High Electrochemical Performance Research Articles

Achieving high electrochemical performance of PEMFCs with ultrathin and highly conductive graphite-resin composite bipolar plates

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with ultrahigh power density are highly required in recent years. In this work, breakthrough is achieved in electrical conductivity and anticorrosion capacity for the graphite-resin composite bipolar plates (BPs) under the limitation of greatly reduced thickness by high molding and high impregnation pressures (HH-BP). Interconnected laminar structure of expanded graphite (EG) is well preserved during the resin impregnation process. The power density (>1 W/cm2@ 2.75 A/cm2, 75 % RH) and limiting current density (∼3.25 A/cm2@ 0.3 V, 75 % RH) are much higher for fuel cells assembled with HH-BP compared to those under other different combinations of molding and impregnation pressures. The enhancement in power density is attributed to the decreased ohmic resistance induced by the ultrahigh electrical conductivity as confirmed in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Ultrathin composite BPs with high electrical conductivity provide an effective approach for enhancing the power density of PEMFCs.

Novel Cu nanocluster superlattice/MBene-induced ECL enhancement strategy for miRNA-221 detection

In this paper, copper nanoclusters with superlative structure (Cu NCSL) were developed as luminescence probe for miRNA-221 detection. The tightly aligned superlattice structure of Cu NCSL effectively reduced the disordered and chaotic accumulation of nanoparticles, which further limited the intramolecular vibration and internal rotation of Cu NCs. Meanwhile, the compact particle stacking in the superlattice structure greatly improved the electron transport efficiency. As a result, the luminescence of Cu NCSL was enhanced greatly with the increase of radiation energy transfer rate. Furthermore, the two-dimensional MBene with good electrical conductivity and high electrochemical performance has been prepared as electrode modification material. In the constructed electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor for miRNA-221 detection, the ECL signal of Cu NCSL was amplified by the MBene nanosheets effectively. Finally, the results in the actual tumor tissues showed that the Cu NCSL/MBene-based biosensor has high selectivity, stability and low detection limit in the clinical cancer detection.

Design of high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors (Cu-BDC@Ni1.5Mn0.5-LDH//V2O3/C@Fe0.75Mn0.65O) and study of electrode materials

Based on the idea of increasing the energy storage capacity of MOFs material and improving the LDH arrangement distribution, an electrode material with large specific surface area and high electrochemical performance is designed with MOFs as the core and LDH as the shell. In this paper, the spherical flower-shaped core-shell material Cu-BDC@Ni1.5Mn0.5-LDH (N1.5M0.5C) is synthesized using simple solvothermal and hydrothermal methods. The material has a specific capacitance of 2252 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g and a capacitance retention of 90.14 % after 10,000 charge and discharge cycles at a current density of 10 A/g. In addition, the supercapacitor cathode material V2O3/C@Fe0.75Mn0.65O (FMVO) with good performance is constructed by growing Fe0.75Mn0.65O with large specific capacitance on the surface of V2O3/C with good conductivity. The FMVO negative electrode material can achieve a specific capacitance of 1261.3 F/g (at a current density of 1 A/g), while the material has a capacitance retention of 89.13 % (4 A/g) after 5000 charge/discharge cycles. The two electrode materials are assembled into an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC), which achieves an energy density of 137.4 Wh/kg at a power density of 800 W/kg. The capacity retention rate is 81.17 % after 10,000 charges and discharges (10 A/g). We connect two Cu-BDC@Ni1.5Mn0.5-LDH//V2O3/C@Fe0.75Mn0.65O coin cell batteries in series, which can light up the LED light bulb for 50 min, indicating that it has good practical application potential.

