High Peak Currents Research Articles

Advanced Energy Management System For Hybrid Vehicle

The battery and ultra-capacitor hybrid storage system (HESS) is a system which can be adopted in the EV. By utilizing Ultra-capacitors, the batteries can be protected from high peak currents, which can be especially harming to the batteries. Consequently it is conceivable to expand the battery life. Battery and ultra-capacitor are connected through a bidirectional non-isolated multi input converter which has numerous points of interest. Fuzzy logic based energy management strategy is an efficient method to manage energy through HESS and furthermore regulating the SoC of ultra-capacitor while smoothing the battery power profile.

Bi‐Microporous Metal–Organic Frameworks with Cubane [M4(OH)4] (M=Ni, Co) Clusters and Pore‐Space Partition for Electrocatalytic Methanol Oxidation Reaction

Embedding cubane [M4 (OH)4 ] (M=Ni, Co) clusters within the matrix of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a strategy to develop materials with unprecedented synergistic properties. Herein, a new material type based on the pore-space partition of the cubic primitive minimal-surface net (MOF-14-type) has been realized. CTGU-15 made from the [Ni4 (OH)4 ] cluster not only has very high BET surface area (3537 m2 g-1 ), but also exhibits bi-microporous features with well-defined micropores at 0.86 nm and 1.51 nm. Furthermore, CTGU-15 is stable even under high pH (0.1 m KOH), making it well suited for methanol oxidation in basic medium. The optimal hybrid catalyst KB&CTGU-15 (1:2) made from ketjen black (KB) and CTGU-15 exhibits an outstanding performance with a high mass specific peak current of 527 mA mg-1 and excellent peak current density (29.8 mA cm-2 ) at low potential (0.6 V). The isostructural cobalt structure (CTGU-16) has also been synthesized, further expanding the application potential of this material type.

Bi‐Microporous Metal–Organic Frameworks with Cubane [M4(OH)4] (M=Ni, Co) Clusters and Pore‐Space Partition for Electrocatalytic Methanol Oxidation Reaction

AbstractEmbedding cubane [M4(OH)4] (M=Ni, Co) clusters within the matrix of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is a strategy to develop materials with unprecedented synergistic properties. Herein, a new material type based on the pore‐space partition of the cubic primitive minimal‐surface net (MOF‐14‐type) has been realized. CTGU‐15 made from the [Ni4(OH)4] cluster not only has very high BET surface area (3537 m2 g−1), but also exhibits bi‐microporous features with well‐defined micropores at 0.86 nm and 1.51 nm. Furthermore, CTGU‐15 is stable even under high pH (0.1 m KOH), making it well suited for methanol oxidation in basic medium. The optimal hybrid catalyst KB&CTGU‐15 (1:2) made from ketjen black (KB) and CTGU‐15 exhibits an outstanding performance with a high mass specific peak current of 527 mA mg−1 and excellent peak current density (29.8 mA cm−2) at low potential (0.6 V). The isostructural cobalt structure (CTGU‐16) has also been synthesized, further expanding the application potential of this material type.

Design, modelling, control and techno-economic evaluation of a fuel cell/supercapacitors powered container crane

This paper presents a “full green” version of a rubber tyre gantry (RTG) crane with a fuel cell (FC) unit and supercapacitors (SCs) as energy storage system (ESS), instead of using the conventional RTG powered by a diesel engine. The SCs provide the required high current peaks and power demands when accelerating the load in the hoisting-up movement. Once the power demand reaches a steady level (hoist up constant speed), the FC provides the energy needed for the rest of the movements. The SCs are also charged when the hoist down movement is taking place. In this case, the regenerative energy can be stored in the SCs instead of being burnt in the braking resistors as in the conventional RTG crane. The new hybrid powertrain based on FC and SCs is designed and evaluated from the real driving cycle of the RTG crane. Simulation results, which include a comparative study with the current configuration of the RTG crane (powered only by diesel engine), demonstrate the technical viability of the RTG crane powered by FC and SCs. This hybrid powertrain is more expensive than the diesel powertrain, but more energy-efficient, and a better solution from the environmental point of view.

