High Microbial Contamination Research Articles

In-situ biosynthesized plant exudate gums‑silver nanocomposites as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium

Natural gums due to availability, multifunctionality, and nontoxicity are multifaceted in application. In corrosion inhibition applications, their performance, in unmodified form is unsatisfactory because of high hydration rate, solubility issues, algal and microbial contamination, as well as thermal instability. This work attempts to enhance the inhibitive performance of Berlinia grandiflora (BEG) and cashew (CEG) exudate gums through various modification approaches. The potential of biogenic BEG and CEG gums−silver (Ag) nanocomposites (NCPs) for corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 M HCl is studied. The nanocomposites were characterized using the FTIR, UV–vis, and TEM techniques. The corrosion studies through the gravimetric and electrochemical (PDP, EIS, LPR, and EFM) analyses reveal moderate inhibition performance by the nanocomposites. Furthermore, the PDP results reveal that both inhibitors are mixed-type with maximum corrosion inhibition efficiencies (IEs) of 61.2 % and 54.2 % for BEG-Ag NCP and CEG-Ag NCP, respectively at an optimum concentration of 1.0 %. Modification of these inhibitors with iodide ion (KI) significantly increased the IE values to 90.1 % and 88.5 % for BEG-Ag NCP and CEG-Ag NCP at the same concentration. Surface observation of the uninhibited and inhibited steel samples using SEM/EDAX, 3D Surface profilometer, and AFM affirm that the modified nanocomposites are highly effective.

Microbiological Control of Incubation

Introduction. The microbiological monitoring occupies a special place in ensuring the epizootic well-being of the poultry farms, allowing predicting the spread of infectious diseases in birds. By studying the microbiological profile during the incubation period and determining the sensitivity of the isolated microorganisms, the “working” antibacterial drug can be selected by the time of chicken hatching. This will enable timely prevention of the infectious diseases. If the research is started with the first biological control (at the 7.5th day of incubation), then in case of high microbial contamination during the incubation process, the additional measures can be taken to prevent the infectious diseases: adjustment of the treatment scheme of the hatching eggs or chickens at the hatching, selection of the drug depending on the results obtained. Therefore, the aim of this study has been to determine the species and quantitative composition of the pathogenic and opportunistic pathogenic microflora during the incubation of the meat crosses chickens’ eggs in the poultry farm settings of the Omsk region.Materials and Methods. The 240 air samples and 40 samples of the upper respiratory tract mucous membrane scrapings of the bred broiler chickens and 60 samples of the dead embryos were examined. The air contamination of the incubation cabinets was established by the sedimentation method on the 7.5th; 11.5th; 18.5th day, and the air in the hatching cabinets on the 21.5th day of incubation.Results. When examining the air samples in the incubation cabinets, the predominance of the staphylococci and enterococci was found, in the hatching cabinets — bacteria of the E. coli group (Esch. coli.) and enterococci. When analysing the upper respiratory tract scrapings of the broiler chickens and the material from the dead embryos, the microorganisms of the Enterococcaceae and Staphylococcaceae families turned out to be the dominant species, to a lesser extent Enterobacteriaceae. A large number of the following microorganisms were detected in the scrapings: E. faecalis (38.5%), S. aureus (31.6%), E. agglomerans (11.4%), E. coli (8.8%), C. freundii (7%), P. aeruginosa (0,9%), E. faecium (0,9%). When examining the dead embryos, E. faecalis (44.7%), S. aureus (25.5%), and E. coli (12.8%) were isolated most often. Among the associations, S. aureus / E. Faecalis and S. aureus / E. faecalis / E. coli occupied a leading place both in the study of scrapings and in the study of dead embryos.Discussion and Conclusion. The conducted research, which enabled determining the species and quantitative composition of the pathogenic and opportunistic pathogenic microflora during the incubation of the meat crosses chickens’ eggs, has revealed that the microbiocenosis of the upper respiratory tract is directly related to the air microflora. By regular monitoring the air environment in the incubator, it is possible to control the recontamination of chickens at the hatching by examining just the air samples. This is a more affordable, less costly and traumatic for the bird method. Understanding the real epizootic situation allows determining the most efficient measures to reduce the microbial contamination during the incubation period, as well as select the optimal antibacterial drug, in case of finding the bacterial infection in the poultry stock.