Fabrication of high electrochemical performance ternary lithium battery using LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 with nano-TiO2 coating

With the increase of nickel content and the reduction of cobalt content in the ternary materials, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM 811) meets the challenges in poor cycle stability and reduced safety. To address these problems, the coating method is considered as a promising technology to improve the performance of the ternary material. In the current work, NCM811 cathode materials coated with nano-TiO2 are synthesized by using oxalic acid co-precipitation and wet coating with anhydrous ethanol methods. Then, the properties of our prepared ternary cathode material with different coating amounts have been investigated. We found that the nano-TiO2-coated method can weaken the agglomeration phenomenon and particle dispersion in the preparation process, resulting in an improved reversibility of the redox reaction, reduced impedance and stable cycle performance of the battery. When the amount of coated nano-TiO2 is equal to 1.5%, the best battery performances (the redox peak difference of 0.083 V and the coulomb efficiency in the first cycle of 95.98%) are obtained among all coating strategies. After cycling, a large particle size of the cathode material will accelerate the agglomeration phenomenon, resulting in a reduction of cycling performance. This work is in favor of supporting the electrode design of lithium battery.

Surface‐amorphized nickel sulfide with boosted electrochemical performance for aqueous energy storage

AbstractThe ingenious structural design of electrode materials has a great influence on boosting the integrated conductivity and improving the electrochemical behavior of energy storage equipment. In this work, a surface‐amorphized sandwich‐type Ni3S2 nanosheet is synthesized by an easy hydrothermal and solution treatment technique. Because of the in‐built defect‐rich feature of the amorphous Ni3S2 layer, the constructed crystalline/amorphous heterointerface as well as dual nanopore structure of Ni3S2 nanosheet, the electron/ion transport and interfacial charge transfer is boosted, which contribute to high ionic conductivity and low resistance of the SA‐Ni3S2 electrode. The SA‐Ni3S2 electrode shows high specific capacitance (1767.6 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1); the SA‐Ni3S2//AC device delivers high specific capacitance (131.2 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1) and outstanding cycle stability (75% capacitance retention after 10000 cycles). In Ni‐Zn battery measurement, the SA‐Ni3S2//Zn exhibits satisfying specific capacity (211.2 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1) and cycle durability (68% capacity decay after 2000 cycles). The results imply that the rational design of surface‐amorphized heterostructure is helpful for fabrication of electrode materials with high electrochemical performance in energy storage applications.

Limiting cobalt fraction in lithium rich cathode materials for stable and fast activation

Li-rich layered oxides (LRLOs) have been considered as promising cathode materials for high-energy Li-ion batteries. However, considerable fractionsof costly Co and Ni are normally needed in LRLOs to access the high capacity. In this work, a series of Ni/Co-poor LRLOs is designed to study the effect of Ni:Co ratio on their electrochemical behavior. Due to the lowest-lying Co t2g band, the introduction of minor Co significantly promotes the activation of Li-rich phase. While high Co content exacerbates the interfacial reactions to form a thick and unstable cathode-electrolyte film. Consequently, the low-Co LRLO (ca. 4 % of transition metal) attains stable and fast activation, maintaining 233.3 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles at 1C. Moreover, the low-Co LRLO//graphite full cell retains 86.4 % of its capacity after 200 cycles. This work will shed light on the compositional design of LRLOs towards higher electrochemical performance and lower materials cost.

Variation of graphene/titanium dioxide concentration as electrocatalyst for an oxygen reduction reaction in constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells

Constructed wetlands-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFC) are an innovative technology used for simultaneous bioelectricity generation and wastewater treatment. This is possible due to the installation of macrophytes in an electrode configuration, in which electroactive microorganisms use organic substrates as biofuel. One way to improve the electrochemical performance of CW-MFCs is through the impregnation of cathodic electrocatalysts. Therefore, in this study the bioelectricity production capacity of CW-MFCs was evaluated from the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). For this study, the concentrations 0 (CW-MFC1), 0.5 (CW-MFC2), and 1 mg/cm2 (CW-MFC3) of graphene/titanium dioxide (G/TiO2) as electrocatalyst on the cathodes were evaluated. Using the Koutecky-Levich analysis, it was determined that the ORR transfer mechanism arises via a 4-electron pathway. The electrokinetic parameters of Tafel slope, charge transfer coefficient, and exchange current density determined the efficiency of the ORR, registering 92 mV/dec, 0.93 (α), and 2.30 x10-3 mA/cm2, respectively for CW-MFC3. The highest electrochemical performance was obtained at a concentration of 1 mg/cm2 (CW-MFC3) of G/TiO2, generating 144 mW/m2 of power density, 157 Ω of internal resistance, −150 mV of anodic potential, and 383 mV of cathodic potential. The surface modification carried out on the cathodes resulted in a catalytic increase in the ORR.

