Abstract Black phosphorus (BP) is a monoelemental two-dimensional semiconductor with exceptional electrical and optical properties including a widely tunable direct bandgap, high carrier mobilities, and in-plane anisotropy. Monolayer of BP, termed phosphorene, has been predicted to possess extremely high hole mobilities and excellent thermoelectric properties and thus holds great promise for applications in next-generation electronic, optoelectronic, and thermoelectric devices. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is most frequently used to determine if BP nanosheets prepared by liquid-phase exfoliation are composed of single or multiple layers. The presence of a strong (101) reflection in the electron diffraction pattern or in the fast Fourier transform of high-resolution TEM images of BP has been widely accepted as the signature of phosphorene since this reflection should be forbidden or negligible in bulk and multilayer BP. Here, we find that the presence of a strong (101) reflection is quite frequent for BP nanosheets prepared using of commonly used approach of liquid-phase exfoliation in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, but further investigation shows that the presence of monolayers is in fact extremely rare. In fact, this reflection vanishes when BP nanosheets are carefully aligned to the zone axis [010], but becomes visible once the nanosheet is slightly tilted away from the zone axis. The tilt-dependent forbidden reflection is attributed to the dynamic electron scattering, as supported by the simulated scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) patterns of BP nanosheets with and without tilt using the multislice algorithm. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the presence of forbidden reflections in BP and highlight the importance of careful alignment when employing TEM to identify phosphorene.

Abstract This paper addresses the challenge of surface impurity detection in Ribbed Smoked Sheets by proposing a detection algorithm based on an improved YOLOv8 combined with SAHI slicing inference. First, a CSP_MSEIE module is designed in the backbone network to enhance the feature extraction capability for complex-shaped impurities. Second, an AFGC hybrid attention mechanism is integrated into the neck network to improve the sensitivity to impurity contours and suppress background interference. Finally, a lightweight detection head, LSCD, is designed to reduce the number of model parameters. In addition, by incorporating the SAHI slicing strategy, high-resolution input images are divided into sub-images for localized inference, and the results are subsequently fused through coordinate mapping and Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS), significantly enhancing the detection performance for small objects. Experimental results indicate that, compared with the original YOLOv8, the proposed algorithm achieves an 8.7% improvement in mAP50, while reducing the model size to only 2.34M parameters-a 22% decrease relative to the original model. This provides a reliable solution for real-time impurity removal in industrial-grade Ribbed Smoked Sheet processing equipment.

Long-term stabilized iris tracking with unsupervised constraints on dynamic AS-OCT.

The control, supervision and monitoring of trees, both in terms of their location and height, is of vital importance in teak plantations (Tectona grandis L.f.). This allows planning silvicultural work related to thinning, replanting, irrigation and phytosanitary treatments, estimating production and harvesting. Knowing the number of plants, their spatial location, and estimating their height is crucial for managing large tree plantations and determining their carbon sequestration capacity to contribute to climate change mitigation. In this work, three different size versions of the anchor-free and single-stage detector YOLOX deep learning network, pre-trained on the COCO dataset, were specifically trained for automatic localization of teak trees in large and dense plantations from UAV imagery. This study used two teak plantations located in Ecuador. "La Marina" plantation (456 ha) served as the training and validation area, while "La Selena" (195 ha), was reserved for testing and accuracy evaluation, constituting a true holdout dataset to assess the generalization capabilities of the developed model. Very high-resolution RGB images were taken in both plantations using a Phantom 4 drone at a flight altitud of 120 m above ground. Regarding the results obtained, they showed that the "small" version of the YOLOX deep learning network performed significantly better than the other two versions tested ("medium" and "large" size YOLOX), presenting notably good average metrics of Precision (94.74%), Recall (82.40%) and F1-score (87.91%). In this sense, the trained model proved to be a suitable solution to address complex visual recognition challenges in very high-resolution UAV images. Keywords: UAV Images, YOLOX, Tree Detection, Teak Plantations, Deep Learning

High-resolution mass spectrometry imaging reveals metabolic signatures of Staphylococcus epidermidis in host defense against influenza A virus.

Experimental study of energy-dependent angular broadening of MeV electron beams for high-resolution imaging in thick samples.

From Hype to Hope: Deconstructing the translational barriers and Charting a new roadmap for Ultrasound-Responsive nanobubbles.

