobicity of C-PAT, the electrode-electrolyte interface corrosion was reduced, thus achieving a stable Zn anode with low interface impedance. The symmetrical battery assembled with Zn anode modified with C-PAT could stably cycle for 1820 h maintaining a lower polarization voltage of 33 mV at 0.25 mA cm−2. The full battery (C-PAT@Zn//NHVO) shows a high initial capacity of 358.2 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and displays an impressive cycling performance with high reversible capacity of 191.5 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles. This study could provide a new course for the application of porous organic polymers as the protective coatings of Zn anode to obtain long-life AZIBs.

Designing Urchin-Like S/SiO2 with Regulated Pores Toward Ultra-Fast Room Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Battery.

Captured by high theoretical capacity and low-cost, Sodium-Sulfur (Na-S) batteries have been deemed as promising energy-storage systems. However, their electrochemical properties, containing both cycling and rate properties, still suffer from the notorious "shuttle effect" of polysulfide. Herein, through the effective regulation of pore sizes, a series of S/SiO2 cathode materials are obtained. Benefitting from the abundant pore channels of SiO2 particles, the sulfur loading is as high as 76.3%. Importantly, a suitable pore size can lead to adequate reaction and rapid diffusion behaviors, resulting in excellent electrochemical performances. Specifically, at 2.0Ag-1, the initial capacity of the as-optimized sample can be up to 1370.6mAhg-1. Surprisingly, even after 1050 cycles, it could achieve a high reversible capacity of 1280.8mAhg-1 with an attenuation rate of 0.089%. At 5.0Ag-1, after 500 cycles, the capacity can still remain ≈ 1132.6mAhg-1 (capacity retention rate, 97.5%). Given this, the work is anticipated to offer an effective strategy for advanced electrodes for Na-S batteries.

Releasing Free Radicals in Precursor Triggers the Formation of Closed Pores in Hard Carbon for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Increasing closed pore volume in hard carbon is considered to be the most effective way to enhance the electrochemical performance in sodium-ion batteries. However, there is a lack of systematic insights into the formation mechanisms of closed pores at molecular level. In this study, a regulation strategy of closed pores via adjustment of the content of free radicals is reported. Sufficient free radicals are exposed by part delignification of bamboo, which is related to the formation of well-developed carbon layers and rich closed pores. In addition, excessive free radicals from nearly total delignification lead to more reactive sites during pyrolysis, which competes for limited precursor debris to form smaller microcrystals and therefore compact the material. The optimal sample delivers a large closed pore volume of 0.203 cm3 g-1, which leads to a high reversible capacity of 350 mAh g-1 at 20 mA g-1 and enhanced Na+ transfer kinetics. This work provides insights into the formation mechanisms of closed pores at molecular level, enabling rational design of hard carbon pore structures.

Constructing Highly Stable Zinc Metal Anodes via Induced Zn(002) Growth.

The nonuniform electric field at the surface of a zinc (Zn) anode, coupled with water-induced parasitic reactions, exacerbates the growth of Zn dendrites, presenting a significant impediment to large-scale energy storage in aqueous Zn-ion batteries. One of the most convenient strategies for mitigating dendrite-related issues involves controlling crystal growth through electrolyte additives. Herein, we present thiamine hydrochloride (THC) as an electrolyte additive capable of effectively stabilizing the preferential deposition of the Zn(002) plane. First-principles calculations reveal that THC tends to adsorb on Zn(100) and Zn(101) planes and is capable of inducing the deposition of Zn ion onto the (002) plane and the preferential growth of the (002) plane, resulting in a flat and compact deposition layer. A THC additive not only effectively suppresses dendrite growth but also prevents the generation of side reactions and hydrogen evolution reaction. Consequently, the Zn||Zn symmetric battery exhibits long-term cycling stability of over 3000 h at 1 mA cm-2/1 mAh cm-2 and 1000 h at 10 mA cm-2/10 mAh cm-2. Furthermore, the NH4V4O10||Zn full battery also displays excellent cycling stability and a high reversible capacity of 210 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 1 A g-1, highlighting a significant potential for practical applications.

