High Power Division Ratio Research Articles

Design theory of compact power divider with reconfigurable power division and negative group delay characteristics

This article presents the combined analysis of reconfigurable power division and negative group delay (NGD) in a power divider. A novel composite transmission line based reconfigurable power divider with high power division ratio, variable negative group delay, and lower characteristic impedance is presented in this work. The impedance transformation in composite transmission lines control both negative group delay and power division. This power divider possesses a wide range of power division ratios from 1 to 39, adequate isolation, impedance matching, and NGD of -3.4 ns to -4.7 ns in the reconfigurable transmission path. The negative group delay is achieved without using any additional group delay circuits. Theoretical equations corresponding to the low characteristic impedance of the transmission line sections and that of isolation elements are derived. The measurement results justify the attainment of high tuning of the power division ratio and negative group delay. Isolation and return loss are higher than − 15 dB at the centre frequency of 1.5 GHz. The significant contributions of this design can be listed as the wide reconfigurable power division along with negative group delay and reduced size.

Synthesis of Wideband Filtering Couplers for Arbitrary High Power-Division Ratios Based on Three Different Types of Coupled-Line Sections

In this brief, for the first time, a novel wideband coupled-line filtering coupler for arbitrary high power-division ratios is proposed. By utilizing three different types of λ/4 coupled-line sections, the coupler can be applied in arbitrary high power-division ratios without using extra equivalent circuits, while the coupler has the advantages of wideband, high frequency selectivity, and inherent DC-blocking. For demonstration, a 15-dB wideband coupled-line filtering coupler operating at 3.5 GHz is designed, simulated, and fabricated. The measured fractional bandwidths for | S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> |, isolation, phase and amplitude imbalance conditions are 61.1%, 111.25%, 62.54%, and 53.48% respectively, which are in good agreement with the simulated results.

A Dual-Band 1:10 Wilkinson Power Divider Based on Multi-T-Section Characterization of High-Impedance Transmission Lines

We propose a new methodology for the design of a dual-band unequal-split Wilkinson power divider (WPD) with a high power division ratio at the operating frequencies. Impractical high-impedance transmission line in the conventional divider is replaced with cascaded dual-band T-section structures based on analytical equations derived herein. To validate the design concept, a dual-band WPD operating at 1 and 2 GHz with a 1:10 split ratio is simulated and measured. Simulations and measurements show isolation and input–output ports matching better than −20 dB, and transmission parameters, $S_{21}$ and $S_{31}$ , of −10.5 ± 0.5 dB and −0.4 ± 0.5 dB at the design bands, respectively.

A Novel Wideband Compact Microstrip Coupled-Line Ring Hybrid for Arbitrarily High Power-Division Ratios

This brief introduces a novel, compact, and wideband coupled-line ring hybrid configuration that allows for the easy realization of arbitrarily high power-division ratios featuring significant miniaturization and wider bandwidths compared with other commonly utilized implementations. The circumference of a proof-of-concept 12-dB power-division ratio prototype is 209.3° long, which occupies 15% of the conventional area, and the measured bandwidth of the 15-dB return loss is 78%, which is an improvement by a factor around 1.8.

A 10:1 unequal gysel power divider/combiner

ABSTRACTThis article introduces a modified Gysel power divider, providing high power division ratios, alongside the advantage of high power handling. To overcome fabrication limitations of high characteristic impedance line, caused by the anticipated high power division ratio, a coupled line structure with two shorts is used. This proposed structure makes closed‐form equations available for design and leads to a simple microstrip fabrication. A 10:1 unequal Gysel power divider is presented and fabricated as a design example and a satisfactory agreement between measurements and simulation results is verified. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2689–2692, 2016

Compact power divider based on half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) with arbitrary power dividing ratio

Design and realisation of a compact power divider based on half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) with an arbitrary power dividing ratio is presented. This design consists of a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) transition, two bisected HMSIW transitions by a gap, an SIW-to-microstrip transition, and two microstrip feed lines. In addition, a resistor is attached between two HMSIW transitions. To adjust the power division ratio, four parameters are introduced. Furthermore, four graphs are plotted using a three-dimensional electronmagnetic (3D EM) simulator to graphically determine the introduced parameters. In this study, three circuits with power division ratios of 1:1, 1:4, and 1:8 are simulated using the 3D EM simulator and fabricated on a Rogers RO4003C substrate. The results show a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. The measured results display these circuits (1:1, 1:4, and 1:8) have the bandwidths of 70, 36, and 40%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed structures (1:1, 1:4, and 1:8) are compact and their overall sizes are$1.13 \times 1.04\lambda _g^2 $,$0.96 \times 0.91\lambda _g^2 $, and$0.81 \times 0.78\lambda _g^2 $, respectively. These structures have the advantages of the compactness in size, wide bandwidth, high power division ratio (from 1:1 to 1:16), and compatibility with planar circuits.