Trend of High Microbial Contamination in Livestock Milk in Indonesia and Distribution Mapping

Milk is a food ingredient that is considered main source of nutrition for humans because contains essential substances for the body. Microbial contamination of milk can pose various health hazards to humans. Information regarding trends in microbial contamination and mapping its distribution is still limited. Research continues to develop rapidly with methods of analyzing bibliographic linkages with scientific communication models, data that is increasingly interesting to explore. The data were analyzed using bibliometric methods related to milk contamination in Indonesia. After sorting, 108 suitable articles were obtained. The results of the analysis show the peak of article production. After 2021, there was a decrease in the number of publications, indicating a shift in research direction. International collaboration between countries also looks significant. Key themes such as “probiotics,” “milk yield,” and “lactic acid bacteria (lab)” emerged as dominant focuses in this study. Meanwhile, the theme in the ‘Emerging or Declining Themes’ area, has not yet become main focus, but there is potential for development, and challenges that require further research and innovation. Overall, this review provides insight into research trends, international collaborations, and theme dynamics, eflecting the need for future research to continue to explore and reassess research focus.

Direct enzymatic hydrolysis of alkaline storage pretreated corn stover for lipid production by Rhodosporidium toruloides

Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) conversion often requires chemical and energy-intensive pretreatment, which produces toxic by-products that impede microbial cell growth and downstream processes. Thus, pretreatment under mild conditions remains to be developed to improve enzymatic digestibility and reduce degradation products. Here, we investigated the direct enzymatic hydrolysis of alkaline storage pretreated corn stover (AS-CS) that was treated with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) under various temperatures for different storage duration. Results revealed that AS-CS was suitable for direct enzymatic hydrolysis for high sugar recovery. The total reducing sugar (TRS) recovery reached 88% for the CS sample treated with 6% NaOH for 60 days at 15 °C, and the corresponding hydrolysates were successfully used by Rhodosporidium toruloides for lipid production at a lipid yield of 0.20 g/g consumed TRS. Storage temperatures ranged from 15 to 35 °C had no differential impacts on enzymatic digestibility, however at 25 °C, the control and those CS samples treated with 2% NaOH were found with relatively high microbial contamination. This method offers an energy-efficient LCB conversion for high TRS recovery and supports microbial lipid technology. Future studies should focus on scalability and techno-economic analysis to validate its applicability on a larger scale.

Identifikasi Cemaran Mikroba pada Jajanan Bakso di Kota Majene

High microbial contamination in food is an indicator of hygiene that determines the health of food for consumption. Meatballs are a very popular snack in Majene City. Apart from their delicious taste, meatballs also have a relatively cheap price, so they have always been a popular snack alternative. The high nutritional content in meatballs can be a medium for the growth of bacteria so meatballs can be carriers of disease. The aims of this study were to determine the total number of bacterial contaminants and identify the coliform in meatballs at Majene City. The study used a quantitative descriptive method with a sample of 10 traders. The test carried out was culturing bacteria on NA (Nutrient Agar) media to calculate the total number of microbes in meatballs using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method and EMBA (Eosin Methylene Blue Agar) media to determine the presence of coliform bacteria in the sample then continued with gram staining test. The results of the study showed that 3 samples were found on NA media which had microbial contamination levels exceeding the threshold specified in SNI (Indonesian National Standard) 3818:2014 where the highest amount allowed was 1 × 105 cfu/g. Samples that exceeded the threshold namely sample A was 1.33 × 106 cfu/g; sample C was 1.06 × 105 cfu/g; and sample G was 5.8 × 106 cfu/g. There were 5 samples that tested positive for coliform, namely samples A, B, C, D, and G

Microbial Diversity and Bioactive Compounds in Dried Lycium barbarum Fruits (Goji): A Comparative Study.

