High-density Particles Research Articles

Simulation analysis of synthetic electric field of UHV transmission line under mountain fire condition

Factors such as high temperature, charge density and charged particles have a major impact on the insulation strength of the transmission line gap. When the DC transmission line is in normal operation, the surface of the conductor is easy to adsorb dirt due to the environmental influences, so the local electric field strength is larger than the critical field strength of the corona discharge, and the gas molecules in the air are ionized to form space charges. The electric field of the space charge is superimposed with the electric field of the wire and the earth (nominal electric field) to form a synthetic electric field. In this work, the calculation model of the synthetic electric field is created and the influence of mountain fires on the synthetic electric field of the transmission line is simulated and analyzed. The influence of flame temperature, charge density, particle type and shape on the electric field is simulated and investigated. The law of variation of the electric field of the transmission line in mountain fire under different factors is obtained. The distorting effect of particles on the electric field under the UHV DC transmission line is simulated. The distorting effect of particle size and particle chain on the synthetic electric field is obtained and the simulation results are compared to the calculation results.

Microstructure evolution and void swelling of ODS ferritic/martensitic steel under high damage irradiation

The ODS ferritic/martensitic (ODS-FM) steel was irradiated up to 500 dpa at 550 °C with 2.5 MeV Fe2+ ions to investigate the microstructure evolution under low to very high doses. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) were conducted to characterize the microstructure and chemical composition. Only a few a0 〈100〉 dislocation loops were observed at low doses, which evolved into dislocation networks with increasing dose. Voids preferentially formed at the oxides/matrix interface, and some voids gradually accumulated on grain boundaries and dislocation lines as the dose increased. The oxide particles underwent dissolution, re-precipitation, and coarsening, resulting in the formation of high-density nano-oxide particles that greatly inhibit void swelling. Ti-rich and (Y, O)-rich shells of Y-Ti-O particles were successively formed during the dissolution process.

Phase transitions in the driven lattice gas (TASEP) with repulsive energies

We report on non-equilibrium phase transitions in the driven lattice gas model totally asymmetric exclusion processes caused by nearest-neighbor (NN) repulsions between particles, ɛ > 0, employing extensive Monte Carlo simulations and mean-field calculations. The diagra of phase regimes has five different regimes which are separated by distinct boundaries. We discuss the density of particles and the current which depend differently in the various regimes on the system’s entry and exit rates of particles, α and β, respectively. The steady state can be described by quasi-particles called ‘soft dimerons’, where each dimeron consists of a particle dragging an empty NN site on its left. The asymptotic state of dimerons at is equivalent to the state of hard dimers at ɛ = 0. Since the model is a uni-directional fluid, it has an internal hydrodynamic pressure which increases with increasing inter-particle repulsion ɛ. This leads to a collective effect which causes phase transitions between high and low densities of particles at certain critical points ɛ c .

Fe-doped densely stacked graphene for compact capacitive energy storage

Herein, we present iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) etching and simultaneous hydrothermal reduction approach to prepare densely stacked defect-rich graphene with abundant pseudocapacitive heteroatoms (18.1 wt% O and 1.2 wt% Fe). Electrochemical measurements were conducted in acidic (1 M H2SO4) and neutral (1 M Na2SO4) aqueous media. The Fe-doped densely stacked graphene (Fe-rGO) with a low specific surface area (32.9 m2 g−1) and high particle density (1.84 g cm−3) displayed high gravimetric and volumetric capacitances of 425 F g−1 and 780 F cm−3 at 0.25 A g−1, respectively, as well as outstanding rate performance (71 % capacitance retention at 20 A g−1 in 1 M H2SO4). Moreover, Fe-rGO exhibited high electrochemical and structural stability over 5000 cycles at 10 A g−1 without any loss in capacitance. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) with Fe-rGO negative electrode and MnO2/PEDOT:PSS positive electrode was assembled with aqueous 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. The device exhibited 17.3 Wh kg−1 specific energy and a long cyclic stability (10,000 cycles at 1 A g−1). A practical application of the device was demonstrated by powering a light emitting diode.

