High Milk Consumption Research Articles

Milk and yogurt consumption and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Fukuoka Diabetes Registry

Background and aimThe effects of dairy products on cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with diabetes, especially in Asians, have yet to be fully investigated. Therefore, we aimed to characterise the relationship between milk and yogurt consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors in Japanese patients with diabetes. Methods and resultsA total of 4,438 patients with type 2 diabetes were studied. Milk and yogurt consumption was assessed using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire, and the relationships with cardiometabolic risk factors were evaluated cross-sectionally. High consumption of milk and yogurt was significantly associated with lower body mass index, blood pressure, serum triglyceride concentration and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; and higher low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration (P for trend <0.01). Greater milk and yogurt consumption was also associated with lower likelihood of having metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (P for trend <0.001). Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios for metabolic syndrome and CKD in the highest quartile of milk and yogurt consumption, vs. the lowest quartile, were 0.75 (95% confidence interval 0.62–0.91) and 0.72 (0.59–0.89), respectively. However, the likelihood of having a high low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration became higher with greater milk and yogurt consumption (P for trend <0.001). ConclusionsHigher milk and yogurt consumption is associated with superior control of cardiovascular risk factors, including CKD, in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.

High Concentrations of Immunoglobulin G Against Cow Milk Proteins and Frequency of Cow Milk Consumption Are Associated With the Development of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes—The Trial to Reduce Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) Study

BackgroundThe Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) (NCT00179777) found no difference type 1 diabetes risk between hydrolyzed and regular infant formula. However, cow's milk consumption during childhood is consistently linked to type 1 diabetes risk in prospective cohort studies. ObjectiveOur primary aim was to study whether humoral immune responses to cow’s milk and cow’s milk consumption are associated with type 1 diabetes in TRIGR children. MethodsTRIGR comprised 2159 children with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes born between 2002-2007 in 15 countries. Children were randomized into groups receiving extensively hydrolyzed casein or a regular cow’s milk formula and followed until age 10. Type 1 diabetes related autoantibodies and antibodies to cow’s milk proteins were analyzed. Infant formula intake was measured by structured dietary interviews and milk consumption with a food frequency questionnaire. Associations of milk antibodies and milk consumption with the risk to develop type 1 diabetes were analysed by Cox survival model. ResultsCow’s milk antibody levels both in cord blood [HR for islet autoimmunity 1.30 (95% CI 1.05-1.61); type 1 diabetes 1.32 (1.02-1.71)] and longitudinally from birth to 3 years [islet autoimmunity 1.39 (1.07-1.81); type 1 diabetes 1.43 (1.04-1.96)] were associated with increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. The amount of regular infant formula was associated with a reduced islet autoimmunity risk in the regular infant formula group [0.92 (0.85-0.99)]. Furthermore, frequent liquid milk consumption after infancy was associated with an increased risk of islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes. ConclusionsElevated cow's milk antibody levels and high consumption of liquid milk after infancy are related to type 1 diabetes development in children with an increased genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Enhanced antibody levels to cow’s milk may provide a biomarker of immune system prone to develop islet autoimmunity. Trial registry numberNCT00179777

Beverage consumption and obesity in Kuwaiti school children.

Sweetened beverage consumption is particularly important in countries such as Kuwait, where the prevalence of obesity is high, and most children drink sweetened beverages daily. To assess the relationship between three most commonly consumed beverages, (soda, milk, and juice) and the incidence of obesity among Kuwaiti children at the critical age of 10-12 year, Longitudinal cohort data of 6,305 children on initial presentation in 2012 (age, 10 years) and follow-up in 2014 (age, 12 years) were obtained from the Kuwait Healthy Life Study. The servings for the three beverages (soda, juice, and milk) were calculated as servings per day groups (0, 1-2, and 3 servings/day or more). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess the relationship between developing obesity during 2012-2014 and soda, juice, and milk consumption. Model selection was based on clinically relevant covariates and potential confounders using stepwise model selection. Six percent children become obese between baseline and follow-up visits. High soda drinking showed significant association with developing obesity. High milk consumption (more than 3 servings a day) was also significantly associated with developing obesity. Potential confounders included in the final model were age, sex, governorates, and fitness level, of which none were significant confounders or effect modifiers for the association. Children with high soda consumption had significantly higher prevalence of obesity. High obesity prevalence was observed with high milk consumption at a lower significance level but not with high juice consumption.