This study compares the microbial diversity and content of bioactive compounds in dried goji berries available on the Polish market to those of the most highly valued goji berries from the Ningxia region in China. The content of phenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids were determined, as well as the antioxidant capacities of the fruits. The quantitative and qualitative composition of the microbiota inhabiting the fruits was assessed using metagenomics by high-throughput sequencing on the Illumina platform. The highest quality was demonstrated by naturally dried fruits from the Ningxia region. These berries were characterized by a high content of polyphenols and high antioxidant activity, as well as high microbial quality. The lowest antioxidant capacity was shown by goji berries cultivated in Poland. However, they contained a high amount of carotenoids. The highest microbial contamination was found in the goji berries available in Poland (>106 CFU/g), which is important in terms of consumer safety. Despite the widely accepted benefits of consuming goji berries, both the country of cultivation and the preservation method may influence their composition, bioactivity, and microbial quality.

Microbial Quality of Sliced and Packaged Fruits in Polyethylene Sold in Port Harcourt Rivers State, South-South Nigeria

Fresh fruits promote good health but harbor a wide range of microbial contaminants. This study assessed the microbial quality of fruits and safety of Polyethylene packed sliced fruits sold in Port-Harcourt markets. 36 samples of freshly cut fruit comprising of Pawpaw (Carica papaya), Pineapple (Ananas comosus) and Water Melon (Citrullus lanatus) were randomly collected from different sellers within Port Harcourt metropolis. Samples were analyzed using standard microbiological methods. Mean Total viable count ranged from Log10cfu/g5.85 – 6.34, mean Total Fungi Count Log10cfu/g 3.23– 3.85. Nine bacteria were identified. Staphylococcus aureus (27.4%) was the most frequently isolated followed by Shigella spp (19.4%), Escherichia coli (16.1%), Bacillus spp(14.5%), Aeromonas Sp(8%), Enterobacter sp(4%), Klebsiella spp and Salmonella spp (4.8%) respectively. Samples of Pawpaw had high microbial contamination when compared to other fruit samples. The study comes to the conclusion that consumers' awareness of the risks of eating packed sliced fruits should be increased, and that they should once again insist on properly processed/packaged sliced fruits.

Assessment of Microbial Contamination in the Infulene River Basin, Mozambique

Water microbial contamination is one of the major threats to human health. The study focus is on Infulene River Basin, a urban catchment with mainly informal settlements, with limited water supply and sanitation. In the catchment there are two wastewater treatment plants, one hospital and beer factory located on the banks of the main stream; water from this stream is used for urban agriculture and domestic uses by some dwellers. These factors present a significant health risk from water-borne diseases. At the moment there is limited knowledge about the level of microbial contamination of the different sources of water at the disposal of the communities. Thus, a preliminary study on fecal microbial contamination was conducted targeting the Infulene River and the drainage system from the nearby Maputo city draining into the system, with additional investigation on the drinking water provided by the city water supply company. The quantification of Total Coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (EC) was conducted at several sampling locations. Results were compared with official drinking water standards. Eighty two percent (82%) and 61% of Infulene river water and drainage water samples were positive for TC (105 to 109 NPN/100 mL) and EC (105 to 107 NPN/100 mL), respectively. For drinking water samples, 63% and 23% were positive for TC (up to 6000 NPN/100 mL) and EC (up to 1000 NPN/100 mL), respectively. Higher microbial contamination was found in neighborhoods with the poorest sanitation and shallow groundwater, i.e., Chamanculo, Xipamanine, Mafalala, Aeroporto and Maxaquene, a situation that was more expressive during the rainy season. Overall, the study confirmed the high vulnerability to microbial contamination of all sources investigated due to poor sanitation and lack of drainage infrastructure. The risks to human health might be even higher considering that contaminated water is used for gardening of vegetable watering and domestic use.