Variation of Flow Hydrodynamic Parameters and Prediction of Particle Separation Indices in the Spiral Concentrator with the Regulation of Pitch-Diameter Ratio

The pitch-diameter ratio is an important design indicator affecting the separation performance of spirals. Based on the numerical simulation method, this paper systematically investigated the variation of flow hydrodynamic parameters in the spiral concentrator with the regulation of the pitch-diameter ratio. The radial distribution and variation trend of hematite and quartz particles with different particle sizes are further analyzed. Additionally, the separation indices of hematite and quartz with different particle size combinations were predicted. The results show that the tangential velocity, maximum radial velocity, velocity shear rate, and Reynolds number of fluid in each region decrease with the increase of the pitch-diameter ratio. The range of laminar flow gradually expands as the pitch-diameter ratio increases. There are significant differences in depth of water, ratio of inward and outward flows, and secondary flow velocity in different regions. Some flow hydrodynamic parameters at the inner trough reach relative equilibrium at a pitch-diameter ratio of 0.675. Hematite and quartz particles form a selective distribution in the trough surface, which comprehensively reflects the density effect, particle size effect, following flow effect of fine particles, and the effect of interstitial trickling of high-density fine particles. Fine hematite and coarse quartz form a large amount of misplaced material, and there is a corresponding mixing area. With the increase in pitch-diameter ratio, coarse and fine hematite particles migrate inward and outward, respectively. With the increase in pitch-diameter ratio, the misplaced amount of quartz on the inner trough decreases, but the outward migration distance of coarse quartz is smaller. Increasing the pitch-diameter ratio is beneficial to the separation of combined feedings of coarse hematite and quartz but unfavorable to that of fine hematite and quartz. The maximum separation efficiency of coarse hematite and fine quartz can reach 85.74%, and the iron grade of the inner product can reach 65.96% when the pitch-diameter ratio is 0.675 and the splitter location is 115 mm. The changing trend of separation indices in this feeding is closely related to the variation of fluid parameters and the change in the radial distribution of single mineral particles. The research results can provide references for the structural design of spirals, the selection of feed particle size, and the adjustment of splitter location.

Improvement of lipid and lipoprotein profiles in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis on CFTR modulator therapy

BackgroundAssociation of a high-fat diet with increased risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes, has prompted evaluation of lipids in people with CF (pwCF). However, most evidence on dyslipidemia was published before CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators became a standard of care. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effect of CFTR modulator therapies on lipid and lipoprotein profiles in children and adolescents with CF. MethodsBlood samples were collected from 153 pwCF (10.1 ± 4.7 years of age) and 60 age-matched controls. Most pwCF were pancreatic insufficient on pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. By the end of the study, 65% of CF participants were on CFTR modulator therapy for >1 month. The results of traditional and advanced lipid testing in pwCF were correlated with clinical and dietary information. ResultsTotal cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were significantly lower in pwCF compared to non-CF participants. Those not receiving CFTR modulators also had significantly lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and HDL particle number than controls. Individuals with CF on modulator therapy had significantly higher concentrations of anti-atherogenic HDL cholesterol and HDL particles along with lower levels of atherogenic large very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, total and small LDL particles, and triglycerides compared to those without CFTR modulator therapy. ConclusionCFTR modulator therapy has a beneficial effect on dyslipidemia in CF. It remains to be seen if these positive changes translate into decreased CVD risk later in life given the increasing life expectancy in CF.

Stopping power of high-density alpha-particle clusters in partially degenerated deuterium–tritium fuels

The state of burning plasma had been achieved in inertial confinement fusion (ICF), which was regarded as a great milestone for high-gain laser fusion energy. In the burning plasma, alpha particles incident on the cryogenic (warm dense) fuels cannot be simply regarded as single particles, and the new physics brought about by the density effects of alpha particles should be considered. In this work, the collective interaction between them has been considered, namely, the effect of the superposition of wake waves. The stopping power of alpha-particle clusters, i.e., the rate of energy loss per unit distance traveled has been calculated using both analytical and simulation approaches. In theory, we obtain the stopping power of alpha clusters in cryogenic (warm dense) fuel by the dielectric function method, which illustrates the importance of the effective interaction between particles. Simulation results using the LAPINS code show that the collective stopping power of the alpha cluster is indeed increased via coherent superposition of excitation fields (the excitation of high-amplitude wake waves). However, the comparison between simulation and theoretical results also illustrates a coherent–decoherent transition of the stopping power of the cluster. The initial conditions with various sizes and densities of the alpha clusters have been considered to verify the condition of decoherence transition. Our work provides a theoretical description of the transport properties of high-density alpha particles in warm dense cryogenic fuel and might give some theoretical guidance for the design of actual fusion processes.