Radially oriented Ni3(HITP)2 microspheres as high-performance anode materials for Li-ion capacitors with exceptional energy density and cycling stability

Developing of high-energy, high-power-density energy storage devices is challenging. Despite being promising electrode materials for these devices, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have poor electrical conductivity and weak ligand–metal coordination. Here, the highly conductive MOF, Ni3(HITP)2, which comprises radially oriented microspheres, is adopted as the anode for Li-ion capacitors (LICs). The half-cell demonstrates high reversible capacity (834 mAh g−1) at 50 mA g−1 with minimal capacity reduction, attributable to the participation of C and N functional groups of the ligand and Ni2+ in the redox reactions during charge/discharge. Especially, density functional theory calculations show that, apart from the inner rings, participation of the outer rings of Ni3(HITP)2 in the redox reactions is responsible for the high Li + storage capacity. An LIC with a Ni3(HITP)2 anode and commercial activated-carbon cathode demonstrates high specific energy (120.7 Wh kg−1) at 89.2 W kg−1, nearly twice as high as that of graphite-based LICs, and maintains specific energy of 25.8 Wh kg−1 even at high specific power (7.16 kW kg−1), over the range 1–4.4 V, along with high cycling stability (76% capacity retention over 10000 cycles). The proposed radially oriented Ni3(HITP)2 microspheres have potential for application as the anode in high-performance energy storage devices.

A graded structure of silicon/carbon composite powder for highly stable lithium ion battery anode

Silicon has much higher theoretical specific capacity than traditional graphite materials (3579 mAh g−1vs. Graphite: 372mAh g−1). However huge volumetric expansion (∼300%) of silicon seriously reduces its cyclic stability as anode in lithium-ion batteries. Though reduce the size of silicon based composites to nanoscale and tuning their porosity have been extensively studied, above strategies reduce the vibration density of the anode material unsurprisingly, which is not conducive to the advantage of high volumetric capacity anode. In this work, we design a unique graded silicon/carbon powder to maintain excellent energy storage performance at high vibration density. The composite of graded structure is constructed by first particles and second particles. The construction strategy is proved to be adoptable to achieve cost effective production of high performance silicon/carbon composite anode for development of advanced lithium-ion battery. Under the premise of industrial powder materials’ production technologies, a graded structure silicon/carbon composite with optimized synthetic condition shows high-reversible capacity of 827.4 mAh g−1 at 200 mAh g−1 (equal to 1464.5 Ah L−1) and it capacity remains at 715.0 mAh g−1 after 800 cycles, with a capacity retention rate of 86.37%, which shows high cycle life.

The Potential Regulation of Working Anode for Long-Term Zero-Volt Storage at 37°C in Li-Ion Batteries.

The advanced lithium-ion batteries that can tolerate zero-volt storage (ZVS) are in high demand for implantable medical devices and spacecraft. However, ZVS can raise the anode potential, leading to Cu current collector dissolution and solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) degradation, especially at 37°C. In this contribution, by quantitatively regulating the dosage of Li6CoO4 cathode additives, controllable potential of the working anode under abusive-discharge conditions is demonstrated. The addition of Li6CoO4 keeps zero-crossing potential (ZCP) and the potential of ZVS below 2.0 V (vs Li/Li+) for LiCoO2|mesocarbon microbead cells at 37°C. The capacity retention ratio (CRR) increases from 69.1% and 35.9% to 98.6% and 90.8% after 10 and 20 days of ZVS, respectively. The Cu dissolution and SEI degradation are effectively suppressed, while the over-lithiated cathode exhibits high reversible capacity after ZVS. The limiting conditions of long-term ZVS are further explored and a corresponding guide map is designed. When quantitatively regulating ZCP and the potential in ZVS, Cu dissolution, SEI degradation, and irreversible conversion of the cathode constitute the limiting conditions. This contribution designs the most reasonable potential range for ZVS protection at 37°C, and realizes the best CRR record through precise potential regulation for the first time.

A Tellurium-Boosted High-Areal-Capacity Zinc-Sulfur Battery.

Aqueous rechargeable zinc-sulfur (Zn-S) batteries are a promising, cost-effective, and high-capacity energy storage technology. Still, they are challenged by the poor reversibility of S cathodes, sluggish redox kinetics, low S utilization, and unsatisfactory areal capacity. This work develops a facile strategy to achieve an appealing high-areal-capacity (above 5mAhcm-2) Zn-S battery by molecular-level regulation between S and high-electrical-conductivity tellurium (Te). The incorporation of Te as a dopant allows for manipulation of the Zn-S electrochemistry, resulting in accelerated redox conversion, and enhanced S utilization. Meanwhile, accompanied by the S-ZnS conversion, Te is converted to zinc telluride during the discharge process, as revealed by ex-situ characterizations. This additional redox reaction contributes to the S cathode's total excellent discharge capacity. With this unique cathode structure design, the carbon-confined TeS cathode (denoted as Te1S7/C) delivers a high reversible capacity of 1335.0mAhg-1 at 0.1Ag-1 with a mass loading of 4.22mgcm-2, corresponding to a remarkable areal capacity of 5.64mAhcm-2. Notably, a hybrid electrolyte design uplifts discharge plateau, reduces overpotential, suppresses Zn dendrites growth, and extends the calendar life of Zn-Te1S7 batteries. This study provides a rational S cathode structure to realize high-capacity Zn-S batteries for practical applications.