Drinking water quality monitoring of centralized water storage reservoirs in various zones of the National University

Physico-chemical and microbiological pollutants may compromise quality of drinking water. This study aims to highlight various physico-chemical and microbial parameters of drinking water samples from centralized water storage reservoirs of National University. Major water quality parameters which were examined in this study includes pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Turbidity, Total suspended solids (TSS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Residual chlorine, Hardness, Alkalinity. Moreover, microbial analysis of water samples was also carried out through Most Probable Number technique (MPN). Results show that all the physico-chemical parameters were within prescribed limits of World Health Organization and Pakistan Drinking Water Quality Standards (WHO/PDWQS) in both underground and overhead water storage reservoirs except DO ( 9.05-9.2 and 9.05-9.1 mg/L ), TSS (10-20 and 3.3-10 mg/L) and residual chlorine (0.08-0.14 and 0.19-0.28 mg/L) respectively. The MPN index values for both underground and overhead water storage reservoirs ranges between 16- >23 and 1.1-12 respectively and it shows high microbial contamination in water due to low detection of residual chlorine. The results highlight that water from centralized water storage reservoirs of National University is unfit for drinking purposes. Statistical analysis such as paired t-test also reveals that water quality parameters from underground and overhead storage reservoirs are not significantly different from each other except EC and TDS having P values <0.05. It is necessary to safeguard water contamination in water storage reservoirs by monitoring regular inspections and chemical cleaning of water storage reservoirs otherwise it will cause serious threats to well-being of the community.
 Key words: water storage reservoirs, drinking water, microbial quality of water, physico-chemical parameters, paired t-test

PENGARUH LAMA STERILISASI TERHADAP MUTU SAYUR LEBUI KALENG

Sayur lebui or pigeon pea soup is a traditional Lombok that has been used plastic as a packaging. Plastic packaging has a weakness in the presence of monomers and small molecules that will migrate into food, making the shelf life relatively low with high microbial contamination. One technology that can be used to overcome this is canning technology. The most important process in canning is the sterilization process. This study aims to determine the effect of sterilization time on the quality of canned lebui vegetables. The method used in this study was an experimental method carried out in the laboratory. The design used in this study was a randomized block design (RBD) with a single factor experiment, namely the duration of sterilization with 6 treatments, namely 0 minute, 3 minutes, 6 minutes, 9 minutes, 12 minutes, 15 minutes. Analyzed using ANOVA with a significant level of 5% using Co-stat software. The difference data was tested using Honestly Significant Differences (HSD) Test. The prolonged sterilization treatment of pigeon pea soup had a significant effect on the pH value, antioxidant activity, color, organoleptic parameters of texture, color and appearance, but had no significant effect on the organoleptic parameters of aroma and taste. Based on chemical, physical and organoleptic parameters, sterilization time of 9 minutes is recommended to produce the best pigeon pea soup with an antioxidant activity value of 86.05%, a pH value of 5.03, an oHue value of 45.27 (red) and hedonic organoleptic quality and a score that is still acceptable.

Evaluation of a Slum Upgrading Program for Improvement of Water Supply in Bandung City, Indonesia

A slum upgrading program has provided communal boreholes (KOTAKU boreholes) to improve water supply in slums of Indonesia. However, the achievement of the program was only estimated by the number of households served with the boreholes. We evaluated the water supply improvement by comparing actual water consumption, quality, and expenditure and household satisfaction of existing water sources in a slum of Bandung City, Indonesia. A high iron concentration and microbial contamination were observed in some KOTAKU boreholes, but the quality was better than that in the previous sources of the current KOTAKU borehole users. Twenty percent of the users spend more than 4% of their income on water due to bottled water and vended water for drinking and cooking. However, KOTAKU boreholes replaced that water for drinking and/or cooking, resulting in less water expenditure in low-income households. The average consumption was 134 L per capita per day (LPCD), which was higher than the target (60 LPCD) of the program. However, it was found that a highly intermittent water supply was the reason for household dissatisfaction rather than the amount of consumption. The program improved water supply; however, this study revealed the limitations of the water supply, namely, a lack of attention to continuous water supply and water quality.

Effect of solid-state fermentation and ultrasonication processes on antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of algae extracts.

