High Packet Loss Rate Research Articles

Research on distributed dynamic traffic data mining based on vehicular ad hoc network

There are some problems in current traffic data mining methods, such as poor accuracy, high energy consumption, high packet loss rate and lengthy times. A distributed dynamic traffic data mining method based on vehicular ad hoc network is proposed. Before mining, congestion, routing changes, data channel errors and connection interruptions in vehicular ad hoc networks are detected respectively. Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) is introduced to realise traffic data classification mining based on vehicular ad hoc networks under network coding and clustering fusion. The simulations results show that the method has high accuracy and efficiency, low-energy consumption and packet loss rate, and high feasibility.

Congestion Control and Packet Scheduling for Multipath Real Time Video Streaming

Real time video traffic has stringent delay requirement and is bandwidth demanding when streaming over the internet. Single path transmission may provide unsatisfactory picture quality to users due to packet loss, jitter, and low bandwidth. Multipath transmission is another option to achieve better service by aggregating bandwidth and exploiting path diversity. As utility maximization theory shows, to achieve better satisfaction is to provide higher throughput and lower frame delivery delay for real time video traffic. The congestion control is responsible to probe maximum available bandwidth and packet scheduling is to take advantages of path diversity, which are two key research points in multipath context and are also the main concern in this paper. Given the BBR congestion control algorithm causes high-packet loss rate and large transmission delay when BBR flows competing for bandwidth resource, a delay response BBR (Delay-BBR) algorithm is proposed for real time video transmission. The main idea is that the sender will actively reduce the rate to let intermediate routers drain the excess occupied buffer once round trip delay signal exceeds a certain threshold. The results show that the delay-BBR can achieve lower transmission delay and lower packet loss rate when compared with QUIC-BBR and WebRTC-BBR. The rate stable feature makes delay-BBR appropriate for real time video transmission. Moreover, a packet scheduling algorithm works in coordination with the rate control algorithm achieves lower frame delivery delay further compared with the benchmark algorithms.

Control method for communication information transmission rate in passive cluster vehicles of vehicular networking

Aiming at the problems of high energy consumption and packet loss rate, long delay and poor fault tolerance of existing information transmission rate control methods, a practical vehicle-based passive vehicle communication information transmission rate control method is proposed. The average relative speed of vehicles and the number of neighbour vehicle nodes are selected as input parameters. The cluster head is selected by using fuzzy logic, and the cluster stability is set to the long duration of the cluster. The effective connection time model of the cluster vehicles' communication link is constructed. Taking the effective connection time model and channel capacity as constraints, the Shannon information concept and the maximum utility function are used to obtain the optimal information transmission rate of the current node. Experimental results show that the proposed method has lower-energy consumption and delay, less packet loss, and better fault-tolerant performance than the current research results.

Secured Seamless Wi-Fi Enhancement in Dynamic Vehicles

At present, cellular networks provide ubiquitous Internet connection, but with relatively expensive cost. Furthermore, the cellular networks have been proven to be insufficient for the surging amount of data from Internetenabled mobile devices. Due to the explosive growth of the subscriber number and the mobile data, cellular networks are suffering overload, and the users are experiencing service quality degradation. In this project implement seamless and efficient Wi-Fi based Internet access from moving vehicles. In our proposed implementation, a group of APs are employed to communicate with a client (called AP diversity), and the transmission succeeds if any AP in the group accomplishes the delivery with the client (called opportunistic transmission). Such AP diversity and opportunistic transmission are exploited to overcome the high packet loss rate, which is achieved by configuring all the APs with the same MAC and IP addresses. With such a configuration, a client gets a graceful illusion that only one (virtual) AP exists, and will always be associated with this virtual AP. Uplink communications, when the client transmits a packet to the virtual AP, actually multiple APs within its transmission range are able to receive it. The transmission is successful as long as at least one AP receives the packet correctly. Proposed implementation will show that outperforms existing schemes remarkably.

Error Resilient Coding Techniques for Video Delivery over Vehicular Networks.