Higher milk consumption is associated with a lower risk of diabetes mellitus: A case-control study.

Studies have determined that people with genetically defined lactase non-persistence have lower dairy intake that may lead to an increase risk of various non-communicable diseases. Furthermore, lactase non-persistence itself has been associated with insulin resistance. However, data on lactase non-persistence status and dairy intake in developing countries are sparse. We therefore aimed to define 1) the prevalence of lactase non-persistence among individuals with diabetes and non-diabetes in Thai population and 2) the links between lactase non-persistence, milk consumption, and risk of diabetes mellitus. We conducted a case-control study from participants of the National Health Examination Survey. DNA was isolated from the blood for LCT -13910C>T (rs4988235) polymorphism and processed using the Bio-rad c1000 touch thermal cycler and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry MassARRAY Typer v4.0 (Agena Bioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) at the Center for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital. Cases were participants with previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus or fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL (n = 1,756) vs. the controls (n = 2,380). We included 4,136 participants, 62% female, and 98.8% were > 30 years old. Homozygous CC genotype (i.e., lactase non-persistence) was noted in 98.6% and only 1.4% carried heterozygous CT. Most (76%) consumed milk <1 portion/month. Participants with either CC or CT genotype had comparable milk consumption and the risk of diabetes mellitus. Males, older adults, and lower education had a lower chance of consuming milk at least one portion per month. Besides various baseline variables, we found that higher milk consumption was associated with a lower DM risk (P = .01). The prevalence of lactase non-persistence in Thai population is very high. A significant difference in milk consumption frequency in relation to the lactase non-persistence status was not found. However, higher milk consumption is associated with a lower risk of diabetes mellitus.

Environmental and biological factors that influence feeding behavior of Holstein calves in automated milk feeding systems

Automated milk feeders (AMF) used for dairy calves continuously provide individual feeding behavior measurements. The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the association between temperature-humidity index (THI), birth weight, and dam parity characteristics on feeding behavior (i.e., milk consumption and drinking speed). Historical data sets generated from a single commercial dairy farm, where healthy (not treated for bovine respiratory disease, enteric disease, or injury) Holstein calves were fed up to 24 L/d of milk, were used for the analysis. A total of 5,312 female Holstein calves born between August 2015 and August 2021 (mean birth weight ± standard deviation: 40.7 ± 4.7 kg) on a commercial dairy farm were fed up to 24 L/d of nonsaleable milk for the first 32 d. For the analyses, feeding behavior data from the AMF system were combined with demographic data from the farm management software, and weather records from the closest public weather station (7 km away). Linear mixed models used to analyze daily milk consumption and drinking speed included THI, birth weight, dam parity, and feeding day as fixed effects, and feeder and calf within feeder as random effects. These models explained 57% of the total variation in milk consumption and 48% of the variation in drinking speed. Calves born from primiparous cows had the lowest milk consumption and the greatest drinking speed in comparison to calves born from multiparous cows. Calves with heavier birth weights had higher milk consumption and faster drinking speed than lighter calves. Drinking speed was negatively associated with THI. Including data derived from individual calves and their environmental conditions in data sets exploring feeding behavior from AMF would control for variation and improve the predictive models for performance assessment.

Food consumption and nutrient intake of Finnish preschool children according to parental educational level.

We examined the association between parental educational level (PEL) and children's food consumption and nutrient intake in a sample of Finnish 3- to 6-year-old preschoolers (n 811). The data were obtained from the cross-sectional DAGIS project, conducted in eight municipalities in Finland during 2015-2016. The food consumption and nutrient intake were assessed using food records. The highest educational level of the family was used as the indicator of socio-economic status. Differences in diet by PEL were analysed using a hierarchical linear model adjusted for energy intake. Compared with high PEL, low PEL was associated with a child's lower consumption of fresh vegetables and salads, vegetarian dishes, berries, white bread, blended spread, skimmed milk and ice cream but higher consumption of milk with 1-1·5 % fat content, dairy-based desserts and sugar-sweetened soft drinks. Food consumption was also examined after disaggregating dishes into their ingredients. Low PEL was associated with lower consumption of vegetables, nuts and seeds, berries and fish but higher consumption of red meat. Children in the low PEL, compared with the high PEL group, had a lower intake of protein, fibre, EPA, DHA, vitamin D, riboflavin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin C, potassium, phosphorous, Ca, Mg, Zn and iodine but a higher intake of fat and saturated, trans and MUFA. The observed diet-related disparities highlight the need for policy actions and interventions supporting healthy eating patterns such as high consumption of vegetables, nuts and berries in childhood, paying special attention to those with low PEL.

