Higher Levels Of Aggressive Behavior Research Articles

Caregiver Burden for Carers of Chronically Mentally Ill Patients: A Study With Families in Cyprus

Having a chronically mentally ill person in the family presents a challenge for the entire family system, not only on a daily life basis but also regarding their psycho-emotional and social life. The present study focuses on caregivers of chronically ill patients' burden on four levels of possible disruption: the economic burden, the impact on family life, sociability, health, and behavior, and the impact of perceived aggression by considering the demographic characteristics of the caregivers, but also the socio-demographic characteristics of the chronically ill family member(s) they are taking care of. We conducted a quantitative survey with a sample of 90 family members/caregivers and the corresponding 90 chronically ill patients under their care from all districts of the Republic of Cyprus. Participants completed the "Family Burden Scale" (FBS-23) (Madianos et al., 2004), a personal information form with demographic information, and a questionnaire regarding the demographics and the illness trajectory of the chronically mentally ill family member (age of disease onset, diagnosis, frequency of episodes). Our findings showed that most caregivers providing systematic care for a family member experienced high levels of disruption in their daily routine and sociability, perceived high levels of aggressive behaviors, felt moderately affected in their health and behavior, and carried a heavy economic burden. Older participants felt a significantly higher economic burden than younger caregivers, who perceived a significantly more significant negative impact on their health and behavior from taking care of a chronically ill family member.

The effects of stocking density on growth, morphological development, behavior, and welfare parameters in pheasants (Phasianus colchicus).

In pheasants, which are generally raised in large flocks, stocking density is important for their growth and development, normal behavior and welfare. But there is still a lack of information on the optimum stocking density for game birds. This research was conducted on a total of 200 pheasants to examine the effects of low (5 pheasant/m2) and high (10 pheasant/m2) stocking density rearing practices on body weight, morphological development, behavioral characteristics and welfare parameters such as foot-pad dermatitis and plumage quality. When we look at the study results, it was determined that the density of stocking did not make a difference in the first 13 weeks of age, but pheasants reared at low density at the ages of 14-16 weeks reached higher body weight. In terms of body weight at 14, 15, and 16 weeks, the low stocking density group had an average of approximately 41, 71, and 94 g higher than the high stocking density group, respectively (p<0.05). It had been found that low density provides better morphological development. The low group was found to be significantly higher than the high group in terms of ornithological size, wingspan, back length, tail length, head length and head width, 5.9 cm, 2 cm, 1.3 cm, 7.6 cm, 1.7 mm and 1 mm, respectively (p<0.05). Since the animals in the low group had more individual space, they had the opportunity to perch and therefore exhibit more passive behavior. On the other hand, pheasants in the low group exhibited higher levels of aggressive behavior (p<0.05). More foraging behavior was observed in the higher group and the low-density group consumed more feed in the 14th week (p<0.05). But no significant differences were detected between groups in terms of feed consumption in other weeks (p>0.05). A 1.12 point higher score was calculated in the low group compared to the high group, especially in terms of tail feather quality, and as a result, pheasants reared in low stocking density had better plumage quality (p<0.05). It had been determined that as the stocking density decreases in the rearing of pheasants, they exhibit easier flight and roosting behaviors and therefore they were less affected by feather pecking behavior and had better feather quality. In addition, it had been determined that pheasants grow and develop better in this group, which had more rest opportunities. In conclusion, rearing at low stocking density is recommended for better fattening performance and better welfare conditions.

Effects of shelter on the welfare of juvenile Amphioctopus fangsiao: Survival, growth, behavior and physiology

Placing shelters in rearing containers is a method of environmental enrichment that can effectively improve the welfare of aquatic animals. However, a set of standard specifications for shelter use is still absent in the artificial culture of Amphioctopus fangsiao. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether shelter type significantly affects the survival, growth performance, behavior, cortisol level, and brain serotonergic system activity of juvenile A. fangsiao. Juveniles (weight 3.72 ± 0.56 g) were reared under different types of shelters for 3 weeks: no shelter (CT), PVC pipe (PP), shell (SH), and PVC corrugated plate (PC). Behavioral and physiological parameters were determined thereafter. In general, octopuses in PP treatment had the highest survival rate (83.3 ± 17.0%). The weight gain (53.40 ± 6.20%) and specific growth rate (2.03 ± 0.19% d−1) of CT octopuses were higher than those of octopuses from other treatments. CT octopuses exhibited the highest levels of aggressive behavior, cortisol, and brain serotonergic system activity, while PC octopuses showed the lowest levels of these stress-related behavioral and physiological indicators. The hepatosomatic index, coefficient of weight variation, and attachment rate did not differ significantly among treatments. Altogether, these results demonstrated for the first time that shelter type had a major impact on octopus survival, growth performance, behavioral phenotype (aggressive behavior), and stress-related physiological processes, and we suggest that using PVC pipes as shelters might be optimal for octopus rearing.

