High EI Research Articles

How Does Emotional Intelligence Fit into the Paradigm of Veterinary Medical Education?

The term ''emotional intelligence'' (EI) has become very popular in the business world and has recently infiltrated veterinary medical education. The term purports to encompass those qualities and skills that are not measured by IQ tests but do play an important role in achieving success in life. Veterinary medical educators often incorporate these in a category called ''non-technical competencies'' (which includes, for example, communication skills) and acknowledge that veterinarians need more training in this area in order to be successful. Although EI looks promising as a means for teaching these non-technical competencies to students and practitioners, there are some challenges to its application. To begin with, there are three competing models of EI that differ in definition and measuring instruments. Although some research has suggested that high EI is associated with success in school and in business, there are no studies directly correlating high EI with greater success in the veterinary profession. Nor have any studies confirmed that increasing a student's EI will improve eventual outcomes for that student. It is important that educators approach the implementation of new techniques and concepts for teaching non-technical competencies the same way they would approach teaching a new surgical technique or drug therapy. EI is an intriguing and promising construct and deserves dedicated research to assess its relevance to veterinary medical education. There are opportunities to investigate EI using case control studies that will either confirm or discredit the benefits of incorporating EI into the veterinary curriculum. Implementing EI training without assessment risks wasting limited resources and alienating students.

Is trait‐Emotional Intelligence simply or more than just a trait?

The present study examined the usefulness of trait‐Emotional Intelligence (EI) among a sample of 1186 top managers who filled out questionnaires for Emotional Intelligence and the Big Five and were evaluated by a consultant on their competencies. Three higher‐order factors were found to underlie the Bar‐On Emotional Quotient Inventory (Bar‐On, 1997): sense of accomplishment, empathy, and planfulness. Trait‐EI was found to be substantially related to Extraversion, Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, and Autonomy. Nevertheless, the EI‐factors predicted additional variance over and above the Big Five in competency to support. On the whole, top managers scored higher on the EI dimensions compared with a general population sample. High EI scores were particularly found among managers from enterprising occupational environments, that is environments dominated by activities that entail persuading and leading others to attain organizational goals or economic gain. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Hydrodynamic consequences of maintaining an upright posture by different magnitudes of stiffness and buoyancy in the tropical alga Turbinaria ornata

An upright posture in the water column exposes benthic marine organisms to faster flow than near the substratum, potentially increasing rates of mass exchange while also exposing the organisms to higher hydrodynamic forces. Benthic organisms maintain upright postures in the water column by two mechanisms, being stiff or being buoyant. This study compared how different relative magnitudes of buoyancy and flexural stiffness (EI) affect hydrodynamic forces on, and flow velocity relative to the surfaces of the tropical alga, Turbinaria ornata. Thalli of T. ornata from wave-exposed forereef environments lack pneumatocysts (air bladders) and are negatively buoyant, but have higher EI than buoyant thalli with pneumatocysts from calm lagoon environments. Simultaneous measurements of water velocity, horizontal force and algal motion were recorded for pairs of thalli of the same height-positioned side by side on the reef at a site exposed to moderate wave action. To examine the effect of buoyancy alone, lagoon thalli with intact air-filled pneumatocysts were compared with lagoon algae that were made non-buoyant by replacing the air in their pneumatocysts with water. The non-buoyant thalli experienced higher water velocities and hydrodynamic forces than lagoon thalli with bladders. To test the effect of EI alone, flexible lagoon algae with water-filled pneumatocysts were compared to non-buoyant, stiff forereef algae and there was no difference in the relative water velocity or force they experienced. To compare thalli held upright by possessing a high EI to those held upright by buoyancy, lagoon algae with pneumatocysts were compared to forereef algae. Stiff forereef algae deflected very little in moving water. Water velocities relative to their surfaces and the peak horizontal forces they experienced were higher than those on more flexible lagoon algae, which bent easily and moved with the flow. Thus, buoyant, flexible thalli of T. ornata that move with the flow experience lower relative velocities and lower forces than stiff, non-buoyant thalli that do not move with the flow.

Sticking of CO to crystalline and amorphous ice surfaces.