Solution‐Processable Three‐Dimensional Metamaterials with Ultrahigh Broadband Absorption for Photothermal Electronic Conversion

AbstractMetamaterials are promising candidates for broadband light absorbers, but complex manufacturing procedures with expensive instruments have limited their practical applications. Herein, this work develops an all‐solution‐processed three‐dimensional (3D) metamaterial—based on a gold nanocage (GNC)/silk fibroin (SF) nanocomposite thin film—that achieves near‐unity (>94%) and broadband (350–2000 nm) light absorption. At a low particle density, the film exhibits a typical signal for localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption at 856 nm, originating from its hollow geometrical shape of GNCs. In contrast, at high particle densities the films display ultrahigh broadband absorption, even in the non‐LSPR regions. This work attributes this behavior to the highly dense GNCs dispersed uniformly in the SF matrix acting optically as extremely fragmented metallic films, thereby retaining the highly absorptive nature of the metal while strongly suppressing its highly reflective properties. Moreover, the metamaterial absorber displays a desirable broadband‐light‐induced photothermal effect when illuminated with a halogen lamp. Finally, investigations into the photothermal electronic properties of this metamaterial combined with an Al/Si Schottky diode reveal an excellent photoresponse and photostability. The as‐designed systems can function at telecommunication wavelengths longer than the typical operation wavelengths of Si‐based devices. Such 3D metamaterial absorbers can be efficient platforms for various photothermal applications.

Liquid-assisted irregular coarse particle fluidization in a fluidized bed flotation cell: Bed of low-density versus high-density particles

Fluidization can enhance coarse particle separation. Here, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling in a fluidized bed flotation cell is performed to explore the complex insights of coarse irregular particle fluidization behaviours. To address the irregular property of the particle, the classical drag model is modified by incorporating the particle’s shape factor. Simulated particle volume fraction results and experimental data using a fluidized bed flotation cell showed that the irregular particle drag models had a relative error of 3.9% which was significantly better than that of the spherical particle drag models. Thereafter, the CFD model was applied to investigate the bed of low-density irregular coarse particles, 1600 kg/m3, and high-density irregular coarse particles, 2800 kg/m3, at low and high fluidization liquid velocities. It was shown that around 1.7-fold increased density of particles and liquid fluidization velocity increased the bed expansion height roughly 1.8-fold. The time-averaged pressure, volume fraction, apparent viscosity, and velocity of particles are analyzed to explore the fluidization behaviours, particularly within the free settling regime, plug-flow regime, and dewatering zone in the fluidized bed flotation cell. There was a higher apparent viscosity in the dewatering zone than in the plug-flow mixing zone, while the highest apparent viscosity was found in the free settling zone. The outcomes of these CFD studies are significant for the flotation of coarse particles in fluidized beds.

Drying of Compact and Porous NCM Cathode Electrodes in Different Multilayer Architectures: Influence of Layer Configuration and Drying Rate on Electrode Properties

Porous, nanostructured particles ensure the wetting of electrolyte up to the particle core and shortened diffusion paths, which is relevant not only for lithium‐ion batteries but also for postlithium systems like sodium‐ion batteries. The porous structure leads to a high C‐rate capability. However, compared to conventional compact NCM, porous NCM shows a reduced adhesion force but no or only slight negative influence on C‐rate capability by binder migration at higher drying rates. Herein, a multilayer concept is used to increase the adhesion force with equal or better electrochemical performance compared to single‐layer electrodes. Compact particles of high volumetric energy density and porous particles with high C‐rate capability are combined in a simultaneously coated multilayer electrode. Multilayers with compact NCM toward the current collector and porous NCM with reduced binder content toward the separator side show an about 16‐times higher adhesion force at lower drying rate and an about ten‐times higher adhesion force at increased drying rate compared to electrodes produced of porous NCM only. The specific discharge capacity of the multilayers is increased by 88% at the lower and 67% at the higher drying rate for a discharge rate of 3C compared to a single layer with compact NCM.