The intake of ultra-processed foods, all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study-Health Examinees (KoGES-HEXA) cohort.

The relationship between ultra-processed food (UPF) intake and mortality is unknown in Asian countries, yet the intake of UPF is on the rise in these countries. This study examined the association of UPF intake with all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Participants were 113,576 adults who responded to a 106-item food frequency questionnaire during recruitment of the 2004-2013 Health Examinees (HEXA) study, a prospective cohort study in Korea. UPF were defined using the NOVA classification and evaluated as quartiles of the proportion of UPF in the diet (% total food weight). Multivariable Cox regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to examine the association of UPF intake with all-cause and cause specific mortality. A total of 3456 deaths were recorded during a median follow-up of 10.6 (interquartile range, 9.5-11.9) years. There was no evidence of an association of UPF intake with all-cause, cancer or CVD mortality comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles of UPF intake (all-cause mortality, men: hazard ratio [HR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95-1.22; women: HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.81-1.11; cancer mortality, men: HR 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84-1.22; women: HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.83-1.26; CVD mortality, men: HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.64-1.22; women: HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.53-1.19). However, the risk of all-cause mortality increased in both men and women with high consumption of ultra-processed red meat and fish (men, HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.11-1.43); women, HR 1.22 95% CI 1.05-1.43); and in men with high consumption of ultra-processed milk (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.26); and soymilk drink (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.00-1.25). We found no evidence of an association between total UPF intake and all-cause, cancer or CVD mortality, but ultra-processed red meat and fish in both sexes, and milk and soymilk drinks in men were positively associated with all-cause mortality.

Beverage Consumption Patterns and Nutrient Intake Are Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Urban Mexican Young Adults.

Regular consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been related to metabolic diseases. Our objective was to identify beverage consumption patterns, nutrient intake, and their possible association with the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among Mexican young adults. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Beverage consumption patterns were obtained by principal components analysis. Logistic regression models were applied to assess the association between the beverage patterns and cardiovascular risk factors. Four beverage patterns were identified. Higher consumption of alcoholic beverages was associated with lower odds for high body fat percent (OR: 0.371; 95% CI: 0.173-0.798), high blood pressure (OR: 0.318; 95% CI: 0.116-0.871), and high glucose (OR: 0.232; 95% CI: 0.061-0.875). Higher consumption of yogurt was associated with lower odds for high glucose (OR: 0.110; 95% CI: 0.22-0.559). In contrast, highest consumption of juice had greater odds for high triglycerides (OR: 1.084; 95% CI: 1.011-4.656). Higher consumption of milk was associated with greater odds for high glucose (OR: 5.304; 95% CI: 1.292-21.773). Beverage consumption habits in Mexican young adults are associated with increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, intervening during young adulthood should be considered in order to improve current health and prevent cardiovascular mortality in later decades.

Higher milk consumption is not associated with fracture risk reduction: systematic review and meta-analysis

Osteoporosis affects over 200 million people worldwide causing nearly 9 million fractures annually, with more than half in America and Europe.This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether low milk intake is associated with an increased risk of fractures by summarizing all the available evidence.Relevant studies were identified by searching the PubMed and EMBASE databases up to June 2020. The pooled relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were calculated.In a meta-regression analysis of 20 included studies (11 cohort and 9 case-control studies), a higher milk intake was not associated with a reduction in the total fracture risk in both sexes (OR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.84- 1.08), either in cohort (OR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.79-1.05) or case-control studies (OR 1.09; 95% CI: 0.82-1.44), as well as separately in men (OR 0.87; 95% CI: 0.71-1.07) and women (OR 0.95; 95% CI: 0.80-1.13).Higher milk consumption is not associated with fracture risk reduction and should not be recommended for fracture prevention.

Evaluation of the Association between Amount and Type of Milk Consumption and Periodontitis: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018).