We present results of classical trajectory calculations on the sticking of hyperthermal CO to the basal plane (0001) face of crystalline ice Ih and to the surface of amorphous ice Ia. The calculations were performed for normal incidence at a surface temperature Ts = 90 K for ice Ia, and at Ts = 90 and 150 K for ice Ih. For both surfaces, the sticking probability can be fitted to a simple exponentially decaying function of the incidence energy, Ei: Ps = 1.0e(-Ei(kJ/mol)/90(kJ/mol)) at Ts = 90 K. The energy transfer from the impinging molecule to the crystalline and the amorphous surface is found to be quite efficient, in agreement with the results of molecular beam experiments on the scattering of the similar molecule, N2, from crystalline and amorphous ice. However, the energy transfer is less efficient for amorphous than for crystalline ice. Our calculations predict that the sticking probability decreases with Ts for CO scattering from crystalline ice, as the energy transfer from the impinging molecule to the warmer surfaces becomes less efficient. At high Ei (up to 193 kJ/mol), no surface penetration occurs in the case of crystalline ice. However, for CO colliding with the amorphous surface, a penetrating trajectory was observed to occur into a large water pore. The molecular dynamics calculations predict that the average potential energy of CO adsorbed to ice Ih is -10.1 +/- 0.2 and -8.4 +/- 0.2 kJ/mol for CO adsorbed to ice Ia. These values are in agreement with previous experimental and theoretical data. The distribution of the potential energy of CO adsorbed to ice Ia was found to be wider (with a standard deviation sigma of 2.4 kJ/mol) than that of CO interacting with ice Ih (sigma = 2.0 kJ/mol). In collisions with ice Ia, the CO molecules scatter at larger angles and over a wider distribution of angles than in collisions with ice Ih.

Sticking of Hyperthermal CO to the (0001) Face of Crystalline Ice

We present the results of classical trajectory calculations on the sticking of hyperthermal CO to the basal plane (0001) face of ice Ih, for normal and off-normal incidence at surface temperature (Ts) = 150 K. The sticking probability decreases with the incidence energy (Ei) and with the incidence angle (θi) for θi > 20°. At normal incidence, the sticking probability can be fitted to a simple decay function: Ps = 0.9 e-0.012Ei(kJ/mol). The energy transfer from the impinging molecule to the surface is found to be efficient and fast: most of Ei is transferred to the surface within 0.5−1.0 ps. For off-normal incidence, the energy transfer becomes less efficient for θi > 20°. In the case of backscattering at off-normal incidence, the hotter molecules scatter at larger angles. At high Ei, no surface penetration occurs, but the impinging molecule may damage the surface significantly when it hits the surface in the center of a hexagonal ring. The energy minimization calculations suggest that CO is adsorbed either on top of an OH dangling group, or on top of the center of a water hexagonal ring, interacting mostly with an electron lone-pair oxygen atom in the first monolayer or with a four-coordinated oxygen in the second monolayer. The molecular dynamics calculations predict that the average binding energy of the adsorbed CO is 4.33 kJ/mol, with a maximum value of 10.4 kJ/mol. The results of our calculations are compared with the experimental and the previous theoretical data on the CO−ice and N2−ice systems.

The role of trait emotional intelligence in academic performance and deviant behavior at school

Abstract This paper examines the role of trait emotional intelligence (‘trait EI') in academic performance and in deviant behavior at school on a sample of 650 pupils in British secondary education (mean age ≈16.5 years). Trait EI moderated the relationship between cognitive ability and academic performance. In addition, pupils with high trait EI scores were less likely to have had unauthorized absences and less likely to have been excluded from school. Most trait EI effects persisted even after controlling for personality variance. It is concluded that the constellation of emotion-related self-perceived abilities and dispositions that the construct of trait EI encompasses is implicated in academic performance and deviant behavior, with effects that are particularly relevant to vulnerable or disadvantaged adolescents.

Trait emotional intelligence: behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction

This paper presents two experiments concerning trait emotional intelligence (‘trait EI’). In study 1, ten high and ten low trait EI individuals were selected from a sample of 85 persons to participate in a computerized experiment involving the recognition of morphed emotional expressions. As hypothesized, high trait EI participants were faster at identifying the expressions than their low trait EI counterparts. In study 2, trait EI scores from 102 persons were residualized on the Big Five and subsequently 15 high and 15 low trait EI individuals were selected to participate in a mood induction experiment. As hypothesized, high trait EI participants exhibited greater sensitivity to the mood induction procedure than their low trait EI counterparts. The findings are discussed in terms of the construct validity of trait EI, with particular emphasis on the issue of incremental validity vis‐à‐vis broad personality traits. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Dynamics of Ar+CH4/Ni{111} collision-induced desorption