Algal biomass (AB) is prospective source of valuable compounds, however, Baltic Sea macroalgae have some challenges, because of their high microbial and chemical contamination. These problems can be solved, by using appropriate technologies for AG pre-treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of two pre-treatments, solid-state fermentation with the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LUHS135 and ultrasonication, on the antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of macro- (Cladophora rupestris, Cladophora glomerata, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Ulva intestinalis) and Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) extracts. Also, combinations of extracts and LUHS135 were developed and their characteristics were evaluated. The total phenolic compound content was determined from the calibration curve and expressed in mg of gallic acid equivalents; antioxidant activity was measured by a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay using the DPPH• (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS•+ 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma) discoloration methods. Antimicrobial activity was measured by using agar well diffusion assay and in a liquid medium. The highest DPPH• and ABTS•+ was shown by C.rupestris and F.lumbricalis extract × LUHS135 combinations, the highest FRAP - by non-pretreated C.rupestris and F.lumbricalis extract × LUHS135 combinations. Ultrasonicated samples inhibited four out of seven tested pathogens. Finally, the tested pre-treatments showed good perspectives and can be recommended for AB valorization.

Analysis of the effectiveness of the protective properties of woven materials of overalls designed to work in conditions of high microbial contamination

The role of tissue hygroscopicity in violation of the protective qualities of tissues made of natural fibers, associated with increased tissue permeability by microorganisms, is shown. The ability of the studied tissues to absorb moisture was determined. An original program was used to assess the hygroscopicity of fabrics intended for the manufacture of special clothing. Recommendations have been developed for the use of cotton fabrics in conditions of high microbial contamination.

The physicochemical and microbiological quality of meat produced in a traditional slaughterhouse in Mansoura City, Egypt.

In several developing countries the slaughter of meat producing animals is still practiced in traditional slaughterhouses. In the Mansoura slaughterhouse, animals are subjected to various stressors and treated with cruelty, in addition to unhygienic treatment and handling of animal carcasses. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the meat quality from cattle, buffalo, and sheep carcasses processed in an old-fashioned slaughterhouse from Mansoura city, Egypt, in the context of pre-slaughter stress. The bleeding efficiency and the ultimate pH (pHu) of carcasses were tested, along with the effect of post-slaughter handling practice on the microbiological properties of meat. From the 351 examined animals, the ultimate pH (pHu) was less than 5.8 in 81 cases (23.1%) and higher than 6.0 in 165 cases (47%). Furthermore, 45 (12.8%), 270 (76.9%), and 36 (10.3%) of the tested carcasses were well-, moderate- and imperfectly-bled, respectively. Cultivation using the wet-dry triple swab technique sampled from the outer surfaces of cattle, buffalo, and sheep carcasses revealed that about 47.9% of the tested carcasses were contaminated, with total viable count levels exceeding 7 log10 cfu/cm2, and 42.7% were contaminated with Enterobacteriaceae, with levels > 3 log10 cfu/cm2. The molds and yeasts from the tested carcasses had lower counts (< 2 log10 cfu/cm2). Results indicated neglect in terms of sanitary measures during slaughtering and dressing of carcasses, with subsequent higher microbial contamination and impaired meat quality. Therefore, the traditional slaughtering facilities should be modernized to increase their meat producing efficiency, subsequently leading to exportation possibilities.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКОЙ АЭРОЗОЛЬНОЙ ДЕЗИНФЕКЦИИ ПОМЕЩЕНИЙ АНОЛИТОМ НЕЙТРАЛЬНЫМ

The effectiveness of prophylactic aerosol disinfection with neutral anolyte studied in the infectious zones of the laboratory premises, which works with opportunistic microorganisms and pathogenic biological agents. Electrochemically activated chlorine­containing disinfectant “Anolyte neutral” with pH 7.2, redox potential + 880 mV and active chlorine content 200 mg/dm3 is highly effective when wiping surfaces in rooms with high microbial contamination and in aerosol volumetric and directed air disinfection. Minimal damage is caused to the processed objects. Aerosol volumetric disinfection of air with a «dry» fog using a cold fog generator leads to a significant decrease in microorganisms in the air by 91.1–94.7 % and is not inferior to ultraviolet radiation in terms of disinfection efficiency (90.7–91.1 %). During aerosol volumetric air treatment, harmful effects on personnel are prevented, objects in the room are not damaged, and bactericidal ultraviolet lamps are not needed. Aerosol directed disinfection of surfaces with a “moistened” fog using a cold fog generator completely destroys microorganisms on smooth accessible surfaces and is not inferior to wiping in terms of disinfection efficiency. Aerosol directed disinfection of hard­to­get rough surfaces with a “moist” fog leads to a decrease in bacterial contamination by 97.9–98.9 % and even exceeds the efficiency of wiping (95.8–96.1 %). With aerosol directed treatment, hard­to­get surfaces are effectively disinfected, disinfectant consumption is reduced, labor costs for cleaning and additional equipment are reduced by 3–4 times, there is no need to use ladders for processing of lamps, ceilings, ventilation grilles and moving equipment for processing hard­to­get places. For daily and general cleaning in healthcare organizations, aerosol volumetric air treatment and aerosol directed surface treatment with neutral anolyte can be recommended.

МИКРОБИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ МОЛОКА И МОЛОЧНЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ

The paper presents the results of microbiological studies of milk produced at the dairy farm of the educational scientific production center «Studenteskiy » in accordance with the requirements of the national and interstate standards. It was revealed that the requirements of sanitary and veterinary rules are not always observed on the farm. As a result, a high microbial contamination of milk was established. In this regard, the farm took measures to comply with sanitary and veterinary rules for the production of cows՚ milk. After the measures taken, the quality of milk in terms of microbial contamination improved from the second to the highest grade. Microbiological indicators of pasteurized milk and cheese produced from this milk under the conditions of an educational and research laboratory on the technology of milk and dairy products were studied in accordance with the requirements of the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union «On the safety of milk and dairy products» (TR CU 033/2013). It was found that the microbiological indicators of milk and dairy products meet modern requirements.

Microbiological and toxicological hazard assessment in a waste sorting plant and proper respiratory protection

Even though biological hazards in the work environments related to waste management were the subject of many scientific works, the knowledge of the topic is not extensive. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive assessment of microbiological and toxicological hazards at the workstations in a waste sorting plant and develop guidelines for selecting filtering respiratory protective devices that would consider specific workplace conditions. The research included the assessment of quantity (culture method), diversity (high-throughput sequencing), and metabolites (endotoxin - gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; secondary metabolites - liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry) of microorganisms occurring in the air and settled dust. Moreover, cytotoxicity of settled dust against a human epithelial lung cell line was determined with an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The research was performed in a waste sorting plant (Poland; 240,000 tons waste/year) at six workstations: two feeders, two pre-sorting cabins, secondary raw material press and organic fraction waste feeder for composting.The total dust concentration at tested workstations varied from 0.128 mg m−3 to 5.443 mg m−3. The number of microorganisms was between 9.23 × 104 CFU m−3 and 1.38 × 105 CFU m−3 for bacteria and between 1.43 × 105 CFU m−3 and 1.65 × 105 CFU m−3 for fungi, which suggests high microbial contamination of the sorting facility. The numbers of microorganisms in the air correlated very strongly (R2 from 0.70 to 0.94) with those observed in settled dust. Microorganisms representing Group 2 biological agents (acc. to Directive, 2000/54/EC), including Corynebacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and others potentially hazardous to human health, were identified. The endotoxins concentration in settled dust ranged from 0.013 nmol LPS mg−1 to 0.048 nmol LPS mg−1. Seventeen (air) and 91 (settled dust) secondary metabolites characteristic, e.g., for moulds, bacteria, lichens, and plants were identified. All dust samples were cytotoxic (IC50 values of 8.66 and 56.15 mg ml−1 after 72 h). A flowchart of respiratory protective devices selection for biological hazards at the workstations in the waste sorting plant was proposed based on the completed tests to help determine the right type and use duration of the equipment.

Detection of microbial contamination in chicken meat from local markets in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.

