High Power Transfer Efficiency Research Articles

Review of Compensation Topologies Power Converters Coil Structure and Architectures for Dynamic Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicle

The increasing demand for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for electric vehicles (EVs) has necessitated advancements in charging solutions, with a particular focus on speed and efficiency. However, power transfer efficiency is the major concern in static and dynamic wireless charging (DWC) design. Design consideration and improvements in all functional units are necessary for an increase in overall efficiency of the system. Recently, different research works have been presented regarding DWC at the power converter, coil structure and compensators. This paper provides a comprehensive review of power converters incorporating high-order compensation topologies, demonstrating their benefits in enhancing the DWC of EVs. The review also delves into the coupling coil structure and magnetic material architecture, pivotal in enhancing power transfer efficiency and capability. Moreover, the high-order compensation topologies used to effectively mitigate low-frequency ripple, improve voltage regulation, and facilitate a more compact and portable design are discussed. Furthermore, optimal coupling and different techniques to achieve maximum power transfer efficiency are discussed to boost magnetic interactions, thereby reducing power loss. Finally, this paper highlights the essential role of these components in developing efficient and reliable DWC systems for EVs, emphasizing their contribution to achieving high-power transfer efficiency and stability.

Modified EPS Control and Topology Modification for Two-Stage Bidirectional AC-DC Converter for V2G Applications

Abstract For the two-stage bidirectional AC-DC converter applied to vehicle-to-grid (V2G), this paper studies the modulation strategy and the topology of the dual active bridge (DAB) converter in the DC-DC stage. Aiming at the problem of large circulating current due to the fixed internal phase shift under the traditional extended phase shift (EPS) control, this paper modified the EPS modulation strategy by deciding whether the internal phase shift is generated by the primary or secondary side based on the voltage gain, which realizes the high-efficiency power transfer under wide voltage gain. To realize the full load range zero voltage switching (ZVS) with junction capacitors taken into account, it is proposed to parallel an additional auxiliary inductor between the bridge arms of the DAB converter, and the operating mechanism and the improved effect are analyzed in detail. Finally, a simulation circuit was built using PSIM software to verify the correctness.

Adjoint Algorithm Design of Selective Mode Reflecting Metastructure for BAL Applications.

Broad-area lasers (BALs) have found applications in a variety of crucial fields on account of their high output power and high energy transfer efficiency. However, they suffer from poor spatial beam quality due to multi-mode behavior along the waveguide transverse direction. In this paper, we propose a novel metasurface waveguide structure acting as a transverse mode selective back-reflector for BALs. In order to effectively inverse design such a structure, a digital adjoint algorithm is introduced to adapt the considerably large design area and the high degree of freedom. As a proof of the concept, a device structure with a design area of 40 × 20 μm2 is investigated. The simulation results exhibit high fundamental mode reflection (above 90%), while higher-order transverse mode reflections are suppressed below 0.2%. This is, to our knowledge, the largest device structure designed based on the inverse method. We exploited such a device and the method and further investigated the device's robustness and feasibility of the inverse method. The results are elaborately discussed.

Microwave wireless power transfer efficiency analysis framework for a thin film space solar power satellite

Space-based solar power systems (SSPS) envision the usage of focused microwave beams to transfer power from space to ground. To supply a large amount of power and to be able to focus a microwave beam efficiently, a large infrastructure must be assembled in orbit, thus, making the implementation of SSPS an arduous task. In the history of SSPS designs, aside from economical obstacles, technical obstacles such as large ohmic losses due to long DC lines in the structure, large rotary joints to decouple beam pointing and solar power collection, heating problems from power lines converging into a single point, and complex control mechanisms, manufacture, and assembly are present. A simpler implementation using multiple foldable thin film membrane satellite modules is proposed as a feasible design, born from the advancement of thin film electronics. Its economical feasibility is achieved through the reduced weight, large surface area, and membrane’s ability to be stowed. The thin film SSPS combines advantageous properties of past designs such as a simple structure, simple control mechanism, and a distributed power collection and transfer architecture avoiding the ohmic loss and heating problems. However, due to the thin film membrane hosting both the antenna and the solar cells, competition occurs between maximum solar power collection and high efficiency power transfer capabilities. In this paper, we propose a framework to analyze the performance of the thin film SSPS solar cell-antenna integration design in terms of the wireless power transfer efficiency and fuel consumption, from which we identified the trade-offs on designing and operating the station. We used this framework to analyze three different antenna element designs in combination with three different attitude control goals, and found out that the key aspects of the antenna design are beam width, radiation efficiency, and efficient solar cell integration.