Effect of Electrode Materials on electro kinetic remediation of Uranium Contaminated Soil

In this study, three different electrode materials (graphite, stainless steel, and titanium rods) were used to explore the electro kinetic (EK) remediation of soil contaminated with uranium (U). All EK experiments were carried out in a soil cell reactor with a moisture content of 25.1% and a total uranium mixture of 90.6 mg/kg at a constant voltage gradient (1V/cm) for 5 days. The experimental results show that the EK repair process with graphite rod as the electrode material has the highest current peak, and the overall current level is higher than the other two electrode materials. Compared with stainless steel and titanium rods, the removal efficiency of using graphite as the electrode material U in contaminated soil reached 34.11%. However, the removal rates using stainless steel and titanium rods were lower, 15.79% and 18.77%, respectively. In the EK experiment, the main removal is from the exchangeable part of U to the carbon-bound U composition, while the remaining forms of uranium are difficult to remove under this condition, so in order to be more efficient, the uranium in the soil is removed with maximum reduction. It is necessary to use it in conjunction with other enhancement technologies.

Atmospheric pressure high-power impulse plasma source for deposition of metallic coatings

Abstract

PWM Resonant Converter With Asymmetric Modulation for ZVS Active Voltage Doubler Rectifier and Forced Half Resonance in PV Application

In photovoltaic applications, many previous research works have focused on pulsewidth modulation (PWM) resonant converters in order to achieve a high efficiency with a wide input voltage range. Conventional approaches utilized symmetric boosting modulation at the secondary side rectifier to obtain a symmetric operation, and they utilized two boosting modes in a switching period. Among various rectifier structures, the voltage doubler structure has a strong advantage due to a small number of components. However, it suffers from serious hard switching losses in the secondary side rectifier. In this paper, a new converter with a novel asymmetrical modulation is proposed and verified. The strong point of the proposed converter is that it eliminates hard switching turn- on losses from the rectifier, while maintaining the minimized number of components. Although the proposed converter adopts an asymmetric modulation, the offset current on the transformer becomes zero inherently. Furthermore, a “forced half resonance” operation of the proposed converter keeps rms current stresses at the same level as conventional converter although it has a higher peak current. Accordingly, the proposed converter achieves a superior efficiency with the minimum number of components at 35–25 V input and 380 V/300 W output specification.

Iridium-Based Catalysts for Electro-Oxidation of Ammonia in Alkaline Media

Ammonia is an attractive carbon-free liquid fuel for alkaline membrane fuel cells. While ethanol has higher energy density than ammonia, its product, CO2, reacts with OH- to form carbonate in alkaline media, which can cause kinetic loss and cell failure. Thus, carbon-free is an advantage of ammonia.[1, 2] In the 6-electron ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR), 2NH­3 +6OH- = N2 + 3H2O + 6e-, formation of the N-N bond is a rate-limiting step with rather high activation barrier. Most of research focused on Pt-based catalysts because Pt is essential for high current peak at ambient temperature. Ir is known for its low onset potential for AOR. As our recent temperature-dependent kinetic study showed, alloy PtIr/C is currently the best commercial catalyst for AOR at 60 oC and the temperature enhancement factor between 60 and 25 oC is in the order of Ir (5.5) > IrPt (4.2) > Pt (2.0).[3] Thus, developing Ir-based catalysts holds the promise for improving anode performance in fuel cells operating at elevated temperatures. In this talk, we show that Fe nitride can promote the AOR activity on Ir, Pt, and IrPt catalysts. Three carbon-supported catalysts, Ir4Fe2Nx/C, Ir3Pt1Fe2Nx/C, and Pt3Fe2Nx/C, were prepared by reducing and nitriding metal chloride precursors on Vulcan XC-72 carbon in a tube furnace with mixed hydrogen and ammonia gases. We dispersed the catalysts on gas diffusion electrodes with a loading of platinum group metals (PGM) of 100 μg/cm2 and plot the AOR polarization curves with the currents normalized to PGM loadings in Figure 1. Even though Pt3Fe2Nx/C achieved the highest peak current density, its activity at low overpotential range (0.35- 0.5 V) is much lower than those containing Ir. The compression of the Ir lattice induced by the small alloyed Fe atoms results in slightly higher AOR peak current density of Ir4Fe2Nx/C than Ir/C, while the peak potentials remain unchanged. As the Pt: platinum-group-metal ratio increases from 0 in Ir/C and Ir4Fe2N/C to 100% in Pt3Fe2Nx/C, the peak potential increase gradually, which correspond well with the peak position for Ir3Pt1Fe2Nx/C catalysts which located between Ir/C and IrPt/C. When comparing AOR activity of Ir3Pt1Fe2Nx/C with Ir4Fe2Nx/C, substitution of 1/4 Ir atoms in Ir4Fe2Nx/C with Pt atoms leads to an optimal activity for AOR among the tested samples as a consequence of combining the low onset potentials of Ir4Fe2Nx/C and high peak current density of Pt3Fe2Nx/C. More detailed results of this work will be discussed in the presentation. Figure 2 shows the X-ray diffraction patterns of these three catalysts in comparison with two commercial catalysts of Ir/C and IrPt/C. There is no peak corresponding to any Fe or Fe nitride structures, indicating that Fe is well alloyed with Ir and/or Pt. It appears that AOR activity on Ir-based catalysts prefers neither expansion or contraction of Ir lattice. The diffraction peak for Ir3Pt1Fe2Nx/C locates at the same angle as the Ir/C which may be as an integrated effect from Pt (bigger than Ir) and Fe (smaller than Ir) atoms. Acknowledgements This research was funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), U.S. Department of Energy, under Award Number DE-AR0000805 and by the Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences Division, US Department of Energy under contract DE-SC0012704.