Background and Aim:Chicken meat can be contaminated by microorganisms anywhere in the supply chain, from farm to market, and these microorganisms can be transmitted to humans through direct contact, contact with the environment, and food consumption. The microbial contamination has a serious impact on public health. This study aimed to analyze the microbial contamination of chicken meat sampled from local markets in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.Materials and Methods:A total of 60 samples of fresh chicken meat obtained from 10 traditional markets (six samples per market) were examined for the presence of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli were identified using Gram staining, culturing, and biochemical tests. The most probable number (MPN) method was used to identify E. coli.Results:Most chicken meat samples were positive for S. aureus (58.3%), Salmonella spp. (48.3%), and E. coli (40%). The samples were considered positive for E. coli if the MPN value was higher than 1×101 CFU/g.Conclusion:High microbial contamination was found in all the chicken meat sampled from local markets in Surabaya. Such contamination can lead to foodborne diseases so, proper hygiene and sanitation standards should be followed from slaughterhouses to the end-users.

Comparison of the microbial, physicochemical, and sensorial properties of raw and pasteurized Lighvan cheeses during ripening time.

Traditional cheeses which are normally produced from raw milk are very popular due to their intense and unique taste and aroma. However, high microbial contamination of raw milk due to manual milking and secondary contamination may lead to many diseases in humans in Iran. Lighvan is a traditional starter‐free locally made Iranian cheese that is made from raw ewe's milk. Since the use of raw milk in the preparation of cheese produces serious health problems, due to the limited ripening period of this type of cheese, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of preparing Lighvan cheese from pasteurized milk. For this purpose, different characteristics of cheese prepared with pasteurized milk were compared with raw milk cheese. The results showed a reduction in the microbial population over the ripening time in both types of cheeses. However, coliforms and Escherichia coli were seen in raw milk cheeses until the last day of ripening. Regarding chemical analyses, the water‐soluble nitrogen fraction and lipolysis products increased during ripening. Moreover, the raw milk cheeses indicated a higher lipolysis index than the pasteurized ones. According to the obtained results from the sensory evaluation, the raw milk cheese indicated higher acceptability compared with the pasteurized milk cheese. However, since the presence of E. coli makes the cheese inedible, it seems that the pasteurization of milk is mandatory for the production of this type of cheese.

Microbial contamination of harvested colostrum on Czech dairy farms

The objective of this study was to perform a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of microbial contamination of harvested colostrum on 39 Czech dairy farms. The study identified the proportion of colostrum samples that met the recommended goals for total plate count (TPC), total coliform count (TCC), and gram-negative noncoliform count (NCC), and evaluated the effect of the farm, breed, parity, season of the year, time of calving, and colostrum volume on these 3 microbiological parameters. Colostrum samples from cows (n = 1,241; 57.6% from Czech Fleckvieh, and 42.4% from Holstein breed) were collected on dairy farms between autumn of 2015 and spring of 2017. The samples were collected after the first milking directly from milking buckets. In 155 out of 1,241 colostrum samples (26 farms, 6 samples each, except 1 farm), the species of microorganisms obtained by culture were determined, and the findings were classified into 4 groups according to the probable source of contamination as follows: (1) normal inhabitants of bovine skin and mucosa, (2) fecal contaminants, (3) environmental contaminants, and (4) potential gram-positive mammary pathogens. Our results showed heavy microbial contamination of collected colostrum samples (TPC median = 408,000 cfu/mL; TCC median = 200 cfu/mL; NCC median = 80 cfu/mL). Only 28.4% of samples met the requirement for TPC (<100,000 cfu/mL), 88.2% for TCC (<10,000 cfu/mL), and 86.0% for NCC (<5,000 cfu/mL). Among the tested factors, we found that farm had a significant effect on all 3 microbiological parameters, volume of colostrum had an effect on TPC (the highest TPC in <3.0 L of colostrum), and season had an effect on TCC and NCC (higher TCC in summer than in autumn and winter; the highest NCC in summer and higher in autumn than in spring and winter). Our results showed that most microbes isolated from colostrum belonged to normal inhabitants of bovine skin and mucosa, fecal, or environmental contaminants (i.e., 82.6%, 81.9%, and 75.5% of colostrum samples, respectively). Potential gram-positive mammary pathogens were found in 13.5% of samples. Escherichia coli was isolated from 9.0% of colostrum samples, and Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus parauberis were each isolated from 5.2% of samples. Our study showed high microbial contamination of colostrum collected on dairy farms. Therefore, better hygiene and sanitation around colostrum harvest should be addressed by farmers.