Classical trajectory simulations were used to study Ar+CH4/Ni{111} collision-induced desorption and compared with experiment. To perform the simulations, analytic potentials were determined for Ar/CH4 and CH4/Ni{111}. An accurate form for the former potential was derived by carrying out a series of ab initio calculations at various levels of theory, while previously published ab initio calculations were used to develop the latter CH4/Ni{111} potential. Overall the simulation and experimental desorption cross sections are in excellent agreement, except at small incident angles θi (with respect to the surface normal) and low initial Ar translational energies, Ei, where the simulation cross sections are approximately a factor of 2 too large. Most of the desorption occurs by trajectories in which Ar first strikes CH4, but for both large θi and Ei, a small fraction of the desorption occurs by trajectories in which Ar first strikes the Ni surface. Excitation of the CH4 vibrational modes is negligible and CH4 rotation receives less than 10% of the available energy. Most of the available product energy is partitioned to CH4 translation and to the Ni surface and Ar atom. At low Ei, CH4 translation receives the majority of the available energy, with the effect greater for large θi. At high Ei, approximately 40% of the available energy goes to CH4 translation, independent of θi. The CH4 translational energy distribution is multimodal and its peaks may be associated with trajectories in which the Ar atom rebounds off or sticks to the Ni surface and collisions in which Ar strikes CH4 with small and large impact parameters.

Optical properties and new vibrational modes in carbon films

The optical properties and vibrational modes of amorphous carbon (a-C) films were studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and Raman spectroscopy. The films were prepared by sputtering, at various energies Ei (low to high), of the argon species bombarding the film surface during deposition. The SE spectra were analysed by the Tauc–Lorentz model to describe the dielectric function ε(ω) of the bulk films and to determine their optical gaps. The calculated ε(ω) revealed fundamental differences in the electronic structure and CC bonding of the a-C films and can be described, in general, with two oscillators: one at ∼4 eV, attributed to the π→π∗ (sp2 bonds), and one in the range 10–15.5 eV, attributed to the average of σ→σ∗ (sp3 bonds) and high-energy (sp2 bonds) absorption. A strong optical absorption at ∼1.2 eV appears only in films developed with high Ei (≥130 eV). The Raman spectra of the a-C films show the following behavior with increasing Ei: (1) the strengths of disordered ‘D’ and graphite ‘G’ peaks are gradually reduced and finally disappear; (2) three peaks (at ∼1250, 1295 and 1330 cm−1) appear, reinforced at high Ei; and (3) at high Ei two well-defined peaks at ∼1556 and 2330 cm−1 are also detected. All of the above indicate the formation of a more ordered amorphous network with increasing Ei, and a new crystalline structure is formed at high Ei.

Origin of the Boltzmann translational energy distribution in the scattering of hyperthermal Ne atoms off a self-assembled monolayer

A classical trajectory simulation is performed to study the dynamics of Ne-atom scattering off an n-hexyl thiolate self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The energy distribution of the scattered Ne-atoms may be deconvoluted into a Boltzmann component based on the surface temperature and a remaining non-Boltzmann high energy component. The former component becomes as large as 100% at low Ne-atom incident energies and appears to assume a high incident energy asymptotic value of ∽0.2–0.3 for incident angles less than 50°. This Boltzmann component does not arise from a Ne–SAM intermediate, since the vast majority of the collisions are direct with only one inner turning point in the Ne+SAM motion. Instead, it has varying contributions from trajectories which directly scatter from and those that penetrate the SAM. The translation (T)→vibration (V) energy transfer mechanism for the former class of trajectories may have similarities to exit-channel T→V coupling in models of unimolecular dissociation. SAM penetration becomes more important as the initial translational energy Ei is increased, resulting in both efficient and inefficient energy transfer. The latter results from repulsive forces as the Ne-atom is ‘‘ expelled’’ from the SAM. For incident angles less than 50° the size of the Boltzmann component scales with the total incident energy Ei reflecting equivalent energy transfer probabilities from the normal and parallel components of Ei. Such a result is consistent with the corrugated SAM surface. Penetration of the SAM scales with the normal component of Ei for small incident angles θi and Ei . Both the Boltzmann component to the transitional energy distribution of the scattered Ne atom, P(Ei) and SAM penetration become negligible for an increase in θi from 45° to 60°, suggesting an abrupt transition in the collision dynamics. The angular distributions for the scattered Ne-atoms are random for low initial energies Ei and θi, reflecting the surface corrugation and not the presence of an actual Ne–SAM intermediate. At high Ei and θi the scattering is non-random, preferring to remain in the incident plane with the parallel component of Ei conserved. This study shows there are ambiguities in associating a trapping desorption intermediate with statistical gas–surface scattering attributes, such as a Boltzmann component, in the translational energy distribution and a random angular distribution.