Combined ACT-Based Contingency Contracting Intervention for Aggressive Behavior and Psychologically Flexibility in an Adolescent With Comorbid Autism, Bipolar Disorder, and Schizophrenia

Comorbid diagnoses including autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability can present a variety of personal barriers and challenges to interventions that promote safety and autonomy. The current case study provides an overview of a 10-week intervention that included elements of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and contingency contracting to target psychological flexibility and aggressive behavior in a 17-year-old presenting with these comorbid diagnoses. The treatment was fully individualized to include the client’s interests in Star Wars and focused on supporting the client’s self-identified valued outcomes associated with independent living. Prior to intervention, baseline data showed high levels of aggressive behavior in both frequency and duration, and low levels of psychological flexibility and adaptive behaviors were reported. Following implementation of the combined intervention, aggressive behavior reduced significantly below baseline levels, psychological flexibility improved, and the client engaged in a greater frequency of adaptive behaviors relative to baseline. Positive outcomes were also maintained 1-month and 1-year following the intervention. Implications of this case for clinicians and staff are discussed.

Exploring the effect of ADHD traits on the moment-to-moment interplay between provocation and aggression: Evidence from dynamic structural equation modeling.

The relation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and aggression is well documented; however, the processes that account for higher levels of aggression associated with ADHD in the course of daily life are little understood. The current study used ecological momentary assessment to explore how ADHD traits relate to individual differences in perceiving provocation from others and the resultant aggressive behaviors; and the strengths of the links between provocation and aggression in the flow of daily life. A dynamic structural equation model was fit using data from a subpopulation of young adults involved in the longitudinal z-proso study (n = 259, median-age 20). Data on provocation and aggression was collected at four quasi-random time periods per day over a 14-day period. Individuals with higher ADHD trait levels reported higher instances of provocation and aggression, with ADHD traits significantly moderating aggression inertia such that those with higher levels of ADHD traits showed greater persistence of aggressive behavior over time. However, ADHD trait levels did not significantly moderate any of the observed cross-lagged effects. Our findings suggest that individuals with higher levels of ADHD traits are at greater risk of exposure to interpersonal interactions involving interpersonal provocation, show higher levels of aggressive behavior in daily life, and find it more difficult to reduce their aggression once triggered. These findings support the importance of targeting factors such as social skills and emotion regulation that may underpin the increased difficulties in interpersonal interactions often experienced by individuals with high levels of ADHD symptoms.

Self-Concept as a Correlate of Aggressive Behaviour among Undergraduate Students of the University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Aggressive behaviour is a menace that has lasting consequences on the victims and the perpetrator, which could result in school avoidance, poor academic performance, dropout, and others. Thus, the study investigated the correlation between self-concept and aggressive behaviour among undergraduate students of the University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. The stratified random sampling technique was adopted to select 720, with 386 male and 334 female participants. An instrument titled “Self-concept and Aggressive Behaviour Questionnaire (SABQ)” was used to collect data for the study. The instrument was subjected to test-retest reliability, and a value of r=77 was obtained. The research questions were answered using mean summation and average, while the hypotheses were tested with Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation and the t-test statistics. The results revealed a low level of self-concept among respondents; males have a lower self-concept than female undergraduate students. There was a high level of aggressive behaviour among respondents; males have more aggressive behaviour than females. There was significant mean difference between male and female respondents in their self-concept and aggressive behaviour. It was recommended that school guidance counsellors design and implement programmes that could enhance self-concept and reduce aggressive behaviour among undergraduate students of universities.