Simultaneous electrochemical detection of hydroquinone and catechol using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/reduced graphene oxide/manganese dioxide

A highly sensitive electrochemical method was performed for simultaneous detection of hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CT) using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/reduced graphene oxide/manganese dioxide (PEDOT/rGO)/MnO2) composite. The PEDOT/rGO/MnO2 composite was prepared in two steps via cyclic voltammetry (CV). The composite was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The PEDOT/rGO/MnO2 composite showed excellent electrochemical catalytic activity towards the oxidation of HQ and CT by displaying well-separated oxidation peaks and high oxidation peak currents of HQ and CT. The composite showed linear responses from 0.5 to 150 μM for HQ and 0.25–150 μM for CT. The sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity with the detection limits of 0.05 and 0.07 μM for HQ and CT, respectively. In addition, PEDOT/rGO/MnO2 composite showed excellent reproducibility, repeatability and stability. The PEDOT/rGO sensor was successfully studied in the real sample of lake water and tap water with high recoveries.

Electrocatalytic Properties of Calcium Titanate, Strontium Titanate, and Strontium Calcium Titanate Powders Synthesized by Solution Combustion Technique

Calcium titanate (CaTiO3), strontium titanate (SrTiO3), and strontium calcium titanate (SrxCa1−xTiO3) are widely recognized and utilized as dielectric materials. Their electrocatalytic properties, however, have not been extensively examined. The aim of this research is to explore the electrocatalytic performance of calcium titanate, strontium titanate, and strontium calcium titanate, as potential sensing materials. Experimental results revealed that CaTiO3, SrTiO3, and Sr0.5Ca0.5TiO3 powders synthesized by the solution combustion technique consisted of submicrometer-sized particles with specific surface areas ranging from 4.19 to 5.98 m2/g. Optical bandgap results indicated that while CaTiO3 and SrTiO3 had bandgap energies close to 3 eV, Sr0.5Ca0.5TiO3 yielded a lower bandgap energy of 2.6 eV. Cyclic voltammetry tests, measured in 0.1 M sodium nitrite, showed oxidation peaks occurring at 0.58 V applied voltage. The highest peak current was observed in Sr0.5Ca0.5TiO3 powder. The superior electrocatalytic performance of Sr0.5Ca0.5TiO3 might be attributed to lower bandgap energy, which consequently facilitates higher electron transfer. Electrocatalytic performance of Sr0.5Ca0.5TiO3 was subsequently reexamined in a wider concentration range of sodium nitrite. The results revealed that the material responded linearly to nitrite solution in the range of 0.1 mM to 0.1 M and exhibited sensitivity ranging from 3.117 to 0.040 μA/mM, in the entire tested nitrite concentrations. The results suggest that Sr0.5Ca0.5TiO3 could also be used for nitrite detection.