Vascular dysfunctions during radiation retinopathy.

A vascular code for speed in the spatial navigation system.

Dual-wavelength lasers in the EUV (extreme ultraviolet) band can be applied in many fields such as high-resolution imaging, EUV nonlinear optics, and high-density plasma diagnostics. In this paper, the 46.9 nm and 69.8 nm dual-wavelength laser of Ne-like Ar (Ar<sup>8+</sup>) ion pumped by capillary discharge has been obtained. In order to realize to change the amplitude of the main pulse current over a wide range, several parameters of the main pulse power supply such as charging voltage of the Marx generator, the conduction voltage of the spark gap switch, and the conductivity of the deionized water in the Blumlein transmission line, have been adjusted to vary the amplitude of the main pulse current from 8.4 kA to 15.8 kA. On this basis, the influence of the initial argon pressure and the main pulse current amplitude on the intensities of 46.9 nm and 69.8 nm lasers were studied. The experimental results show that there is an optimum pressure under every main pulse current amplitude. The optimum pressures for 69.8 nm laser are lower than those for the 46.9 nm laser. Based on the variation of laser intensity with the initial pressure and the main pulse current amplitude, the optimal experimental parameters for the 46.9 nm laser are current of 10.9 kA and initial pressure of 18.1 Pa and those for the 69.8 nm laser are current of 14.5 kA and initial pressure of 18.5 Pa. When the main pulse current amplitude is 14.5 kA and the initial pressure is 18.5 Pa, the dual-wavelength laser with both strong 46.9 nm and 69.8 nm laser can be obtained. The different influencing rules of the initial pressure and the main pulse current on the 46.9nm and 69.8nm lasers can guide other groups to explore the possibility of achieving 69.8 nm laser by using the existing 46.9 nm laser device. Meanwhile, the research on the optimal parameters of 46.9 nm and 69.8 nm lasers is benefit to enhance the energy of lasers and expand their application fields. One of future studies will focus on the applications of the dual-wavelength laser in sum frequency and difference frequency of EUV lasers.

Marine invertebrate species have been used as model organisms in evo-devo studies for over a century. These species provided a great advantage in seminal microscopic studies because of the large size of their eggs and embryos and the easy accessibility to the first embryological processes afforded by their external fertilization and development. This review provides a historical perspective on the use of marine invertebrates-including echinoderms, ascidians, and spiralians-in the study of embryo mechanics. Here, we highlight the key contributions of marine invertebrates to the understanding of cortical and cytoplasmic mechanics, the implementation of early cleavage patterns, and tissue mechanics. We also examine the emergence of different blastula shapes in metazoans and focus on the clear dichotomy between compact and hollow embryos, suggesting a canalization of a compact embryo shape in taxa that display invariant cleavage patterns such as nematodes, spiralians, and ascidians.With recent advances in high-resolution imaging, computational modeling, and the development of modern genetic and genomic tools, marine invertebrate model organisms continue to be at the forefront of evolutionary developmental biology and mechanobiology. Their contribution to these fields not only provides invaluable insights into the fundamental principles of morphogenesis but also offers an ideal comparative framework that allows the exploration of the evolution of mechanical and biological processes across metazoans.

Precision CT-based Aortic Valve Reconstruction: Minimal Variation Geometry Invariant Parametric Reconstruction Approach for Aortic Stenosis and Bicuspid Valves.

High-resolution 3-D characterization and detection of subsurface defects in metal additive manufacturing using laser ultrasonic.

Wavelet scattering transformation for sub-surface damage detection and localization in PZT sensor.

High-Flow Intracranial-Intracranial Interposition Bypass from A1 to M2 with Proximal Occlusion for a Large Unruptured Fusiform Aneurysm of the Middle Cerebral Artery M1 Segment: A Technical Note.