A Novel Portable Solar Powered Wireless Charging Device

This paper presents the development of a portable solar panel wireless charging device with an advanced charging algorithm. The device features a 6500 mAh Li-ion battery and is designed to efficiently charge smartphones and laptops. It incorporates a simulated solar panel, charging circuit, microcontroller, and wireless charging circuits. Rigorous testing has demonstrated its stable output voltage and current at 5 V/2 A, with high power transfer efficiency. The advanced charging algorithm optimizes power transfer efficiency and reduces charging time by adjusting the current and voltage to match the device’s needs. This smart approach extends battery life and improves device performance. The device utilizes the Basic MPPT P&O Algorithm to dynamically track the solar panel’s Maximum Power Point and optimize power extraction. The Lithium Battery Charging Characteristic Algorithm adjusts the charging levels to ensure safe and efficient charging. However, challenges were encountered during implementation and testing, highlighting the complexities of real-world scenarios and the need for further optimization. The device offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly charging alternative, particularly in areas with limited power access. The research findings contribute to the field of wireless charging, driving advancements in sustainable and efficient technologies.

Load Modulation Feedback in Adaptive Matching Networks for Low-Coupling Wireless Power Transfer Systems

This paper explores the use of load modulation feedback (LMF) in adaptive matching networks (MN) for low-coupling inductive wireless power transfer systems, with an emphasis on its use in implantable medical devices. After deriving the handy expressions of link efficiency and modulation depth in the case of LMF in the case of loose coupling, a brief overview of the most common capacitive resonance networks is presented. In particular, the MN employing two capacitors in Series–Parallel and in Parallel–Series configurations allow adaptivity with a wide range of load conditions. Then, the authors describe an effective design procedure of an adaptive matching network with LMF for an inductive wireless power transfer system, exploring the trade-off between power efficiency and modulation depth. Analytical and electrical simulations show that the proposed simple modulation strategy can successfully achieve high power transfer efficiency while maintaining steady back telemetry under varying loading conditions.

Analysis and Design of Injection-Locked Oscillators Coupled to an External Resonator

This work investigates the nonlinear dynamics of an injection-locked power oscillator inductively coupled to an external resonator. This allows a high-efficiency power transfer while ensuring a constant oscillation frequency versus the coupling factor, unlike free-running implementations. The investigation focuses on the impact of the external-resonator elements on the locking range, output power, efficiency, and phase noise. The aim is to derive a strategy for an optimum selection of these elements. Initially, the effect of the coupled resonator is theoretically studied using a simple oscillator model, based on a cubic nonlinearity. For practical oscillators, two kinds of analysis methods, compatible with the use of commercial harmonic-balance (HB) simulators, are presented. The first one is semianalytical and is based on the extraction of a phase-dependent nonlinear admittance function from HB simulations. The system response is predicted in a flexible and computationally efficient manner, but coupling effects are considered at the fundamental frequency only. The second set of methods is fully based on HB and relies on the combination of a nonlinear immittance function and a Thevenin/Norton equivalent. The impact of the external resonator on the stability properties is analyzed through bifurcation detection. The phase-noise spectrum is predicted with a semianalytical formulation that demonstrates the benefit of the injection-locked operation. For validation, the methods have been applied to a Class-E oscillator at 13.56 MHz.

A Highly Flexible Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Sensor for Wearable Bone Density Testing.

Driven by the loss of bone calcium, the elderly are prone to osteoporosis, and regular routine checks on bone status are necessary, which mainly rely on bone testing equipment. Therefore, wearable real-time healthcare devices have become a research hotspot. Herein, we designed a high-performance flexible ultrasonic bone testing system using axial transmission technology based on quantitative ultrasound theory. First, a new rare-earth-element-doped PMN-PZT piezoelectric ceramic was synthesized using a solid-state reaction, and characterized by X-ray diffraction and SEM. Both a high piezoelectric coefficient d33 = 525 pC/N and electromechanical coupling factors of k33 = 0.77, kt = 0.58 and kp = 0.63 were achieved in 1%La/Sm-doped 0.17 PMN-0.47 PZ-0.36 PT ceramics. Combining a flexible PDMS substrate with an ultrasonic array, a flexible hardware circuit was designed which includes a pulse excitation module, ultrasound array module, amplification module, filter module, digital-to-analog conversion module and wireless transmission module, showing high power transfer efficiency and power intensity with values of 35% and 55.4 mW/cm2, respectively. Finally, the humerus, femur and fibula were examined by the flexible device attached to the skin, and the bone condition was displayed in real time on the mobile client, which indicates the potential clinical application of this device in the field of wearable healthcare.