مهارات الت واصل وعالقتها بنوعي ة الحياة وال سلوك العدواني لدى عي نة من الط البات المراهقات في محافظة الزرقاء

The study aimed to find out the level of each of the communication skills, the quality of life, and the aggressive behavior of a sample of adolescent female students in Zarqa Governorate. The study sample consisted of (1127) female students. To achieve the objectives of the study, the two researchers developed a measure of communication skills, quality of life, and aggressive behavior. The results of the study showed a medium level of communication skills, quality of life, and aggressive behavior. Moreover, the results showed that there are statistically significant differences in the level of each of the communication skills due to the variable of adolescence in favor of the late stage; and in the quality of life in favor of the early stage; and in aggressive behavior in favor of the middle stage. The results indicated a positive correlation between communication skills and quality of life, and a negative relationship between communication skills and aggressive behavior. With regard to the variables that predicted the female students' communication skills, it was found that the predictive variables are: quality of life, followed by aggressive behavior. The study recommends developing the communication skills of female students in general and adolescent girls in particular, in addition to holding counseling courses for adolescent girls that work to develop the quality of life, and conducting treatment counseling programs for students who suffer from a high level of aggressive behavior.

Agressive behaviour at adolescents in context of new societal challenges

The article describes the result of an experimental research of aggressive behavior and its correlates at contemporaneous adolescents in context of new societal challenges. Our study included 269 adolescent (143 boys and 126 girls) aged 14 to 19 years old. The Eysenck Self-assessment of mental states test was administrated to the entire experimental group. As a result, it was established that a huge number of contemporaneous adolescents presents a medium and a high level of aggressive behavior, frustration and rigidity. According to gender study no differences between adolescents were registered in aggressive behavior, frustration and rigidity. Also, depending on the age dimension, no differences in aggressive behavior and frustration were reported. The only exception is rigidity which is more pronounced at 18 – 19 years old adolescents. We also determined that adolescents with high level of aggressive behavior, exhibit a high level of frustration, while adolescents with high level of frustration exhibit a high level of rigidity.

Prolactin-mediated restraint of maternal aggression in lactation

Aggressive behavior is rarely observed in virgin female mice but is specifically triggered in lactation where it facilitates protection of offspring. Recent studies demonstrated that the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) plays an important role in facilitating aggressive behavior in both sexes. Here, we demonstrate a role for the pituitary hormone, prolactin, acting through the prolactin receptor in the VMN to control the intensity of aggressive behavior exclusively during lactation. Prolactin receptor deletion from glutamatergic neurons or specifically from the VMN resulted in hyperaggressive lactating females, with a marked shift from intruder-directed investigative behavior to very high levels of aggressive behavior. Prolactin-sensitive neurons in the VMN project to a wide range of other hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic regions, including the medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, all regions known to be part of a complex neuronal network controlling maternal behavior. Within this network, prolactin acts in the VMN to specifically restrain male-directed aggressive behavior in lactating females. This action in the VMN may complement the role of prolactin in other brain regions, by shifting the balance of maternal behaviors from defense-related activities to more pup-directed behaviors necessary for nurturing offspring.

Epidemiological indicators and correlations of adolescent aggression in an urban student population

Adolescent aggression has received a wide and longtime attention in scientific research, because of the extent of the phenomenon in this age group and of the negative consequences it inflicts on affected adolescents, and their human environments. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the proportion (of high levels) of aggressive behaviors (physical, verbal, and direct aggression, anger, and hostility) in an urban sample of adolescent students, as well as to investigate associations between the occurrence of these behaviors, and adolescents' characteristics and mental health problems. The sample consisted of 2050 students attending the second grade of 49 random selected High Schools and Senior High Schools of the Regional Unit of the Central Sector of Attica and Piraeus. The Buss- Perry Aggression Questionnaire was administered to measure participants' aggression behaviors, while the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire was also used to estimate their mental health and behavioral difficulties. Information about adolescents' individual, family, and school characteristics, was also collected. Results of the statistical analysis showed that the occurrence rates of high levels of participants' aggressive behaviors ranged between 2.2 (for total aggression) and 10.5% (for anger). Among individual characteristics, gender (with boys predominating in physical and direct aggression and girls in anger), (older) age, and sports activity (to direct aggression) were related to participants' aggressive behaviors. On the other hand, non-intact family structure and household insecurity food intake were positive correlated with specific aggressive behaviors, while pocket money allowance was positive associated with all of them. Concerning participants' mental health and behavioral issues, conduct problems and hyperactivity/ inattention were positive correlated with all investigated aggressive behaviors. In conclusion, the vast majority of the Central Sector of Attica and Piraeus adolescents did not seem to show high levels of aggressive behaviors (except anger). Nevertheless, considering this study outcomes (such as the "aggressive" burden of older adolescents, the role of family structure and pocket money allowance, as well as the co-occurrence with mental and behavioral problems), further longitudinal study is required to better understand the mechanisms that facilitate adolescent aggression.