This study evaluated the association between the consumption of milk and having severe periodontitis. It is based on the information from the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Severe periodontitis was characterized as a community periodontal index of code 4. A total of 18,034 individual respondents (7835 men and 10,199 women) without missing values were included in this study. Adjusted odds ratios and a 95% confidence interval of periodontitis in a multivariate logistic regression model for the amount of milk consumption were 0.774 [0.633-0.945] after the adjustment of confounding factors. This trend was maintained in a subgroup analysis of males with adjusted odds ratios, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.705 [0.538-0.924]. Overall, the findings showed a negative association between Korean adults' milk consumption and the prevalence of severe periodontitis. Men with higher milk consumption were more likely to have a lower prevalence of severe periodontitis regardless of age, body mass index, smoking or drinking habits, education, income, region, and physical exercise, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, white blood cell count and toothbrushing frequency. By contrast, in women, the amount of milk consumption was not significantly associated with severe periodontitis. The amount of milk consumed was discovered to be a potential risk indicator for severe periodontitis in men in this study.

Higher milk consumption is not associated with fracture risk reduction: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Osteoporosis affects over 200 million people worldwide causing nearly 9 million fractures annually, with more than half in America and Europe. This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether low milk intake is associated with an increased risk of fractures by summarizing all the available evidence. Relevant studies were identified by searching the PubMed and EMBASE databases up to June 2020. The pooled relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. In a meta-regression analysis of 20 included studies (11 cohort and 9 case-control studies), a higher milk intake was not associated with a reduction in the total fracture risk in both sexes (OR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.84- 1.08), either in cohort (OR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.79-1.05) or case-control studies (OR 1.09; 95% CI: 0.82-1.44), as well as separately in men (OR 0.87; 95% CI: 0.71-1.07) and women (OR 0.95; 95% CI: 0.80-1.13). Higher milk consumption is not associated with fracture risk reduction and should not be recommended for fracture prevention.

Efek pemberian susu protein tinggi dan tingkat kepatuhan terhadap kenaikan berat badan badan dan status gizi anak usia 15-17 tahun

High-protein milk is a nutrient-dense food with potential bioactive compounds that are thought to affect intake quality to weight gain and improvement of nutritional status. The study aimed to analyze the effect of high protein milk intervention on energy and macronutrient intake, weight gain, nutritional status, and the relationship between the level of product consumption compliance with weight gain and nutritional status. This study is a Randomized Control Trial (RCT). Subjects were divided into two groups: the treatment group (high protein milk and nutrition education intervention) and the control group (nutrition education intervention). The results showed a significant increase in energy and protein intake in the treatment group (p&gt; 0,05) compared to the control group. The weight of the treatment group increased significantly (p=0,008; 3,93±2,78kg) compared to the control group. The BMI of the treatment group increased significantly after 90 days of intervention (p= 0,000; 0,74±0.54kg/m2). The level of compliance of the subjects included in the high category (&gt;70%). Still, there was no correlation between the level of adherence to high milk consumption with weight gain and subject status. In conclusion, high protein milk can increase energy and protein intake, affecting weight gain and improvement in children aged 15-17 years.

Risk Factors for Obesity in Five-Year-Old Children: Based on Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) Data.

This study aimed to identify the risk factors for obesity in five-year-old children using data from the database of the Korean National Health Insurance Service. We identified 26,047 children who underwent the sixth screening (at age 5) from the 2017 National Health Screening Program for Infant and Children and for whom data from the fourth screening (at age 3) database and the mothers’ health screening and eligibility database were available. To identify the risk factors of obesity, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by a hierarchical multiple logistic regression. Female sex, a birth weight of over 4 kg, the “caution/refer” remark during developmental screening at ages three and five, maternal obesity, and a middle-level income were risk factors for obesity in the subjects. Good appetite, high consumption of milk, heavy intake of sweet food at age three, speedy eating, irregular meals and snack times, large single-meal quantities, heavy intake of oily and salty food, and not performing physical exercise at age five were also considered significant risk factors. For early intervention efforts to prevent childhood obesity, modifiable behavioral factors and other obesity risk factors identified in this study could be used to target high-risk children and dietary behaviors.