The co-precipitation evolution of NiAl and Cu nanoparticles and its influence on strengthening and toughening mechanisms in low-carbon ultra-high strength martensite seamless tube steel

The designed low-carbon ultra-high strength martensite seamless tube steel was manufactured by hot rolling and quenching-tempering processes. The multiple strengthening mechanisms are evaluated depending on the microstructure and co-precipitation evolution mechanism of Cu and NiAl, and the toughening mechanisms associated with multiscale microstructures are systematically discussed. The results show that the microstructure of the experimental steel in the quenched state consists of 87.8% lath martensite (LM) and 12.2% granular bainite (GB), while the microstructure in the QT state includes tempered martensite (TM), GB and a small amount of reversed austenite. The TEM morphology of QT steel shows three types of nanoparticles co-precipitated by Cu-rich, NiAl and Cu-NiAl, and the nanoparticles coarsen significantly and the number density decreases dramatically as the aging temperature increases from 500 °C to 650 °C. The co-precipitation evolution mechanism of nanoparticles elucidates that high density of small-sized BCCCu and B2-NiAl particles is optimal for strengthening increment. The experimental steel has an maximum yield strength of 1332.5 MPa aged at 500 °C, which is attributed to high precipitation strengthening of 651.2 MPa (general superposition of shear strengthening and Orowan strengthening) and dislocation strengthening of 454.8 MPa. The experimental steel has obvious low-temperature toughening, and the impact energy at -40 °C increases from 5 J to 237 J as the aging temperature increases from 500 °C to 650 °C. The excellent low-temperature toughness is attributed to the reduction of dislocation density, the weakening of the shear mechanism and the transformation of a small amount of reversed austenite to increase the crack nucleation energy, and the increase of the number fraction of HAGB and the significant plastic deformation increase the crack propagation energy.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructural Evolution in Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel

316L stainless steel samples were prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) and annealed at 1000 °C for durations of between 1 and 6 h to investigate both the kinetics of microstructural evolution during heat treatment and the effect of annealing on mechanical properties. The as-printed materials contain a high density of oxide particles and dislocations, forming a dislocation cell substructure that shows high thermal stability during heat treatment. Moreover, coarsened oxide particles act as pinning barriers for moving dislocations and grain boundaries, thus extending the recovery and recrystallization process. The process of recrystallization can be effectively tracked by measuring the density of the low-angle misorientation boundaries associated with the oxide particles and dislocations, as characterized by high-resolution EBSD. The evolution of mechanical properties during annealing shows a strong relationship with the observed microstructural changes, suggesting possible optimization of strength and ductility of SLM-prepared metal samples by use of appropriate heat treatments.

Effect of multi parameter synergy on the upgrading characteristics of wide size moist coal

ABSTRACT Through composite dry separation, effective precipitation and impurity removal can be achieved, improving the quality of raw coal. This paper mainly systematically analyzes the synergistic control mechanisms of airflow velocity, airflow transition layer height and control angle on the upgrading characteristics of moist coal. The results show that Zone I is a high airflow area, and when v = 2.12 m/s, it can effectively destroy the original static stable structure of low-density particles, increase the degree of freedom of particle accumulation volume, and achieve effective precipitation of particles. Zone II is a medium air volume area, and when v = 1.78 m/s, the high-density particle group in this area has the weakest obstruction effect on airflow, which can achieve efficient particle precipitation. Zone III is a low airflow area, where the dispersion of high-density particle groups increases at v = 1.36 m/s. The airflow can effectively act on the particles through the bed layer, reducing their surface water. When the height (H) of the gas transition layer is 49-52 mm and the regulatory perspective is 20–25, the distribution uniformity of the gas flow in the bed is the best. After separation and upgrading, the moist coal concentrate yield is 78.3%, ash content is 10.05%, as well as the possible deviation E value is 0.1 g/cm3.