Nowadays, more and more vehicles are equipped with communication capabilities, not only providing connectivity with onboard devices, but also with off-board communication infrastructures. From road safety (i.e., multimedia e-call) to infotainment (i.e., video on demand services), there are a lot of applications and services that may be deployed in vehicular networks, where video streaming is the key factor. As it is well known, these networks suffer from high interference levels and low available network resources, and it is a great challenge to deploy video delivery applications which provide good quality video services. We focus our work on supplying error resilience capabilities to video streams in order to fight against the high packet loss rates found in vehicular networks. So, we propose the combination of source coding and channel coding techniques. The former ones are applied in the video encoding process by means of intra-refresh coding modes and tile-based frame partitioning techniques. The latter one is based on the use of forward error correction mechanisms in order to recover as many lost packets as possible. We have carried out an extensive evaluation process to measure the error resilience capabilities of both approaches in both (a) a simple packet error probabilistic model, and (b) a realistic vehicular network simulation framework. Results show that forward error correction mechanisms are mandatory to guarantee video delivery with an acceptable quality level , and we highly recommend the use of the proposed mechanisms to increase even more the final video quality.

OMRI–MAC: Optimized Multi-transmission Receiver-Initiated MAC in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Unlike terrestrial environment, the underwater environment possess additional and complicated challenges for wireless communication. For the underwater wireless communication, traditional radio wave communication is not feasible due to high channel fading and packet loss experienced high frequency communication that also reduces the communication range. Acoustic wave communication in dynamic underwater environment naturally inherits its own limitations that include low bandwidth, slow signal propagation speed, high packet loss and short communication range. Considering the UWSNs circumstances, protocols that can counter the high packet loss and low data rate are required. The MAC protocols designed for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) should incorporate changes in such a way that sensor nodes can have seamless and efficient communication while minimizing the effect of imposed constraints. In this paper, we therefore propose Optimized Multi-transmission Receiver-Initiated Medium Access Control (MAC) which considers harsh, lossy, and dynamic underwater environment. Our proposed method transmits optimized number of multiple packets to increase the successful packet delivery in harsh underwater environment with low data rate.

Improved joint algorithms for reliable wireless transmission of 3D color-plus-depth multi-view video

Error control techniques like Error Resilience (ER) and Error Concealment (EC) are preferred techniques to ameliorate the lost Macro-Blocks (MBs) in the 3D Video (3DV) communication systems. In this paper, we present different enhanced ER-EC algorithms for intra-frame images for 3DV and Depth (3DV + D) communication through wireless networks. At the encoder, the slice structured coding, explicit flexible macro-block ordering, and context adaptive variable length coding are utilized. At the decoder, a hybrid approach comprising spatial circular scan order interpolation algorithm and temporal partitioning motion compensation algorithm is suggested to reconstruct the Disparity Vectors (DVs) and Motion Vectors (MVs) of the erroneous color images. For the corrupted depth images, a depth-assisted EC algorithm is proposed. Then, the optimum concealment MVs and DVs are chosen by employing the weighted overlapping block motion and disparity compensation algorithm. Furthermore, the Bayesian Kalman Filter (BKF) is utilized as an amelioration tool due to its efficiency to smooth the remnant inherent corruptions in the formerly optimally chosen color and depth DVs and MVs to obtain a good video quality. Simulation results on several 3DV streams show that the suggested algorithms have extremely adequate subjective and objective video quality performance compared to the traditional methods, particularly at high Packet Loss Rates (PLRs).

Improvement and Simulation of AODV Routing Algorithm Based on NS-3

In order to solve the problem of high packet loss rate and poor real-time performance of data transmission among the smart robots after the mobile ad hoc network is formed, we study and improve the traditional AODV routing protocol. Smart robot uses signal strength as a basis for whether to forward packets during route discovery in the proposed AODV and it will control their own motion after acknowledging the forwarding of packets. With NS-3 software the simulation results show that the improved AODV routing protocol improves the success rate of data transmission and reduces the average delay compared with the traditional AODV routing protocol.