Trends in The Intake oF Food Groups Among Different Age Groups

Although there has been a vast increase in nutritional knowledge, a healthy dietary pattern is still established due to a lack of knowledge, availability, and accessibility. Even if vegetables are consumed higher percentage of starchy vegetables is consumed hence a balanced and adequate diet is still not followed. This research collected data from different cities of Pakistan via a questionnaire which was filled both face to face as well as online. The sample size was 60 with 10 people from each group. Data was collected majorly in form of a food frequency questionnaire and then percentages and frequencies were calculated for all food groups. In age groups 3-12 years there was a higher consumption of beverages both hot and sweet and nuts and seeds were consumed in higher amounts. On the other hand, the age group 13-18 consumed more fruits and vegetables. Similarly, when moving to age 19-25 and 26-40 there is a higher consumption of milk and milk products. Cereals are consumed most by adults of age 41-60 years and 60+ leaned more towards sweets and snacks. Women tend to consume a more calorie-dense diet than men. Also, children and older adults rely more on sweets and snacks rather than fruits, vegetables, and other nutrient-dense foods.

The Effects of Milk Consumption on Blood Calcium Concentration and Bone Density of Adolescents Boys

Milk consumption during adolescence is considered an early means of preventing osteoporosis in adults. Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterised by low bone density and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissues, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and suspectibility to fracture. Augmenting bone mass during adolescence has been suggested as a strategy to prevent osteoporosis, because adolescents may represent the final opportunity for substantially increasing bone mass before skeletal consolidation. The purpose of this study was to determine effects of fresh and high calcium milk on blood calcium concentration and bone density. Variables measured in this study were blood calcium concentration, bone density of spine and bone density of whole body. &#x0D; The study using 55 adolescent boys that had 17 to 19 years old. The design of this study is nested randomized design with two factors are kind of mil (fresh milk, high calcium milk) and volume of each kind of milk (250 ml, 500 ml, 750 ml). Results of the study indicated that fresh and high calcium milk in this research not significant effects (P&gt;0.05) on blood calcium concentration and bone density of whole body. But, high calcium milk consumption was able to increase bone density. It was found that high calcium consumption showed very highly significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on bone density of spine with 1.79% contributions. Based on general linear model equation, bone density of trunk can be estimated by high calcium milk consumption.&#x0D; Keywords : milk consumption, adolescence, blood calcium concentration, bone density

Determination of Lead Level in Pasteurized Milk and Dairy Products Consumed In Tehran and Evaluation of Associated Health Risk

Background: Milk and dairy products are the main sources of essential nutrients particularly for children. However, milk and dairy products can be contaminated with chemical hazards and contaminants which pose serious health risks for consumers. These toxic compounds are entered into the food chain through contaminated soil, water, and air and their presence even at low levels would result in metabolic disorders. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the level of lead in pasteurized milk and different dairy products in high-consumed brands in Tehran. Methods: A total of 38 samples (18 pasteurized milk and 20 dairy products from the most-consumed brands) were analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy for quantification of lead level. Hazard quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR) were used to assess health risk and carcinogenic risk. Results: The results showed that the levels of lead in all pasteurized milk samples and dairy products were below the allowable limit. HQ was less than 1 in all samples and CR was in the range of 10-8 to 10-7 and both were at acceptable levels. Conclusions: It can be concluded that there was no risk of carcinogenicity in pasteurized milk samples and dairy products for children and adults. However, due to the higher consumption of milk by children and their greater susceptibility, the level of heavy metals should be monitored by health agencies.

A posteriori dietary patterns in 71-year-old Swedish men and the prevalence of sarcopenia 16 years later.

The role of diet in sarcopenia is unclear, and results from studies using dietary patterns (DP) are inconsistent. We assessed how adherences to a posteriori DP are associated with the prevalence of sarcopenia and its components 16 years later. Four DP were defined in the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men at baseline (n 1133, average age 71 years). Among 257 men with information at follow-up, 19 % (n 50) had sarcopenia according to the European Working Group on sarcopenia in Older People 2 definition. Adherence to DP2 (mainly characterised by high intake of vegetables, green salad, fruit, poultry, rice and pasta) was non-linearly associated with sarcopenia; adjusted OR and 95 % CI for medium and high v. low adherence: 0·41 (0·17, 0·98) and 0·40 (0·17, 0·94). The OR per standard deviation (sd) higher adherence to DP2 was 0·70 (0·48, 1·03). Adjusted OR (95 % CI) for 1 sd higher adherence to DP1 (mainly characterised by high consumption of milk and cereals), DP3 (mainly characterised by high consumption of bread, cheese, marmalade, jam and sugar) and DP4 (mainly characterised by high consumption of potatoes, meat and egg and low consumption of fermented milk) were 1·04 (0·74, 1·46), 1·19 (0·71, 2·00) and 1·08 (0·77, 1·53), respectively. There were no clear associations between adherence to the DP and muscle strength, muscle mass, physical performance or sarcopenia using EWGSOP1 (sarcopenia n 54). Our results indicate that diet may be a potentially modifiable risk factor for sarcopenia in old Swedish men.