Dating recent tidal marsh sediments using windborne giant particles of green petcoke – An example from the southwest coast of Portugal

Coastal systems are especially vulnerable to human activities resulting from a range of direct physical modifications of the ecosystems to the biological, chemical, and physical impacts of pollutants. For the most recent decades, these modifications can be accurately tracked by industrial development indicators, providing an exceptional record of historical changes. In return, when such changes are identified in the sedimentological record, they can serve as precise chronological markers. Here, we examined the potential of petcoke particles, a by-product of crude oil refining, as an emergent sediment dating tool. To this end, giant (63–∼200 μm) black spheroidal petcoke particles – present in cores retrieved in the salt marshes of the Sado estuary (SW Portugal) – were used. These anthropogenic particles were counted and identified according to their morphology, structure, and chemical composition, using complementary micro-beam techniques: Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, and Micro X-Ray Diffraction. The analyses revealed shot-type green petcoke particles containing a set of elements, which are well-known metallic/non-metallic impurities in petcoke. Based on the available historical data on petcoke imports in the port of Setúbal (Sado estuary) and Portugal, their first appearance in sediments can be dated to 1996 ± 2, with maxima in 2006 ± 4. Both the presence and the historical evolution of the use of petcoke in the region were recorded in all sediment cores, with higher particle density in locations aligned with the prevailing winds. The combination of petcoke and 137Cs data provided accretion rates for the 1963–2006 period ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 cm yr−1 (average: 0.2 cm yr−1), while these rates significantly increased from 2006 onwards (avg. rate: 1.1 cm yr−1; range: 0.6–2.1 cm yr−1). The widespread handling of petcoke worldwide leads us to suggest petcoke particles as a reliable chronological marker at local and regional scales, to be used in combination with other dating methods to build more exact sediment chronologies.

All-in-one strategy to prepare molded biochar with magnetism from sewage sludge for high-efficiency removal of Cd(Ⅱ)

Biochar in powder could lead to the separation difficulties after using and easy dispersion by wind with non-necessary consumption during the practical application. The current method for preparing molded biochar is multi-step, tedious, and required exogenous reagents. Moreover, the dehydration of sewage sludge with high water content (>85%) causes expensive production cost, limiting its secondary utilization. Therefore, an “all-in-one” strategy was developed to prepare molded biochar with magnetism by using sewage sludge as endogenetic binder, water source, carbon source, as well as magnetic source, and biomass wastes as water moderator and pore-forming agent. The molded biochar showed high removal capacity towards Cd(Ⅱ) of 456.2 mg/g, which was 6 times higher than the commercial activated carbon in powder (69.1 mg/g). The excellent removal performance of the molded biochar was in linear correlation the O/C ratio (R2 =0.855), resulting in the complexation with Cd(Ⅱ). DFT calculations indicated the amounts and species of oxygen changed the electron distribution and electron-donation properties of biochar for Cd(Ⅱ). Moreover, the Na+ exchanges with Cd(Ⅱ) were also an important removal mechanism. This study provided a novel synthesis strategy for the molded biochar with both high particle density and high adsorption capability.

A hypoeutectic high-entropy alloy with hierarchical microstructure for high-temperature application

Dual-phase high entropy alloys have great potential for high-temperature applications. In this work, a hypoeutectic Ni41.8Co19Cr10Fe10Al15Ti2Mo2Hf0.1B0.1 high-entropy superalloy consisting of FCC and B2 matrix was developed with superior high-temperature mechanical properties. After aging, high-density L12 particles precipitated in the FCC matrix, while lath-shaped FCC and Cr-rich σ phases precipitated in the B2 matrix. The hierarchical microstructure contributed to the high yield strength of ∼1.1 GPa MPa at 25 °C and ∼614 MPa at 800 °C. In addition, the B2 matrix with a serrated phase boundary retarded crack nucleation and propagation, leading to an excellent tensile elongation of ∼26.1% at 800 °C. These results are significant to the development of high-performance hypoeutectic alloys for application over a wide temperature range.

Tide-induced infiltration and resuspension of microplastics in shorelines: Insights from tidal tank experiments