Proposed optimized hybrid error recovery techniques for performance improvement of wireless 3D-MVC communication

The transmission of 3D Video (3DV) over wireless channels has become a hot issue because of the limited resources and the existence of severe channel errors. In the 3DV system, the compressed bit streams may be dropped down due to the propagation of transmission errors in the time, space, and view scopes. So, it is important to recover the Disparity Vectors (DVs) and Motion Vectors (MVs) of the corrupted Macro-Blocks (MBs) at the decoder utilizing efficient Error Concealment (EC) post-processing techniques. To enhance the received 3DV quality, we suggest optimized hybrid techniques to reconstruct the erroneous MBs of color-plus-depth inter-encoded and intra-encoded frames. A hybrid approach of Circular Scan Order Interpolation (CSOI) technique and Partitioning Motion Compensation (PMC) technique is proposed for the color intra-frames loss concealment. For the corrupted color inter-frames, a joint approach of Directional Textural Motion Coherence (DTMC) technique and Directional Interpolation Error Concealment (DIEC) technique is suggested. To estimate more additional depth-aided DVs and MVs for recovering the erroneous depth frames, a depth-assisted error recovery technique is suggested. These depth-estimated motion and disparity vectors are then added together with the estimated candidate texture DVs and MVs for reconstructing the corrupted color-plus-depth frames. Finally, the best color-plus-depth MVs and DVs are chosen by the Decoder Motion Vector Estimation (DMVE) and DIEC techniques. Simulation outcomes on various 3D video frames elucidate that the suggested hybrid color plus depth EC techniques achieve high robustness at high Packet Loss Rates (PLRs).

Hybrid error recovery protocol for video streaming in vehicle ad hoc networks

Recently, video streaming in Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) is considered as one of the most important challenge in vehicular communication because of the high packet loss rate and the increased transmission delay due to the highly dynamic of VANET topology. This specificity makes difficult to apply the conventional transport protocols such as UDP and TCP to video streaming over VANET. To deal with these limits and to ensure a high video quality at the end receiver, we propose in this paper a Hybrid Error Recovery Protocol (HERP) for video streaming in VANETs. The proposed protocol integrates the Sub-Packet Forward Correction (SPFEC) mechanism to recover the uniform transmission errors and the retransmission technique to recover burst errors mainly due to the network congestion and route disconnection. In order to avoid the network overload and to reduce the transmission delay, HERP adapts dynamically the redundancy rate, retransmission limit and transmission rate according to the network condition measured by the Bit Error Rate and the network load indicated by queue length of intermediate vehicles. HERP uses the reporting technique to control the network condition and the network load. To improve the video streaming quality, HERP suggests an unequal protection of video frames type (i.e. I, P, B frames). The experimental results show that HERP achieves significant improvements of transmitted video compared to native UDP protocol and UDP based on SPFEC.

Reliable and Energy-Efficient Hybrid Screen Mirroring Multicast System

This paper presents a reliable and energy-efficient hybrid screen mirroring multicast system for sharing high-quality real-time multimedia service with adjacent mobile devices over WiFi network. The proposed system employs overhearing-based multicast transmission scheme with Raptor codes and NACK-based retransmission to overcome well-known WiFi multicast problems such as low transmission rate and high packet loss rate. Furthermore, to save energy on mobile devices, the proposed system not only shapes the screen mirroring traffic, but also determines the target sink device and Raptor encoding parameters such as the number of source symbols, symbol size, and code rate while considering the energy consumption and processing delay of the Raptor encoding and decoding processes. The proposed system is fully implemented in Linux-based single board computers and examined in real WiFi network. Compared to existing systems, the proposed system can achieve good energy efficiency while providing a high-quality screen mirroring service.

A new Linux based TCP congestion control mechanism for long distance high bandwidth sustainable smart cities

People, systems, and things in the cities generate large amount of data which is considered to be the most scalable asset of any smart city. Linux users are rapidly increased in last few years, and many large multinational organizations are deploying long distance high bandwidth (LDHB) cloud networks for centralizing the data from various smart cities on a central location. TCP is responsible for reliable communication of data in these cloud networks. For reliability communication among various smart cities, a number of TCP congestion control mechanisms have been developed in the past. TCP Compound, TCP Fusion, and TCP CUBIC are the default TCP congestion control mechanisms for Microsoft Windows, Sun Solaris, and Linux operating systems respectively. The response function of TCP CUBIC is higher than the response function of Standard TCP, which is a trademark congestion control mechanism. As a result, TCP CUBIC does not behave friendly with Standard TCP in LDHB cloud networks. The Congestion Window (cwnd) reduction and growth of TCP CUBIC is very aggressive, which causes high packet loss rate and unfair share of available link bandwidth among competing flows from various smart cities. The aim of this research is to design a new TCP congestion control mechanism for Linux operating system to achieve maximum performance in LDHB cloud networks being used by smart cities. In this paper, congestion control module for slow start (CCM-SS) is designed by increasing the lower boundary limit of cwnd size in slow start phase of communication. Congestion control module for loss event (CCM-LE) is designed by increasing the cwnd reduction rate at each packet loss event and finally Advance Response Function for TCP CUBIC (ARFC) is proposed to design a new congestion control mechanism for Linux operating system. NS-2 is used to compare the performance of TCP CUBIC* with TCP CUBIC in short distance high bandwidth (SDHB) and long distance high bandwidth (LDHB) cloud networks. Results show that TCP CUBIC* has outperformed in LDHB networks, at least by a factor of 18% as compared to TCP CUBIC.