The BO2 molecule is a superhalogen with a very high electron affinity, resulting in an extremely stable BO2 - anion suitable as a building block to form ionic compounds. Here we report the generation of M(BO2 -) (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) complexes and the investigation of their structures and bonding using high-resolution cryogenic photoelectron imaging. All three M(BO2 -) alkaline-earth complexes are found to have linear M(O-B-O-) (1Σ+) structures. Photodetachment removes an electron from the alkaline-earth metal atom and produces the neutral M+(O-B-O-) (2Σ+) ionically bonded ground state. The change of the charge state on the metal center induces a significant reduction of the M-O bond length in the neutral final state, resulting in an extensive M-O stretching vibrational progression in all the photoelectron spectra. The electron affinities of MBO2 are measured to be 1.574 eV, 1.487 eV, and 1.291 eV and the M-O stretching frequencies are measured to be 411 cm-1, 339 cm-1, and 290 cm-1 for M = Ca, Sr, and Ba, respectively. The strong electron-withdrawing power of BO2 leads to the ionically bonded ground state for MBO2 (2Σ+), resulting in a single electron localized on the metal center. The ionic interaction between M+ and BO2 - in MBO2 makes their low-lying electronic excitations resemble atomic transitions, rendering MBO2-type molecules promising candidates for laser cooling.

Topologic but not volumetric differences diversify sex effects on thalamic nuclei in drug-naive patients with major depressive disorder.

Rationale: Thermal gene switches (TGSs), engineered into cells, allow controlled gene expression upon heat stimulation, making it a promising tool for therapeutic applications. Their clinical translation, however, has been hindered by the lack of thermal activation platforms that can locally deliver heat and provide safe and accurate temperature control. Existing approaches are limited by poor delivery and localization of heat deep inside the body, reliance on exogenous agents, or the lack of integrated image guidance. To address these challenges, we developed a non-invasive system that combines real-time imaging with mild hyperthermia for reliable and localized activation of TGSs in deep tissue. Methods: We developed a dual-mode ultrasound-guided focused ultrasound (USgFUS) system using a single phased-array imaging transducer for both imaging and heating. The system integrates B-mode imaging and thermal strain imaging (TSI) for real-time anatomical guidance and temperature estimation. We validated the imaging performance both in vitro and in vivo settings and assessed focused ultrasound (FUS)-induced TGS activation of genetically engineered Jurkat T cells in vitro and in vivo. Results: The USgFUS system achieved high-resolution and high-contrast B-mode imaging, and it induced localized heating within temperature window of 39-43 °C, consistently within the mild hyperthermia range. TSI accurately estimated temperature elevation during FUS with 0.8 °C mean absolute error. In vitro, FUS heating increased transgene expression in TGS-engineered Jurkat T cells by ~150-fold compared to unheated controls, with negligible viability loss. In vivo, USgFUS selectively activated TGS in tumor-bearing mice, yielding a significant increase in transgene expression compared to unheated controls. Conclusion: This study introduces a dual-mode USgFUS system designed for non-invasive TGS activation. The system integrates local mild hyperthermia with real-time anatomical guidance and temperature monitoring using a standard clinical imaging probe. The results collectively demonstrate strong performance in preclinical models and engineered cells, enabling safe, spatiotemporally precise thermal gene regulation. Ultimately, our platform provides a foundation for future advancements in gene therapy, immunomodulation, and other biomedical applications.

The fashion industry increasingly relies on artificial intelligence technologies to enhance creative workflows and accelerate design innovation. This research presents a comprehensive framework that employs Generative Adversarial Net- works and advanced diffusion models to generate high-quality fashion imagery from textual descriptions. The proposed system integrates Stable Diffusion architecture with specialized text preprocessing pipelines to create diverse, photo realistic fashion designs that align with textual specifications while maintaining aesthetic coherence and commercial viability. The framework was evaluated using a dataset of 10,000 high-resolution fashion images, with systematic assessment conducted across multiple performance dimensions including creativity, aesthetic appeal, design diversity, and semantic consistency. Experimental results demonstrate exceptional performance in creative design generation, achieving average scores of 4.7 for originality and 4.5 for aesthetic quality based on comprehensive evaluation by thirty participants. The system successfully produces varied design alternatives from similar prompts, indicating robust exploration of design possibilities rather than repetitive pattern generation. While text prompt accuracy achieved a moderate score of 3.8, highlighting opportunities for enhanced semantic interpretation, the overall results validate the framework’s capability to support professional fashion design workflows. The research contributes to the growing body of knowledge in AI-assisted creative applications and demonstrates significant potential for transforming traditional fashion design processes through intelligent automation and creative augmentation technologies.

Anatomy reimagined: The landfald classification as a transformative surgical and radiological guide to facial artery variants.