ỨNG XỬ CỦA NGƯỜI MẸ VỚI HÀNH VI HUNG TÍNH CỦA TRẺ 3 – 6 TUỔI

This study examined the effect of maternal behaviours on 3 – 6 years old children who had aggressive behaviour. Using the mixed-method, the study surveyed and interviewed the mothers of 124 preschoolers in Nam Dinh province, Vietnam. The results showed that more 1\5 of participants assessed that their children exhibited medium and high levels of aggressive behavior. Most mothers chose strict discipline such as threaten, scolding their children, punish, and spanking. Although these behaviours of mothers have contributed to limit the children’s aggression quickly, they can have negative effect on children’s development in the future. Other mothers chose gentle behaviors such as listening to their children explain and sharing with them; gently talk to the children about their feelings and dissatisfaction with their behaviors; and ignore, pretend not to care about the children’s behaviors. However, they could not ensure the principles of education, so there was no the desired educational effect. The finding will be the basis for educators to build appropriate measures to help children develop their personalities from the preschool age.

Growing Up with Grand Theft Auto: A 10-Year Study of Longitudinal Growth of Violent Video Game Play in Adolescents.

A host of studies have examined the impact of playing violent video games on aggressive behavior. However, longitudinal research is rare, and existing studies have allowed little room for individual variability in the trajectories of violent video game play. The current study used a person-centered approach to examine trajectories, predictors, and outcomes of violent video game play over a 10-year period. Three groups of individuals emerged: high initial violence (4 percent), moderate (23 percent), and low increasers (73 percent). High initial violence and moderate groups showed a curvilinear pattern of violent video game play across time, whereas low increasers group increased slightly in violent video game play across time. The high initial violence and moderate groups were more likely to be male, and those in the high initial violence group were more likely to be depressed at the initial wave. There was no difference in prosocial behavior at the final time point across all the three groups, but individuals in the moderate group displayed the highest levels of aggressive behavior at the final wave. Implications of the results are discussed.

The role of therapeutic alliance in therapy for adults with problematic aggression and associated disorders.

The nature and quality of the relationship between therapist and client in psychotherapy, known as therapeutic alliance, have been proposed as one of the most important factors for successful treatment outcome, which has been has robustly supported across many types of treatment, populations, raters of alliance (i.e., client, therapist, or observer), and alliance measures. However, most research on alliance and treatment outcome has been conducted in children and adults with internalizing problems (e.g., mood and anxiety disorders) or children with externalizing problems (e.g., conduct disorder), despite the fact that alliance may be particularly important for adults with externalizing problems such as problematic aggression, who may have high levels of resistance, blaming, and interpersonal problems. Very limited research has examined the role of alliance in individuals who present to treatment due to high levels of aggressive behaviour specifically (e.g., those convicted of a violent offence). The current systematic review examined the extant research on the relationship between alliance and outcome in treatment of highly aggressive individuals, as well as those who are diagnosed with a disorder for which aggression is a primary symptom (i.e., post-traumatic stress disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder). Overall, it was shown that alliance has a positive impact on treatment outcome among those engaging in or at risk for problematic aggression. Additionally, the alliance-outcome relationship may be affected by therapy modality, alliance rater perspective, and potential mechanisms of alliance. Implications for future research, including utilizing more primarily aggressive samples, are discussed.

Aggressive behavior during toddlerhood: Interrelated effects of prenatal risk factors, negative affect, and cognition

ABSTRACT Prenatal risk, temperamental negative affect, and specific cognitive abilities have all individually been identified as predictors of behavior problems during early childhood, but less is known about their interplay in relation to aggression during toddlerhood. This study examined the main and interaction effects of prenatal risk, negative affect, inhibitory control, attention, and vocabulary in the prediction of aggression in 150 children (75 boys). During pregnancy, a cumulative risk index was calculated based on the presence of 10 well-established maternal risk factors, such as prenatal substance use, maternal psychiatric disorder, and financial problems. Negative affect was measured at 6 and 20 months using maternal report. Child cognition was examined at 30 months using laboratory tasks for inhibitory control and attention, and a questionnaire was administered to assess vocabulary. In addition, mothers reported on their children’s aggressive behavior at 30 months. Higher prenatal risk and negative affect at 20 months and, to a lesser extent, at 6 months were related to more aggression at 30 months. Poorer inhibitory control and, to a lesser extent, vocabulary at 30 months also predicted higher levels of aggressive behavior. Two-way interaction effects were found for cumulative risk and inhibitory control, negative affect (at 20 months) and inhibitory control, and negative affect (at 6 months) and vocabulary: aggressive behavior was most pronounced when combinations of high prenatal risk, high negative affect, and poor cognition were present. These results suggest that the impact of prenatal risk and child temperament depends in part on child’s cognitive development during toddlerhood.