In the present study, the infiltration and resuspension of microplastics (MPs) in a slope substrate under the influence of repeated tidal forces were investigated using a tidal tank. In the scenario in which MPs were placed on the top of the slope, increasing numbers of particles were observed on the water surface with the increase in tidal cycles. More particles of smaller equivalent particle diameter (dMP) and low density floated to the water surface. The horizontal positions (positive toward the lower tide zone) of MPs showed significant positive correlation with the shortest length c of MPs, MP density, MP weight, dMP, and Corey shape factor, whereas they showed significant negative correlation with the rate of tidal level change and the longest length a of MPs. The vertical positions (positive in the downward direction) of MPs showed significant positive correlation with the shortest length c of MPs, MP density, MP weight, dMP, and Corey shape factor, while they demonstrated significant negative correlation with the largest cross-section area and surface tension of MPs. In the scenario in which MPs were placed at the bottom of the tank, the smaller and low-density particles had a higher possibility of moving upward to the water surface under repeated tidal forces. High-density particles also migrated to the water surface due to the surface tension force. Further, a lower rate of tidal level change contributed to more floating of particles. The horizontal positions of MPs showed significant positive correlation with MP density, while they demonstrated significant negative correlation with the largest cross-section area and surface tension of MPs. The vertical positions of MPs showed significant positive correlation with the longest length a of MPs, MP density, MP weight, and dMP. These results imply that large, high-density, and less flatty particles tend to be distributed in the lower tidal zone and deeper substrate layers. These findings can help understand the redistribution of MPs and assess their risk in the shoreline environment.

The theory on thing's limits. Part 2: A brief analysis of the new knowledge of Newton's first law

According to the norm of identifying truth in this theory, and Newton's first law which is a basis that can look at the overall situation, and by virtue of the electron storage ring as an experimental fact, it is pointed out: Only in reality can there be inertia. Inertia represents the continuity of the development of thing. As the speed gradually approaches to the c, the particle's mass also approaches to zero along with its static mass due to the impact of electromagnetic radiation, which is exactly the root where the energy shrinkage effect of high-speed particles comes from, and also the primary factor causing the spectrum redshift. Therefore, the Big Bang theory is wrong. All photons are produced from the high-density particles through electromagnetic radiations. Wherever there is fluctuation, there must be mass, and vice versa. This is the correct understanding of "wave-particle duality". No matter the high-speed electrons or the photons produced by them all have different static masses, but their charge-mass ratio is always the same physical constant, and not affected by relativistic effects and electromagnetic radiations. This is the true internal mechanism to constitute the uncertainty principle, and conforms to the experimental facts related to it. It can be proved that in a constant magnetic field, the high-speed electron or photon of having a relatively large curvature radius, which has a high moving speed and less mass, energy and wave frequency. Since Einstein used the absolute space-time established by Newton as the criterion and came to the conclusion that the relative space-time was curved, then he should no longer make circular arguments, that was, used the relative space-time as the criterion, to change the unit length and time established by the absolute space-time.

Stochastic modeling of blob-like plasma filaments in the scrape-off layer: Theoretical foundation

A stochastic model for a superposition of uncorrelated pulses with a random distribution of amplitudes, sizes, and velocities is presented. The pulses are assumed to move radially with fixed shape and amplitudes decaying exponentially in time due to linear damping. The pulse velocities are taken to be time-independent but randomly distributed. The implications of a distribution of pulse amplitudes, sizes, and velocities are investigated. Closed-form expressions for the cumulants and probability density functions for the process are derived in the case of exponential pulses and a discrete uniform distribution of pulse velocities. The results describe many features of the boundary region of magnetically confined plasmas, such as high average particle densities, broad and flat radial profiles, and intermittent large-amplitude fluctuations. The stochastic model elucidates how these phenomena are related to the statistical properties of blob-like structures. In particular, the presence of fast pulses generally leads to flattened far scrape-off layer profiles and enhanced intermittency, which amplifies plasma–wall interactions.

The potential of retrofitting existing coal power plants: A case study for operation with green iron

Storing electrical energy for long periods and transporting it over long distances is an essential task of the necessary transition to a CO2-free energy economy. An oxidation–reduction cycle based on iron and its oxides represents a very promising technology in this regard. The present work assesses the potential of converting an existing modern coal-fired power plant to operation with iron. For this purpose, a systematic retrofit study is carried out, employing a model that balances all material and energy fluxes in a state-of-the-art coal-fired power plant. Particular attention is given to components of the burner system and the system’s heat exchanger. The analysis provides evidence that main components such as the steam generator and steam cycle can be reused with moderate modifications. Major modifications are related to the larger amounts of solids produced during iron combustion, for instance in the particle feeding and removal systems. Since the high particle densities and lower demand for auxiliary systems improve the heat transfer, the net efficiencies of iron operation can be one to two percentage points better than coal operation, depending on operating conditions. This new insight can significantly accelerate the introduction of this innovative technology by guiding future research and the development of the retrofit option.