Voltammetric determination of hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol by using a glassy carbon electrode modified with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-poly(Eriochrome black T) and gold nanoparticles.

A nanocomposite consisting of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide, poly(Eriochrome black T) and gold nanoparticles (ERGO-pEBT/AuNPs) was prepared for the simultaneous detection of resorcinol (RC), catechol (CC), and hydroquinone (HQ). The electrochemical oxidation of HQ, CC, and RC was analysed by using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Three well-separated potentials were found at 166, 277, and 660mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) for HQ, CC, and RC, respectively The linear ranges were 0.52-31.4, 1.44-31.2, and 3.8-72.2μM for HQ, CC, and RC, respectively. The limits of detections (LODs) for both individual and simultaneous detections are negligibly different are (15, 8, and 39nM, respectively). Graphical abstract Voltammetric determination of hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol at ERGO-pEBT/AuNPs resulted in high peak currents and outstanding oxidation potential separation of the analytes.

Chitosan modified Cu2O nanoparticles with high catalytic activity for p-nitrophenol reduction

Chitosan modified cuprous oxide (Cu2O-CTS) were prepared via facile chemical reduction method. The morphology and structure of Cu2O-CTS nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The catalytic ability of Cu2O-CTS, both in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, was carried out on p-nitrophenol reduction. In comparison with the pristine Cu2O, Cu2O-CTS exhibits improved photocatalytic abilities with the reduction rate increased by 1.7 times. The catalytic capacity increases along with the increased proportion of CTS in Cu2O-CTS nanoparticles. Cu2O-CTS modified electrodes shows enhanced electrocatalytic capacities as well, with more positive reduction peak potential and higher peak current. Based on the experimental results, a catalytic mechanism for p-NP reduction over Cu2O-CTS catalysts is proposed. The improvement might come from the reduced band gap energy after the chitosan modification, thus Cu2O-CTS nanoparticles have higher catalytic activity. On the other hand, the more beneficial (111) crystal surface involves in the improvement as well, which endows Cu2O-CTS stronger activity and interaction with p-nitrophenol.

Performance of the European Lightning Detection Network EUCLID in Case of Various Types of Current Pulses From Upward Lightning Measured at the Peissenberg Tower

In this paper, we present current pulses from upward lightning, which have been measured since 2011 at the new top structure of the Peissenberg Tower, Germany. The study comprises 38 negative and two positive flashes, which contained 199 current pulses. About 49 of them were return stroke current pulses, 133 of them were current pulses, which superimposed the initial continuous current (ICC-pulses), and 17 of them were M-component current pulses, which superimposed the continuing current of a preceding return stroke. The current pulses are used to evaluate the performance of the European lightning location system EUCLID. Fifty one (25.6%) out of the 199 current pulses were detected by EUCLID, 40 (81.6%) return stroke current pulses, and 11 (8.5%) ICC-pulses or M-component current pulses. The peak currents ranged from 0.1 to 40.8 kA. Two groups of current pulses could be identified. The first group is related to branches of nearby downward lightning which got in contact with the tower. Therefore, EUCLID reported much higher peak currents (more than 100%) compared to the peak currents measured at the Peissenberg Tower. The first group comprises the total of nine current pulses (six ICC-pulses, three return stroke current pulses). The second group of current pulses is related to upward lightning initiated from the top of the tower. The peak current inferred from EUCLID deviates much less from peak current measured at the Peissenberg Tower. The peak current was overestimated by about 20% by EUCLID. The second group comprises the total of 42 current pulses (4 ICC-pulses, 1 M-component current pulses, and 37 return stroke current pulses). The peak currents ranged from 3.1 to 40.8 kA, the geometric mean (GM) was 9.4 kA. About 30% of these events were misclassified as intra-cloud pulses by EUCLID. The GM of the location error was 161 m for all events, and 132 m considering only the return stroke current pulses.