Demonstration of Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters (hENT1 and hENT2) in Nuclear Envelopes of Cultured Human Choriocarcinoma (BeWo) Cells by Functional Reconstitution in Proteoliposomes

The equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) are a newly recognized family of membrane proteins of which hENT1 is the nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (NBMPR)-sensitive (es) and hENT2 the NBMPR-insensitive (ei) transporter of human cells. BeWo cells exhibit large numbers (>10(7)/cell) of NBMPR-binding sites and high es and ei nucleoside transport activities relative to other cell types. In this work, we have demonstrated that proliferating BeWo cells possess (i) mRNA encoding hENT1 and hENT2 and (ii) hENT1-specific immunoepitopes. We examined NBMPR binding and its inhibition of uridine transport in various BeWo membrane fractions and proteoliposomes derived therefrom to determine if NBMPR binding to intracellular membranes represented interaction with functional es transporters. Unfractionated membranes and fractions enriched 5-fold in plasma membranes relative to postnuclear supernatants exhibited high NBMPR binding activity. Intact nuclei and nuclear envelopes also exhibited abundant quantities of NBMPR-binding sites with affinities similar to those of enriched plasma membranes (Kd = 0.4-0.9 nM). When proteoliposomes were made from octyl glucoside-solubilized membranes, high affinity NBMPR-binding sites were not only observed in crude membrane preparations and plasma membrane-enriched fractions but also in nuclear envelope fractions. Proteoliposomes prepared from either unfractionated membranes or nuclear envelopes exhibited both hENT1-mediated (82-85%) and hENT2-mediated (15-18%) transport of [3H]uridine. These results provided evidence for the presence of functional es and ei transporters in nuclear membranes and endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that hENT1 and hENT2 may function in the translocation of nucleosides between the cytosol and the luminal compartments of one or both of these membrane types.

HRGC-MS of polychlorinated phenanthrenes (PCPhen), dibenzothiophenes (PCDT), dibenzothianthrenes (PCTA), and phenoxathiins (PCPT)

Polychlorinated phenanthrenes (PCPhen, Clx Phen, x = 1–10), dibenzothiophenes (PCDT, ClxDT, x = 1–8), thianthrenes (PCTA, ClxTA, x = 1–8), and phenoxathiins (PCPT, ClxPT, x = 1–8) were synthesized and analyzed by high resolution capillary gas chromatography and EI and NCI mass spectrometry. In experiments the formation of polychlorinated phenanthrenes and dibenzothiophenes in combustion processes has been proved and compounds of these two classes have been detected in dust samples of an urban motorway tunnel.

Malnutrition in children with cystic fibrosis: the energy-balance equation.

Malnutrition in children with cystic fibrosis: the energy-balance equation.

Influence of Low Molecular Mass Heparin on the Kinetics of Neutrophil Elastase Inhibition by Mucus Proteinase Inhibitor(∗)

Commercial low molecular mass heparin accelerates the inhibition of neutrophil elastase by mucus proteinase inhibitor, the predominant antielastase of lung secretions (Faller, B., Mély, Y., Gérard, D., and Bieth, J.G. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 8285-8290). To study the kinetic mechanism of this rate enhancement, we have isolated a 4.5-kDa heparin fragment from commercial heparin. This compound is fairly monodisperse as shown by analytical ultracentrifugation. It binds elastase and inhibitor with a 1:1 stoichiometry and an equilibrium dissociation constant of 3 and 210 nM, respectively. It also forms a tight complex with EI. Flow calorimetry shows that the inhibitor-heparin interaction is characterized by a large negative enthalpy change (delta H0 = -45.2 kJ mol-1) and a small entropy change (delta S = -23.7 J K-1 mol-1). Stopped-flow kinetics run under pseudo-first-order conditions ([Io] >> [Eo]) show that in the absence of heparin the inhibition conforms to a simple bimolecular reaction, [formula: see text] where, ka = 3.1 x 10(6) M-1 s-1, kd = 10(-4) s-1, and Ki = 33 pM, whereas in the presence of heparin, E and I react via a two-step mechanism, [formula: see text] where Ki* = 86 nM, k2 = 2.2 s-1, k-2 = 10(-3) s-1, and Ki = 37 pM. Thus, heparin increases both the rate of inhibition by promoting the formation of a high affinity EI* intermediate and the rate of EI dissociation. Since the dissociation is negligible in bronchial secretions where the inhibitor concentration is much higher than Ki, it may be concluded that heparin significantly potentiates the inhibitor's antielastase potential in vivo.