Workshop on Tracking Quality of Experience in the Internet

This is a report on the Workshop on Tracking Quality of Experience in the Internet, held at Princeton, October 21--22, 2015, jointly sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the Federal Communication Commission. The term Quality of Experience (QoE) describes a user's subjective assessment of their experience when using a particular application. In the past, network engineers have typically focused on Quality of Service (QoS): performance metrics such as throughput, delay and jitter, packet loss, and the like. Yet, performance as measured by QoS parameters only matters if it affects the experience of users, as they attempt to use a particular application. Ultimately, the user's experience is determined by QoE impairments (e.g., rebuffering). Although QoE and QoS are related---for example, a video rebuffering event may be caused by high packet-loss rate---QoE metrics ultimately affect a user's experience. Identifying the causes of QoE impairments is complex, since the impairments may arise in one or another region of the network, in the home network, on the user's device, in servers that are part of the application, or in supporting services such as the DNS. Additionally, metrics for QoE continue to evolve, as do the methods for relating QoE impairments to underlying causes that could be measurable using standard network measurement techniques. Finally, as the capabilities of the underlying network infrastructure continues to evolve, researchers should also consider how to design infrastructure and tools can best support measurements that can better identify the locations and causes of QoE impairments. The workshop's aim was to understand the current state of QoE research and to contemplate a community agenda to integrate ongoing threads of QoE research into a collaboration. This summary report describes the topics discussed and summarize the key points of the discussion. Materials related to the workshop are available at http://aqualab.cs.northwestern.edu/NSFWorkshop-InternetQoE.

An encoding and reconstructing method with robust transmission for 3D model topological data over wireless network

This paper proposes an encoding and reconstructing method with robust transmission for 3D model topological data. For the encoding of topological data, we firstly adopt the valence-driven method to visit the full mesh and give each vertex a sequence number, degree information and the neighbouring vertex information. Then, we adopt the improved graph colouring algorithm to colour each vertex according to the sequence number of vertex. Thirdly, we divide the 3D model into several packets according to vertex's colour. Finally, we use the Huffman coding to compress model. For the reconstructing of topological data, when the client receives packets, we design an effective reconstructing method by combining degree information, the neighbouring vertex information with special traversal rule to reconstruct the model. Experimental results show that even in the high packet loss rate, the model can also obtain a good reconstruction result.

An encoding and reconstructing method with robust transmission for 3D model topological data over wireless network

This paper proposes an encoding and reconstructing method with robust transmission for 3D model topological data. For the encoding of topological data, we firstly adopt the valence-driven method to visit the full mesh and give each vertex a sequence number, degree information and the neighbouring vertex information. Then, we adopt the improved graph colouring algorithm to colour each vertex according to the sequence number of vertex. Thirdly, we divide the 3D model into several packets according to vertex's colour. Finally, we use the Huffman coding to compress model. For the reconstructing of topological data, when the client receives packets, we design an effective reconstructing method by combining degree information, the neighbouring vertex information with special traversal rule to reconstruct the model. Experimental results show that even in the high packet loss rate, the model can also obtain a good reconstruction result.

Research on Communication Resource Management System based on Metamaterials

Electromagnetic Metamaterial (EMM), which cannot be found in nature and possesses the novel electromagnetic properties of negative refraction, reversals of both Doppler shift and Cherenkov radiation, is a kind of artificial composed material. In order to solve the problem of long delay and high packet loss rate, the paper proposed a communication resource management system based on Metamaterials. By using the electromagnetic simulation method, the triple band and tunable transmission/reflection characteristics are investigated. Experiment result shows that the proposed method can improve the performance in the communication resource management.