Spatial–Temporal Evolution and Plasma Parameters’ Diagnosis of a Transverse Glow Discharge in Atmospheric Pressure Air

A stationary transverse discharge excited by an alternating current voltage is generated downstream of two needle electrodes perpendicular to flowing air lower than 4.1 L/min. The results show that under a constant peak current, the discharge length increases with increasing the air flow rate. Under a constant flow rate, it becomes fatter and brighter with increasing the peak current. Through the voltage–current characteristics, it is found that the transverse discharge operates in a normal glow regime under a lower peak current and an abnormal glow regime under a higher peak current. The critical peak current from the normal glow transiting to the abnormal glow increases with increasing the air flow rate. By fast photography, it is found that, no matter which regime it is in, an emission channel always bridges the two electrodes. However, its emission intensity varies with time during one voltage cycle. This suggests that abundant charges and active species always exist in the channel. It is also found that characteristic regions can be observed for the normal glow discharge, which consist of a positive column, a Faraday dark space (FDS), and a negative glow (NG) at the voltage peak moment. NG alternately appears in the vicinities of the two electrodes. Compared with the normal glow discharge, FDS is absent, and the anode glow is more noticeable for the abnormal glow discharge. Based on the optical emission spectroscopy, the electron temperature, the vibrational temperature, the rotational temperature, and the electron density are investigated.

Minimizing drum-shaped inaccuracy in high-speed wire electrical discharge machining after multiple cuts

Drum-shaped inaccuracy increases dramatically in high-speed wire electrical discharge machining (HS-WEDM) after multiple cuts when very thick workpiece (> 100 mm) are used. To tackle this problem, a positional change model of the wire electrode was established to analyze the main causes of the drum-shaped inaccuracy. In HS-WEDM, the conductivity of the working fluid is very high. As the workpiece thickness increases, the “leakage current” at the machining gap increases, and more energy is required for the trim cuts. In addition, to maintain stable trim cuts, a long pulse-on time is needed. As a result, the high discharge energy inevitably results in a large explosive force, which increases the wire bending deformation due to long durations under this force. To solve these problems, novel measures were taken in this study. First, an improved working fluid was proposed to reduce the conductivity so that the energy loss between the electrodes can be decreased. The discharge energy used for the trim cuts was diminished to reduce the impact of the discharge explosive force. Second, a short pulse-on time and a high peak current were utilized for the trim cuts to reduce the impulse from the effect of the discharge explosive force on the wire electrode. Third, a closed-loop tension mechanism was designed to increase the wire tension, thereby improving the stability and rigidity of wire electrode. Finally, the rigidity of wire electrode was further improved by utilizing a unique trim-cut method proposed in this study. The experimental results showed that the drum-shaped inaccuracy of a workpiece with a thickness of 150 mm was reduced to 10 μm from 25 μm after three cuts (one roughing cut and two finish/trim cuts) under normal machining and the quality and uniformity of the machined surface were improved.

Design of Atomically Precise Nanoscale Negative Differential Resistance Devices

AbstractDownscaling device dimensions to the nanometer range raises significant challenges to traditional device design, due to potential current leakage across nanoscale dimensions and the need to maintain reproducibility while dealing with atomic‐scale components. Here, negative differential resistance (NDR) devices based on atomically precise graphene nanoribbons are investigated. The computational evaluation of the traditional double‐barrier resonant‐tunneling diode NDR structure uncovers important issues at the atomic scale, concerning the need to minimize the tunneling current between the leads while achieving high peak current. A new device structure consisting of multiple short segments that enables high current by the alignment of electronic levels across the segments while enlarging the tunneling distance between the leads is proposed. The proposed structure can be built with atomic precision using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) tip during an intermediate stage in the synthesis of an armchair nanoribbon. An experimental evaluation of the band alignment at the interfaces and an STM image of the fabricated active part of the device are also presented. This combined theoretical–experimental approach opens a new avenue for the design of nanoscale devices with atomic precision.