NiAs-type vanadium sulfides: Topological surface and abundant electroactivity as a bi-functional material in Mg/Li batteries

Rechargeable Mg battery (RMB) is a new type of next-generation secondary battery. The unique NiAs-type V3S4 is capable of achieving high electrochemical performance due to its bi-functional effect of electroactive and anchoring ability to the discharge products of polysulfides. Herein, the first-principles calculations were conducted to explore the electronic properties, dynamic and absorption behavior of Mg/Li-ions in the bulk and crystal plane of V3S4 to reveal the bi-functional mechanism in Mg/Li batteries. First, the stable surface adsorption and rapid diffusion kinetics of Mg/Li ions render the high-rate capability for V3S4. Second, the Mg/Li polysulfides could effectively anchor on the V3S4 (111) plane and retain their structural stability during the discharge–charge process for Mg/Li batteries. Even after Li2Sn/MgSn adsorption, the metallic property of V3S4 is still preserved to realize the redox electrochemistry of Li2Sn/MgSn and ameliorates the effect of the insulated low-order polysulfides. Meanwhile, the low Gibbs energy differences for Mg and Li polysulfides on V3S4 (111) plane gives the evidence of electrocatalytic property. As bi-functional material, the V3S4 has striking characteristics of low diffusion barrier, benificial adsorption and preeminent electrocatalytic ability of Li/Mg species, which can be leveraged for designing vanadium sulfides as high-conductivity cathode materials for RMBs.

Nanofibers/reduced graphene oxide/polypyrrole for High-performance electrode material

Abstract This paper prepared the composite aerogel by adding graphene oxide (GO) and polypyrrole (PPy) to the cellulose nanofiber suspension. Then GO was reduced to RGO (reduced graphene oxide) with reducing agent, and CNFs/RGO/PPy composite aerogel with excellent conductivity was prepared. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was adopted to analyze the structure and morphology of CNFs/RGO/PPy aerogel. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to analyze its electrochemical properties. The results showed that the best structure and electrochemical effect could be obtained when the ratio of CNFs/RGO/PPy was 6:2:3. At the current density of 0.25 mA cm−2, CNFs/RGO/PPy composite aerogel had higher electrochemical performance, and the specific capacitance was 330 F g−1. As an energy storage material, the composite has excellent potential in electrode materials.

Fast fabrication of high entropy oxides electrodes for flexible zinc-ion batteries with high electrochemical performance

The expanding world population, increasing energy demand, and looming climate change urge the development of a sustainable energy future while safeguarding our vulnerable environment. To build a new flexible battery system, high entropy oxides are used as electrodes based on zinc-ion batteries. The battery system with the best electrochemical performance can be determined by a series of experimental designs. Here in I propose to develop a HEO electrode using a fast and clean laser deposition method. A series of tests are designed to verify the degree of performance improvement. In the further research planning, the electrode material can be produced with a metal removed from the HEOs alone and using the same synthetic method and performance measurements to determine the roles of each metal in the HEOs. Additionally, the anions in the HEOs can also be varied to study the impact of various anions on the cell's electrochemical performance. Finally, the particle size of the HEOs can be varied to establish a correspondence between particle size and electrochemical performance to facilitate the selection of the optimum particle sizes. The experimental results can further provide a theoretical basis for the commercial application of zinc-ion batteries in flexible power systems.

Flexible All-Solid-State Asymmetric Supercapacitors Based on PPy-Decorated SrFeO3-δ Perovskites on Carbon Cloth.