Phytotoxin Produced by Pseudomonas glumue Kurita et Tabei, a Causal Bacterium of the Grain and Seedling Rot of Rice

The phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas glumae, the causal agent of bacterial grain and seedling rot of rice, was purified and characterized. The ultraviolet and visible absorption spectrum of the phytotoxin exhibited two maxima at 260nm and 399nm in 80% aqueous methanol. In the infrared absorption spectrum, main bands at 2,800 3,00Ocm-‘, 1,68Ocm-‘, 1,540cm.’ and 1,05Ocm-’ were observed, suggesting the presence of a methyl group, a ketone group, a benzene ring and a carbon- hydrogen bond, respectively. The molecular weight of this substance was determined as 193 and the molecular formula was decided as C7H7Ns02 by a high resolution EI mass spectrometry. The phytotoxin was isolated noi only from the PS broth, but also from rice seedling infected with the causal bacterium. This phytotoxin might be related to the pathogenicity of P. glumae.

Comparison Of Volatile Organic Compounds From Processed Paper And Toners From Office Copiers And Printers: Methods, Emission Rates, And Modeled Concentrations

The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from nine toner powders and eleven types of processed paper from photocopying machines (6), laser (3) and matrix printers (21, and one carbonless copy fm has been measured. A total of 61 VOC from toner powders were identified by heating (185 °C) the powder for three minutes for thermal desorption and by gas chromatography followed by the use of low and high resolution EI and CI mass spectrometry. VOC from processed paper were analyzed by headspace sampling on Tenax TA from nylon bags. Thirty-one VOC with a wide range of volatility and persistency were identified from processed paper. The total VOC emission from the various types of paper differed substantially. Using the field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), the calculated initial emission rate of styrene was 5 μg m−2h−1 from a freshly processed paper The VOC emission from machines and the processed paper can be reduced by proper choice of o m e equipment. However, an evaluation should consider all potential pollutants.

Adsorption of oxygen on Cu(110)

This paper describes molecular beam measurements of the initial sticking coefficient for dissociative chemisorption of O2 on Cu(110). The sticking coefficient has been measured as a function of translational energy (Ei), angle of incidence ( theta i) and surface temperature (TS). Two sticking channels are identified, an activated, 'direct' dissociation at high Ei and TS and a precursor-mediated trapping mechanism at low Ei and TS. The activated channel (Ei>50 meV, TS=300 K) shows a sharp increase in S0 from 0.2 at 50 meV and saturates with S0=0.48 for energies above 100 meV. The initial sticking coefficient scales with the normal component of the translational energy and this channel is attributed to direct, translational activation via a barrier ( approximately=50 meV) located early in the surface O2 coordinate. Below 50 meV the sticking coefficient is independent of both translational energy and angle, and increases steadily as TS is reduced. The precursor state is tentatively identified as a weakly bound physisorbed state by analogy with the O2/Ag and Pt systems.

Functional organization of auditory cortical fields in the mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): Binaural 2-deoxyglucose patterns