FIVE PORTS POWER DIVIDER DESIGNS WITH CONTROLLABLE POWER DIVISION AND SWITCHING CAPABILITIES

Two new 5-port power divider designs capable of controlling the power division ratios between the output ports are proposed. In the first design, the input power is switchable between two pairs of the output ports. This is implemented by terminating the dividers’ two open-ended stubs with varactor diodes. In the second design, the power division is controlled by a single varactor diode that terminates one of the dividers two open-ended stubs. With judicious choice of dc bias voltage, it is possible to realize equal as well as unequal power division ratios between the four output ports. High power division ratios was achieved without the necessity of involving transmission lines with high impedances. It is demonstrated that this design is capable of generating amplitude modulated signals. Simulation and measurement results are presented for the designs to show their power division and matching performance.

Class of miniaturised/arbitrary power division ratio couplers with improved design flexibility

This study describes a new class of couplers using single-layer microstrip lines that reduce the occupied area, suppress the harmonic components and provide arbitrary power division ratios. It consists of lumped reactances between transmission lines to reach realisable impedances and shorten line lengths. To provide a design guideline, closed-form formulas are derived and five different designs are produced and built to investigate the couplers performance and design accuracy. The simulation results prove to be in good agreement with measurements. More than 70% size reduction with respect to the conventional structures, 12 dB harmonic suppression and high power division ratios (9:1) achieved in various presented branch line, rat race and multi-section Wilkinson dividers. This proposed class of coupler structures can effectively be used in miniaturised and/or arbitrary power division ratio couplers with harmonic suppression.

Wideband Microstrip Coupled-Line Ring Hybrids for High Power-Division Ratios

Wideband coupled-line ring hybrids are presented for high power-division ratios. For this, an equivalent circuit to make the characteristic impedance of a transmission-line section lower is firstly investigated, based on a Π-type lumped-element equivalent circuits. Design formulas of four types of equivalent circuits ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Π</sub> -, <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LT</i> -, <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LS</i> 2-, and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LS</i> 1-types) are then derived, and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> is introduced for more design flexibility and wideband performance. The <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LS</i> 2-type with <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> =1 is composed of one transmission-line section and two identical series inductances at both ends, which cannot be used for the ring hybrids with the high power-division ratios. To avoid the problem, modified <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LS</i> 2-type ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MLS</i> 2-type) with <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> is additionally suggested, and that with <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> =1 is intensively discussed. Using two of those, <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LS</i> 1-type with <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> =2 and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MLS</i> 2-type with <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> =1, the coupled-line ring hybrids with 13- and 11-dB power-division ratios are fabricated. The measured results show good agreement with those predicted.

A 10:1 UNEQUAL GYSEL POWER DIVIDER USING A CAPACITIVE LOADED TRANSMISSION LINE

This paper proposes a 10 : 1 unequal Gysel power divider using a capacitive loaded transmission line (CLTL). For obtaining a high dividing ratio of divider, the CLTL is proposed to realize a low characteristic impedance line below 10›. A design method using a CLTL which consists of a small transmission line with shunt open stub at periodic intervals is newly suggested for power divider with the high power division ratio. For the validation of the CLTL power divider, the high dividing ratio of the fabricated Gysel divider is measured at a center frequency of 1GHz. The measured performances are in good agreements with simulation results.

Reconfigurable 1:3 power divider using coupled lines

A reconfigurable 1:3 power divider is presented using quarter-wave long coupled lines and switches. The proposed power divider allows dual operating mode, or a 1:3 power divider and 1:0 power transmission mode, by turning the switches on and off. To make a high power-division ratio of three realisable and improve the bandwidth, a microstrip-slot structure is adopted on a thick substrate with high dielectric constant. The measurement of the proposed power divider shows good return and insertion loss performance in both modes.

A new class of wideband multisection 180/spl deg/ hybrid rings using vertically installed planar couplers

A new class of wideband multisection 180/spl deg/ hybrid rings using the vertically installed planar (VIP) coupler is proposed. On the basis of the reconfigured ideal single-section 180/spl deg/ hybrid ring (i.e., the 180/spl deg/ hybrid ring with an ideal phase inverter), the multisection 180/spl deg/ hybrid rings can be realized by properly cascading of single-section 180/spl deg/ hybrid rings. Compared with the conventional hybrid ring, the two-section hybrid rings exhibit wide bandwidth, size reduction, and easily achievable high power-division ratios. Design equations based on the equal-ripple functions are derived. Design curves for the equal and unequal power-division ratio are also described. In addition, a cascade of single-section cascadable hybrid rings with a unit element at each I/O port can be used for bandwidth enhancement. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental and simulated results.