Moral Judgment of Children Deprived and Non Deprived of Parental Care in Majd al-Krum and its Relationship to Aggressive Behavior: الحكم الخلقي لدى الأبناء المحرومين وغير المحرومين من الرعاية الوالدية في مجد الكروم في فلسطين وعلاقته بالسلوك العدواني

The aim of the study was to investigate moral judgment and its relationship with aggressive behavior among parental care deprived and non- deprived children at Majd Al Krum. The sample of the study consisted of (400) male and female students, of whom (200) parental care deprived children and (200) parental care non- deprived children at Majd Al Krum, Palestine in the 2018/2019 school year. To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher used Moral Judgment Scale developed by Abdel Fattah (2001), while Aggressive Behavior Scale was developed by the researcher. Validity and reliability for both scales were verified. The results of the study revealed low levels of moral judgment among parental care deprived children, while moderate levels of moral judgment were found among parental care non- deprived children at Majd Al Krum. The results of the study indicate high levels of aggressive behavior among parental care deprived children, while low levels of aggressive behavior were found among parental care non- deprived children at Majd Al Krum. There were no statistically significant differences in moral judgment and aggressive behavior level among parental care deprived and non-deprived children at Majd Al Krum due to gender. There were also no statistically significant differences in aggressive behavior among parental care non- deprived children at Majd Al Krum due to class level, while statistically significant differences were found in aggressive behavior among parental care deprived children at Majd al Krum due to class level, in favor of fifth grade students. The results revealed a statistically negative correlation between moral judgment and aggressive behavior among parental care deprived and non- deprived children at Majd Al Krum. Several recommendations and suggestions were presented including the need for future research on this category of children deprived and non deprived of Parental Care in the light of different variables such as emotional intelligence, psychological flexibility, and self-image.

Role of Media in Augmenting Violence in Adolescent Youth an Indian Perspective

Use of wide range of social media, particularly by adolescent youths, is on an increasing trend. Children who watch many hours of violence on television, while they were in school days tend to show higher levels of aggressive behavior when they became teenagers. Adolescent group normally watch and actively take part in various issues popping up in social media. More or less they spend considerable time on actively interacting with these social Medias. Among children, there is a natural tendency to imitate what they see. They are generally less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others. Often children turn to behave in aggressive manner. News on violence also contributes to increased violence, mainly in the form of imitative suicides and acts of aggression. Video games are clearly capable of producing an increase in aggression and violence. In nutshell, the paper attempt long-term longitudinal studies which may be capable of demonstrating long-term effects in Indian contest. Social media post on controversial remarks against any religion, community, deities, eminent personalities have greater repercussion. The study reveals that most of the adolescent youth have disturbed lifestyle. This has resulted in adverse changes in their behavioral pattern and are highly prone to the violence. The focus of the media should be to develop a conducive atmosphere in the society

Effects of environmental enrichment on the welfare of juvenile black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii: Growth, behavior and physiology

Environmental enrichment is a promising way to enhance fish welfare in aquaculture. However, the observed effects of enrichment on fish growth, behavior and physiology vary widely among studies, and few studies have focused on the quantification of enrichment. The present study aimed to investigate whether enrichment type and level significantly affect the growth performance, aggressive behavior, cortisol level and brain monoaminergic activities of juveniles of the black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii. Juveniles were reared for eight weeks under different combinations of enrichment type and enrichment level: no environmental enrichment (C), low-level plant enrichment (PL), medium-level plant enrichment (PM), high-level plant enrichment (PH), low-level structure enrichment (SL), medium-level structure enrichment (SM) and high-level structure enrichment (SH). Subsequently, behavioral and physiological parameters were determined. In general, the growth performance, feed intake and food conversion efficiency of C, PM, PH and SL fish were relatively higher than those of fish from the other treatments. Low-level plant treatment produced the highest levels of aggressive behavior, cortisol and brain serotonergic system activity, whereas the medium- and high-level structure treatments yielded the lowest levels of these stress-related behavioral and physiological indicators. C fish had significantly higher stress levels than PM, PH and SL fish. No significant difference among treatments was observed in the condition factor, coefficient of weight variation, locomotor activity, growth hormone level or brain dopaminergic system activity. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence to show that the type and level of environmental enrichment have interaction effects on fish growth performance, behavioral phenotype (especially aggressive behavior) and stress-related physiological processes. Since the control fish had significantly higher stress levels than the fish exposed to medium- and high-level plant enrichment and low-level structure enrichment, we suggest that enriching approximately 50% basal area coverage with objects might be optimal for enhancing fish welfare. Moreover, a possible conceptual model is presented to interpret the effects of enrichment on fish welfare.