Unilaterally deafened (cochlear destruction) gerbils were exposed to white noise after injection of 14-C-2-deoxyglucose. The labelling patterns were compared to those of unstimulated operated animals, noise stimulated control animals and bilaterally ear plugged animals. Serial transverse, horizontal and tangential autoradiographs through the cortex were analysed. In lesioned animals, labelling was strongly reduced on the side contralateral to the lesion in the high frequency regions of A1 and the anterior auditory field (AAF). We assume that these regions correspond to the high frequency EI cell areas. Fine banding could be seen superimposed on this pattern in transverse and tangential sections. We suggest that this may be due to alternating strips of EI and EE cells orthogonal to iso-frequency contours. In the low frequency regions of A1 and AAF, labelling asymmetries were also present, but were less pronounced. We assume that these effects are due to low frequency EE cells. In sub-cortical structures, labelling was reduced in the inferior colliculus and ventral part of the medial geniculate body contralateral to the lesioned ear, but no labelling pattern was visible. We presume that the spatial separation of EE and EI inputs to these structures is not marked enough to allow labelling patterns to be seen. In the superior olivary complex, labelling was reduced on the side contralateral to the lesioned ear in the medial dendritic field of the medial superior olivary nucleus and in the nucleus of the trapezoid body. Ipsilateral to the lesioned ear, labelling was reduced in the lateral dendritic field of the medial superior olive.

Inelastic scattering of NO from Ag(111): Internal state, angle, and velocity resolved measurements

We have determined the velocity distributions of individual quantum states of NO scattering from Ag(111) at specific scattering angles θf using molecular beam techniques to control the incidence energy Ei and angle θi. We find that the mean energies of scattered species Ef depend weakly on θf at low collision energies, but become increasingly independent of this parameter as Ei approaches 1.0 eV. This is true for all final rotation states J. The previously reported insensitivity of the final kinetic energy to J is found to apply at all scattering angles, so that Ef vs θf curves for high J fall only slightly below those for low J. This system is highly translationally inelastic at high incidence energies, with up to 55% of Ei being lost to phonons at Ei=1.0 eV. Angular distributions are relatively insensitive to J at low Ei, but for high Ei the peak flux is found to shift away from the surface normal as Ei increases. The effect of the surface temperature only becomes apparent at low incidence energies. A search for supernumerary rotational rainbows reveals no discernible oscillations even for the lowest surface temperatures. We believe that these supernumerary oscillations may be damped by ‘‘surface corrugation’’ effects for this system. Discussion focuses on the observed anticorrelation between kinetic energy transfer to phonons and to rotation, the extent to which parallel momentum is conserved in this system, and energy-angle scaling laws for energy transfer. In this latter case we show that energy transfer in this system scales approximately with the quantity Ei cos θi, over the full range of conditions covered.

Dynamics of the interaction of ethane with Ir(110)-(1×2)

Experimentally determined values of the initial adsorption probability of ethane on Ir(110)-(1×2) are presented which probe the dynamics of the interaction. The data were obtained from supersonic molecular beam measurements with an incident kinetic energy Ei ranging between 1.2 and 24 kcal/mol, surface temperatures TS between 77 and 550 K, and incident angle θi between 0° and 45°. Experimentally determined values of the initial trapping probability ζ0 of ethane into a physically adsorbed state at TS=77 K as a function of Ei and θi and experimentally determined values of the initial probability of dissociative chemisorption S0 as a function of Ei,θi, and TS are presented. The value of ζ0 is found to decrease with increasing Ei consistent with the fact that an increasingly larger fraction of the incident kinetic energy must be dissipated in order for the molecule to physically adsorb. The initial trapping probability has a relatively weak dependence on θi such that the value of ζ0 is found empirically to scale as Ei cos0.5 θi. Two distinct mechanisms of dissociative chemisorption on the bare surface are revealed. At low Ei a temperature-dependent trapping-mediated chemisorption mechanism dominates, while at relatively high Ei a temperature-independent direct mechanism dominates. For Ei less than 13.4 kcal/mol, the value of S0 decreases rapidly with increasing TS, consistent with a trapping-mediated mechanism. For a surface temperature of 154 K, S0 decreases with increasing Ei for 1.2≤Ei≤13.4 kcal/mol, in a manner similar to that for the molecular trapping probability. The data in the low Ei regime also support quantitatively a kinetic model consistent with a trapping-mediated chemisorption mechanism. The difference in the activation energies for desorption and chemisorption from the physically adsorbed, trapped state Ed−Ec is 2.2±0.2 kcal/mol. In the trapping-mediated chemisorption regime, the value of S0 is found to be rather insensitive to incident angle, scaling with Ei cos0.5 θi just as for trapping of molecular ethane into a physically adsorbed state. For a normal energy Ei cos2 θi greater than 8 kcal/mol, chemisorption via a direct mechanism becomes significant and increases with increasing Ei. Values of S0 in the direct chemisorption regime scale with normal energy and are independent of TS over the range from 350 to 1350 K.