Investigation on the Long-Term Reliability of High-Voltage p-GaN HEMT by Repetitively Transient Overcurrent

In this paper, the effects of repetitively transient overcurrent on the long-term reliability of commercial p-GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) are investigated by using RLC pulse-ring-down tests. The devices rated for 650 V/30 A are electrically stressed by peak pulse currents of 90 A, corresponding to $3\times $ of the given rating. It is found that the device ON-state resistance ( ${R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ ) increases by about 20.7% for the device pulsed 500 000 times. The measured results reveal that the reason for the increase in ${R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ is the traps caused by thermal stress concentration during repetitive pulse process. Furthermore, for the device pulsed with larger than 500 000 times, a conductive path is formed through passivation layer because of trap accumulation, which results in a saturation trend in ${R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ and a remarkably increase in the drain leakage current ( ${I}_{\text {DL}}$ ). However, the high peak currents and large pulse numbers required to produce severe degeneration demonstrate the GaN-based HEMTs have a promising long-term reliability in power switching applications that are susceptible to pulse overcurrent.

Evaluation of Radical Scavenging Capacity of Polyphenols Found in Natural Malaysian Honeys by Voltammetric Techniques

AbstractAs minor constituents present in natural honey, polyphenols have the capacity as antioxidant by donating electron to halt detrimental actions of free radicals. The present work aims to analyze the electrochemical behaviour of polyphenols identified in Malaysian Apis and Trigona honey samples, determine and compare their reducing strengths as well as qualitatively evaluate the radical scavenging capacity of these phenolics in Malaysian honey samples. Six flavonoids, eight phenolic acids, and tannin pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) dissolved in 0.1 M PBS pH 7 were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Seventeen Malaysian honey samples were analyzed using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Cyclic voltammograms revealed that polyphenols with catechol moiety in their structure exhibited Ep1a at low potentials, ranging between +0.173 V and +0.404 V. PGG and quercetin may have equal tendency to donate electron (same Ep1a) but higher peak current was observed for the former indicates its higher reducing strength, suggesting PGG as the strongest antioxidant among studied polyphenols. From DP voltammograms, oxidation of honey phenolics occurred in all honey samples with predominant catechol‐bearing peak P1 observed in nanas N1, kelulut K3 and tualang T1 honeys. The varied peak current intensities observed for P1‐P3 in all analyzed Malaysian honey samples suggested that these honey samples can act against free radicals at varying degree and thus are good sources of natural antioxidants.

Electric vehicle charging system model for accurate electricity system planning

This article presents a novel electric vehicle (EV) charging system model. The model introduces power constraints in the grid-to-battery converter to improve modelling accuracy. Simulation results of the presented model indicate EV charging impact on a low-voltage electricity grid. Even though most of the battery charging load is spread evenly during desired times (e.g. off-peak load during night), power constraints of the EV model result in narrow peak loads. Plug-in EVs bring additional load to the electricity grid. If not managed properly, high EV deployment may lead to unnecessary grid investments due to high-peak currents of EV charging. Rising numbers of grid connected EVs is a challenging task in the future electricity grid planning. Thus an accurate EV charging system model is essential for reliable analysis of EV deployment.

Green synthesis of new ionic liquid and its electrochemical determination at some detergents and cosmetics samples using differential pulse polarography

The 1-propargylpyridazinium bromide (PDB) was synthesized by using ultrasound irradiation as an eco-friendly and efficient process. The structure of PDB was characterized by different analysis such FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, LCMS and elemental analysis. One of the principal goals of the present study was the determination of the synthesized (PDB) in some detergent and cosmetic samples by using the differential pulse polarography (DPP) as an efficient method. Different supporting electrolytes, pH, pulse amplitude, pulse time and sweep rate were evaluated in order to record a high cathodic current and good peak. It turned out that Britton-Robinson (B-R) supporting electrolyte, pH 4, pulse amplitude 90 mV, pulse time 30 ms and sweep rate 20 mV s−1, have given the best cathodic current and they were chosen to complete the electrochemical studies for PDB determination. Furthermore, the DPP technique has been performed by monitoring the reproducibility, stability, recovery, calibration curve and detection limit.