EFFECTIVENESS OF BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION COGNITIVE APPROACH WITH RELAXATION TECHNIQUE THROUGH GROUP SETTINGS TO REDUCE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

Facts in the field show that there are very high levels of aggressive behavior in students. Aggressive behavior is an aggressive action that is intentionally done to hurt others and is done repeatedly. The main objective in this study is to reveal the effectiveness of the Cognitive Behavioral Modification approach with Relaxation Techniques through Group Settings to reduce students' aggressive behavior. This type of research is experimental research. Pre experimental design models using the One Group Pretest Posttest Design. The subjects of this study were 10 students of SMP UNP Laboratory Development who have very high aggressive behavior. Data collection methods use a scale of aggressive behavior. Data analysis using Wilcoxon test and descriptive data analysis. From the results of the pretest Aggressive behavior scale there are 1 student in the high category and 9 students in the very high category. The results of the posttests of 10 students after being given cognitive behavioral modification treatment changed the average of students' aggressive behavior and were in the low category. Wilcoxon test results showed an average of T count = 0, 005 &lt;T_table = 0.005. The results showed that there were differences in students' aggressive behavior before and after participating in the activity. So cognitive behavioral modification is effective to reduce students' aggressive behavior.

THE PRESENTARY RELATIONSHIP OF PARENTS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF EFFECTIVE APPROACHES FOR THE PURPOSE OF PREVENTION OF AGRESSION IN CHILDREN FROM THE PRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATION

To reduce aggression in children, parents emphasize the preventive importance of improving communicative and cognitive skills among adolescents. Parents are looking for more information about the normal psychological and emotional development of children for their age. At the level of primary prevention of aggression there is not enough emphasis on this issue. Basically, after the study, it turns out that children show aggression everywhere because they often feel affected by the actions of their classmates. Very often aggressive children do not understand the situation properly. The manifestations of verbal aggression are the most common among children. According to parents, the good example of behavior is a more effective corrective for preventive change in adolescent behavior than censorship, rewards, and penalties. A primary criterion that should be dealt with at the level of primary prevention of aggression is, according to parents, a clear and specific pan to the implementation of preventive action. Preventive activities according to parents should be allocated to preventive roles at the level of primary prevention. There is a clear and concrete plan to counteract aggression in children. This preventive plan can be accomplished by involving parents, children, teachers and other professionals concerned with overcoming aggression in socio-pedagogical training. This preventive socio-pedagogical training will be effective, implemented with a common thematic core and various preventive activities. Conflict relationships between children and the reference environment at primary prevention level need to be realized by building a supportive environment. According to parents, the high level of aggressive behavior in their children is related to aggressive role models that watch children at school on TV, friends, and other perceptual and cognitive perceptions. As main strategies to improve the level of primary prevention of aggression, parents indicate the extension of early prevention activities. Innovations regarding strategies to improve the level of primary prevention of aggression are needed by the majority of parents surveyed. These innovations need to be realized through teamwork at the level of primary prevention of aggression in children of primary school age.

A Biobehavioral Validation of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm in Female Adolescents

This research assessed the behavioral, emotional, endocrinological and autonomic reactivity to the laboratory Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP) in a sample of healthy female adolescents. Twenty participants were induced with the TAP to behave aggressively (aggression group) and 20 age-matched participants were not induced to behave aggressively (control group). Regression analysis revealed that the aggression group displayed significant higher levels of aggressive behavior compared to the control group (χ2 (2) = 255.50, p < 0.0001). Aggressive behavior was not related to self-reported measures of trait aggression, impulsiveness or psychopathy features. Regarding the biological responses, regression analysis on cortisol, missed the set level of significance (χ2 (1) = 3.73, p = 0.054), but showed significant effects on heart rate as a function of aggression induction (χ2 (1) = 5.81, p = 0.016). While aggression induction was associated with increased autonomic arousal (heart rate), the interpretation of the effects on cortisol warrant caution, given existing differences between groups at baseline and overly elevated cortisol attributable to the general experimental procedures and not the TAP per se. No differences were found with respect to testosterone. In summary, the present study lends preliminary support for the validity of the TAP and its use in female adolescents on a behavioral and autonomic level.