The defective structure and high oxygen vacancy concentration of SrFeO3-δ perovskite enable fast ion-electron transport, but its low conductivity still hinders the high electrochemical performance. Herein, to enhance the conductivity of SrFeO3-δ-based electrodes, polypyrrole-modified SrFeO3-δ perovskite on carbon cloth (PPy@SFO@CC) has been successfully fabricated by electrodeposition of polypyrrole (PPy) on the surface of SFO@CC. The optimal PPy700@SFO@CC electrode exhibits a specific capacitance of 421 F g-1 at 1 A g-1. It was found that the outside PPy layer not only accelerates the electron transport and ion diffusion but also creates more oxygen vacancies in SrFeO3-δ, enhancing the charge storage performance significantly. Moreover, the NiCo2O4@CC//PPy700@SFO@CC device maintains a specific capacitance of 63.6% after 3000 cycles, which is ascribed to the weak adhesion forces between the active materials and carbon cloth. Finally, the all-solid-state flexible supercapacitor NiCo2O4@CC//PPy700@SFO@CC is constructed with PVA-KOH as the solid electrolyte, delivering an energy density of 16.9 W h kg-1 at a power density of 984 W kg-1. The flexible supercapacitor retains 69% of its specific capacitance after 1000 bending and folding times, demonstrating a certain degree of foldability. The present study opens new avenues for perovskite oxide-based flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors.

Dual Strategies with Anion/Cation Co-Doping and Lithium Carbonate Coating to Enhance the Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Rich Layered Oxides.

Lithium-rich layered oxides (LLOs, Li1.2 Mn0.54 Ni0.13 Co0.13 O2 ) are widely used as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to its high specific capacity, high operating voltage and low cost. However, the LLOs are faced with rapid decay of charge/discharge capacity and voltage, as well as interface side reactions, which limit its electrochemical performance. Herein, the dual strategies of sulfite/sodium ion co-doping and lithium carbonate coating were used to improve it. It founds that modified LLOs achieve 88.74 % initial coulomb efficiency, 295.3 mAh g-1 first turn discharge capacity, in addition to 216.9 mAh g-1 at 1 C, and 87.23 % capacity retention after 100 cycles. Mechanism research indicated that the excellent electrochemical performance benefits from the doping of both Na+ and SO3 2- , and it could significantly reduce the migration energy barrier of Li+ and promote Li+ migration. Meanwhile, anion and cation are co-doped greatly reduces the band gap of LLOs and increase its electrical conductivity, and its binding effect on Li+ is weakened, making it easier for Li+ to shuttle through the material. In addition, the lithium carbonate coating significantly inhibits the occurrence of interfacial side reactions of LLOs. This work provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the further development of LLOs with higher electrochemical performance.

Eco-Friendly Elaborated Clay-Supported Reduced Graphene Oxide for the Determination of Antibacterial Ciprofloxacin in Wastewater, Urine, and Drug Samples

The accumulation of pharmaceutical residues in the environment can indeed lead to a wide range of environmental problems which can have a negative impact on human health through various pathways. For this reason, it is of great importance to develop a rapid and sensitive strategy to monitor the accumulation of pharmaceutical residues, ultimately safeguarding both the environment and human health. In this article, the development of a carbon paste electrode modified by clay-supported reduced graphene oxide (rGO-Clay-CPE) is described. This sensor was used for the electrochemical detection of ciprofloxacin (Cipro). The rGO-Clay material was synthesized based on the thermal reduction of GO. Then, it was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the prepared electrode shows high electrochemical performance towards the oxidation of Cipro. Under the optimized conditions, the DPV at the rGO-Clay sensor showed that the electro-analytical signal of Cipro is linearly related to the concentration in the range of 0.08–2.0–50.0 μM with a sensitivity of 11.24 μA μM−1 cm−2 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 7.7 nM. The developed sensor has successfully been applied for Cipro monitoring in wastewater, urine, and drug samples with acceptable outcomes.