The Association between Milk Intake and Nutrient Intake Adequacy among Japanese Female Junior High School Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The consumption of dairy products, including milk, may be important for improving the overall quality of a diet. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between milk intake and nutritional adequacy among Japanese female junior high school students. The participants of this study were Japanese female junior high school students aged between 12 and 15 years. Dietary habits over the past month were assessed by a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. The adequacy of each nutrient intake was determined based on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2020, with two goals: the estimated average requirement for fourteen nutrients and tentative dietary goals for preventing lifestyle-related diseases for six nutrients. The participants were classified into five groups according to milk intake (Q1 (lowest) to Q5 (highest)) by quintile. The adequacy of vitamin B2, calcium, magnesium, and potassium were higher among students with a higher milk consumption than among those with a lower milk consumption. However, the intake of saturated fatty acids was in excess among higher milk consumers. The present study suggests that milk intake was related to an adequate intake of some vitamins and minerals and an inadequate intake of saturated fatty acids among Japanese female junior high school students.

Dietary risk of milk contaminated with lead and cadmium in areas near mining-metallurgical industries in the Central Andes of Peru

The mining-metallurgical industry in the central Andes of Peru is a source of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in milk, and there are no studies on the impact of their ingestion. Using flame atomic absorption spectrometry, we quantified the concentration of these metals in raw milk produced in agroecological zones near these industries, and estimated the exposure and dietary risk in people aged 2–85 yr with minimum, average and maximum daily milk intake. In 2018, 40 raw milk samples were collected from 20 cows at two times of the year. The mean Pb and Cd concentrations were 577 ± 18.2 and 18.35 ± 5.4 μg/kg, all samples exceeded the maximum limits (ML). Children aged 2–5 and 6–15 yr, with average milk consumption, had Pb weekly intakes (WI) of 2019 and 2423 μg, exceeding the risk value; values for Cd 64 and 77 μg were below the risk values. In those older than 20 years the WI for both metals are below the risk values. The Dietary Risk Coefficient (DRC) to Pb in children younger than 8 years was >3 due to higher milk consumption in relation to body weight; for children aged 9–19 years it was 1.7 and 2.9, being <1 for those older than 20 yr. Cd RDCs were <1 at all ages, with the exception of 2-year-olds in the high milk consumption scenario (RDC > 1). There was notable evidence of Pb and Cd exposure risk from consumption of milk produced near mining-metallurgical activities, predominantly for children under 19-year-olds. In Peru there are no regulations for Pb and Cd in fresh milk and milk products, we recommended that ML for heavy metals in food be established.

Update of the risk assessment of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food.

The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. HBCDDs, predominantly mixtures of the stereoisomers α‐, β‐ and γ‐HBCDD, were widely used additive flame retardants. Concern has been raised because of the occurrence of HBCDDs in the environment, food and in humans. Main targets for toxicity are neurodevelopment, the liver, thyroid hormone homeostasis and the reproductive and immune systems. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the neurodevelopmental effects on behaviour in mice can be considered the critical effects. Based on effects on spontaneous behaviour in mice, the Panel identified a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 0.9 mg/kg body weight (bw) as the Reference Point, corresponding to a body burden of 0.75 mg/kg bw. The chronic intake that would lead to the same body burden in humans was calculated to be 2.35 μg/kg bw per day. The derivation of a health‐based guidance value (HBGV) was not considered appropriate. Instead, the margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied to assess possible health concerns. Over 6,000 analytical results for HBCDDs in food were used to estimate the exposure across dietary surveys and age groups of the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary LB exposure to HBCDDs were fish meat, eggs, livestock meat and poultry. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the resulting MOE values support the conclusion that current dietary exposure to HBCDDs across European countries does not raise a health concern. An exception is breastfed infants with high milk consumption, for which the lowest MOE values may raise a health concern.