Mitigation of Packet Loss Using Data Rate Adaptation Scheme in MANETs

Node’s mobility, bursty data traffic, and dynamic nature of the network make congestion avoidance and control a challenging task in Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs). Congestion results in high packet loss rate, increased delays, and wastage of network resources due to re-transmissions. In this paper, we propose In-route data rate adaptation to avoid packet loss. Proposed scheme is based on the analysis of queue length of the forwarding nodes, number of data source nodes, and rate of link changes. In proposed technique, queue length of forwarding nodes is communicated periodically to the neighbor nodes using existing control messages of the underlying routing protocol. Keeping in view the queue length of forwarding nodes, number of data source nodes, and rate of link changes, initially the intermediate nodes buffer the incoming data packets upto some threshold and then, gradually shift the effect of congestion to the data source nodes. Then, the source node adapts its sending data rate to avoid congestion and to ensure reliable data communication. We have performed simulations in NS-2 simulator by varying different network metrics such as data rate, number of source nodes, and node speed. Results show that proposed technique improves network performance in terms of packet delivery ratio upto 15 %, reduction of average end-to-end delay and packet loss due to interface queue overflow upto 25 % and 14 % respectively, as compared to the static rate adaptation scheme.

Mobile 4K / 2K / HD video streaming supported by real-time FEC raptorQ codes

With the growth of packet-switch networks in the mobile consumer electronics market, fountain codes are coming to play an increasingly important role as they allow high packet loss rates while still supporting high QoS. This is particularly critical for video streaming in multimedia delivery on moving handheld mobile consumer devices. A powerful forward error-correction mechanism is the fountain coding scheme implemented by RaptorQ codes, defined over GF(256), whose decoding algorithms are very complex from a computational perspective, but highly suitable for parallelization. With multimedia delivery for handheld consumer electronics in mind, this paper proposes several decoding schemes for embedded mobile SoCs, exploiting both the parallel potential of the GPU and CPU, sharing a common memory space. The OpenCL and OpenMP frameworks are used to exploit both accelerators for the roles of matrix multiplication and inversion that comprise the bulk of computation in RaptorQ decoding. Reported results indicate low-power requirements within the range of typical handheld consumer devices (1.5~2.4W) for data processing rates of dozens of Mbit/s that are fully within the real-time requirements of HD, 2K and 4K coded video streaming resolutions and beyond.

A Cooperative Downloading Method for VANET Using Distributed Fountain Code.

Cooperative downloading is one of the effective methods to improve the amount of downloaded data in vehicular ad hoc networking (VANET). However, the poor channel quality and short encounter time bring about a high packet loss rate, which decreases transmission efficiency and fails to satisfy the requirement of high quality of service (QoS) for some applications. Digital fountain code (DFC) can be utilized in the field of wireless communication to increase transmission efficiency. For cooperative forwarding, however, processing delay from frequent coding and decoding as well as single feedback mechanism using DFC cannot adapt to the environment of VANET. In this paper, a cooperative downloading method for VANET using concatenated DFC is proposed to solve the problems above. The source vehicle and cooperative vehicles encodes the raw data using hierarchical fountain code before they send to the client directly or indirectly. Although some packets may be lost, the client can recover the raw data, so long as it receives enough encoded packets. The method avoids data retransmission due to packet loss. Furthermore, the concatenated feedback mechanism in the method reduces the transmission delay effectively. Simulation results indicate the benefits of the proposed scheme in terms of increasing amount of downloaded data and data receiving rate.

Parametric Comparison of Multicast Support for Network Mobility Management: A Qualitative Analysis

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) was initially introduced to assist unicast network-based mobility. In recent years, new approaches have been introduced to provide multicast support in PMIPv6. IP multicast is an imperative mechanism for internet video provision. As the usage of internet data traffic remains to develop rapidly, there is a need to optimize and improve the performance of multicast service. Issues such as large overhead, high packet loss rate, single point of failure, service disruption time, handover latency, and non-route optimization needs to be tackled efficiently. To provide multicast services in PMIPv6, route optimization, global mobility, load balancing and context transfer approaches have been introduced. The foremost aim of this paper is to study and analyze these methods via qualitative analysis. This is to focus the advantages and the limitations of the current approaches.