Study on electrochemical supercapacitor performance of modified lavender biochar

In this study, we proposed a simple and low-cost method for the synthesis of heteroatom-doped porous carbons. Lavender waste residue as biomass precurso, using hydrothermal method synthesized N and S doped nano-layered porous carbon (NLPC-N/S) with high conductivity triumphantly. In the three-electrode system, NLPC-S showed an excellent capacitance (0.5A·g−1, 637.5 F·g−1) in 6 M KOH aqueous solution, which exceeded the specific capacitance of many reported biomass-derived porous carbons, and elucidated charge transfer mechanism and energy storage mechanism were both typical double-layer capacitance characteristics and pseudo-capacitance characteristics. The results of this study provide a cost-effective strategy for the recycling of biological waste, and that biomass carbon materials have high electrochemical performance potential in the field of energy storage.

Plasma-strengthened ionic conducting network enabling highly safety separator toward all-climate lithium metal batteries

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have been a promising candidate for high-energy–density energy storage system due to its high theoretical capacity and low density of metallic lithium (Li) anode, yet it still faces high risk of internal short circuits induced by thermal shrinkage and dendrite puncture of conventional polypropylene (PP) separators. To address these issues, an artificial interface, namely “plasma-strengthened ionic conducting network”, is constructed on the commercial PP separator, integrating high thermal/mechanical advantages of superionic Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP) and chemical regulation of plasma-introduced F-contained groups (F-LAGP@PP). The high safety F-LAGP@PP can reduce risk of the short circuit of LMBs. Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (Tof-SIMS) indicates the plasma-introduced F-contained groups can react with Li anode to generate a LiF-rich interphase to promote a high chemical stability of LAGP. Consequently, this easy-to-commercialize fabrication separator enables both LMBs and Li-ion full pouch cells to achieve high safety and appreciable electrochemical performance in a wide temperature range (–20–120 °C), highlighting its application prospect for advanced energy storage systems.

Nano-Needle Boron-Doped Diamond Film with High Electrochemical Performance of Detecting Lead Ions

Nano-needle boron-doped diamond (NNBDD) films increase their performance when used as electrodes in the determination of Pb2+. We develop a simple and economical route to produce NNBDD based on the investigation of the diamond growth mode and the ratio of diamond to non-diamond carbon without involving any templates. An enhancement in surface area is achievable for NNBDD film. The NNBDD electrodes are characterized through scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Furthermore, we use a finite-element numerical method to research the prospects of tip-enhanced electric fields for sensitive detection at low Pb2+ concentrations. The NNBDD exhibits significant advantages and great electrical conductivity and is applied to detect trace Pb2+ through DPASV. Under pre-deposition accumulation conditions, a wide linear range from 1 to 80 µgL−1 is achieved. A superior detection limit of 0.32 µgL−1 is achieved for Pb2+, which indicates great potential for the sensitive detection of heavy metal ions.

Cross-linked multifunctional binder in situ tuning solid electrolyte interface for silicon anodes in lithium ion batteries

Silicon is considered as the most promising anode material for high performance lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical specific capacity and low working potential. However, severe volume expansion problems existing during the process of (de)intercalation which seriously hinders its commercial progress. Binder can firmly adhere silicon and conductive agent to the current collector to maintain the integrity of the electrode structure, thereby effectively alleviating the silicon volume expansion and realizing lithium-ion batteries with high electrochemical performance. In this paper, citric acid (CA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are adopted to construct a covalently crosslinked CA@CMC binder by an easy-to-scale-up esterification treatment. The Si@CA@CMC-1 electrode material shows an impressive initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) at 82.1% and after 510 cycles at 0.5 A/g, its specific capacity is still higher than commercial graphite. The excellent electrochemical performance of Si@CA@CMC-1 can be attributed to the ester bonds formed among CA@CMC binder and silicon particles. Importantly, by decoupling in situ EIS combining XPS at different cycles, it can be further proved that the CA@CMC binder can tune the component of SEI which provide a new-route to optimize the performance of silicon.

ZnO-CdS-Ag2S double S-scheme heterojunctions with significant hydrogen evolution reaction and dye degradation properties

Here in, we report a new methodology for the fabrication of free template ternary ZnO-CdS-Ag2S nanohybrids with superior photocatalyst properties for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and dye degradation. Firstly, ZnO nanorods (NRs) were synthesized using a solvothermal method and used as a seed template for the growth of CdS-Ag2S QDs. The CdS-Ag2S QDs were grown using two different methods of microwave irradiation and photochemical treatment using thioglycolic acid (TGA) as both capping agent and digestive reactant. Structural characterizations proved the formation of the ternary structure with both methods of synthesis. XPS analyses revealed that photochemical approach results in the formation of a ternary composite with higher ZnO nanoparticles concentration. Electrochemical studies inferred that samples prepared using photochemical treatment have the least of charge transfer resistance, large surface area of 132 m2/g, large electrochemical surface area and higher electrochemical performance. Linear sweep voltammetry obtained current densities of magnitude of 100 mA cm−2 at bias −0.475 V vs. RHE, onset potential of −0.238 V, and Tafel slope of 45 mV/dec. Moreover, samples prepared using photochemical approach showed also high cyclic HER stability and reproducibility of the same results from the same ink after storing for six months. This method of synthesis can be applied for the synthesis of multi-functional ternary metal oxide-QD-QD nanocomposites for energy conversion applications. A S-scheme band diagram is suggested to infer the internal charge separation mechanism and high HER and photocatalyst activities of the ternary compound.

Flexible supercapacitor with manganese-based sulfides electrode for high electrochemical performance

A cost-effective and facile method for chemical synthesis of manganese-based sulfides (MS) and investigation of the structure, morphology, and electrochemical properties have been reported in this work. The MS electrode exhibits exceptional electrochemical performances including ultrahigh specific capacitance (8.2 F cm−2), excellent cycle life (88.6 % retention after 3500 cycles), and good rate capability (86.6 % retention at 50 mA cm−2). Furthermore, to solve the shortcomings of liquid electrolyte supercapacitors, including electrolyte leakage, corrosion, and environmental pollution, a solid-state supercapacitor assembled with MS positive electrode and camphor seed derived carbon (CSDC) negative electrode have been successfully fabricated (MS//CSDC), which shows a maximum specific capacitance about 351.9 mF cm−2 with capacitance retention about 87.6 % after 2500 cycles. Specifically, the energy density of 0.55 mWh cm−3 at a power density of 11.25 mW cm−3 can be achieved, demonstrating excellent supercapacitive behaviors of such as-fabricated device. Furthermore, the CV curves of such device prior to and following bending do not change significantly at 10 mV s−1, which indicates good mechanical flexibility and stability. Notably, the asymmetric MS//CSDC solid-state supercapacitors connected in series can quickly illume red LEDs, emerging their practical application prospects for such prepared flexible devices.

Lattice-Strained Metallic Aerogels as Efficient and Anti-Poisoning Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction.

Lattice strain engineering optimizes the interaction between the catalytic surface and adsorbed molecules. This is done by adjusting the electron and geometric structure of the metal site to achieve high electrochemical performance, but, to date, it has been rarely reported on anti-poisoned oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, lattice-strained Pd@PdBiCo quasi core-shell metallic aerogels (MAs) were designed by "one-pot and two-step" method for anti-poisoned ORR. Pd@PdBiCo MAs/C maintain their original activity (1.034 A mgPd -1 ) in electrolytes with CH3 OH and CO at 0.85 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), outperforming the commercial Pd/C (0.156 A mgPd -1 ), Pd MAs/C (0.351 A mgPd -1 ), and PdBiCo MAs/C (0.227 A mgPd -1 ). Moreover, Pd@PdBiCo MAs/C also show high stability and anti-poisoning with negligible activity decay after 8000 cycles in 0.1 m KOH+0.3 m CH3 OH. These results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, CO stripping, and diffuses reflectance FTIR spectroscopy reveal that the tensile strain and strong interaction between different elements of Pd@PdBiCo MAs/C effectively optimize the electronic structure to promote O2 adsorption and activation, while suppressing CH3 OH oxidation and CO adsorption, leading to high ORR activity and anti-poisoning property. This work inspires the rational design of MAs in fuel cells and beyond.