Effective Scheme for Inductive Wireless Power Coil Design Using Scan-and-Zoom Optimization

In inductive power transfer (IPT) systems, the coil design is crucial since the power transfer efficiency (PTE) of IPT depends on the coil characteristics such as geometric shape, diameter, wire thickness, etc. The most commonly used technique for the coil is finite element analysis (FEA). Nevertheless, if there are more than two parameters to be designed, FEA design requires a long simulation time since the coil design problem is separated into a series of single-parameter optimization problems. Another issue of conventional FEA is difficulty in interfacing with circuit simulation. To mitigate this issue, a novel co-simulation framework of MATLAB/ANSYS Maxwell is proposed in this paper. In MATLAB, multi-dimensional optimization algorithms like scan-and-zoom are employed to determine geometric parameters to achieve high PTE and minimize the number of FEA executions while Maxwell serves to extract the circuit parameters from the geometric parameters and enhance the accuracy of calculation. The 100 W prototype IPT system is built to verify the proposed coil design scheme in this paper. The performance comparisons with the conventional methods in terms of design accuracy, simulation time, and application flexibility are performed on a pair of designed single-layer circular coils.

Enhanced-efficiency Capacitive Coupling Intra-body Power Transfer Systems with 1.8 V Output for Neural Interfaces.

Traditional wireless power transfer methods for powering neural interfaces have many restrictions such as short transmission distance and strict device alignment. The recently proposed capacitive coupling intra-body power transfer (CC-IBPT) which utilizes human body as the medium supports flexible placements of the transmitter electrode. In this paper, we established two prototype systems based on CC-IBPT with different power sources of a grounded signal generator and a battery-powered board to explore the maximum output power levels with 1.8 V load voltage. To improve the power transmission efficiency, LC impedance matching (IM) and backward compensation (BC) are conducted at the transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) respectively. Measured results show that 2.5 and 7.4 times load power is enhanced in the two prototype systems. Moreover, the maximum power transfer efficiency (PTE) of 11.16% can be obtained with the TX-RX distance of 16 cm. Therefore, our work verifies CC-IBPT's capability of achieving a high PTE in long-distance wireless power supply for neural interfaces and promotes its widespread application.

Mode Analysis, Transformer Saturation, and Fault Diagnosis Technique for an Open-Circuit Fault in a Three-Phase DAB Converter

The three-phase Dual Active Bridge (DAB3) is a popular dc-dc converter topology for high-power applications, capable of high-efficiency bidirectional power transfer with galvanic isolation. A single point of failure in power converters is the open-circuit fault (OCF) due to failure in a semiconductor device or its gate drive circuit. This study presents detailed waveform analyses for the normal and the fault mode operation. A novel logic-based fault diagnosis scheme is proposed based on the unique pattern in the dc bias of phase currents. Unlike previous schemes, the proposed scheme requires low-bandwidth current sensing only one side of the transformer to detect faults on either side, providing a cost and design benefit. Experimental results verify the analyses and the proposed identification scheme, detecting the fault within a few switching cycles. An in-depth study of the transformer under fault mode is presented for the first time, setting a guideline of time available for fault diagnosis and response. Experimental B-H curves and magnetizing currents of the three-phase transformer illustrate the cycle-by-cycle progression toward core saturation under fault mode. The study also reveals a new potential benefit of the three-phase DAB over the single-phase DAB; i.e., even in the presence of a secondary-side OCF, the DAB3 may continue to operate normally at full load.

Analysis and Design of an S/S/P-Compensated Three-Coil Structure WPT System With Constant Current and Constant Voltage Output

Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a promising energy transfer method for its security, reliability and convenience, and has been applied in various scenarios. In practical applications, in order to prolong the battery lifecycles, the WPT system preferably has the load-independent constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charging characteristics and zero phase angle (ZPA) operation for high power transfer efficiency. However, since the equivalent resistance of the battery significantly changes over the entire charging process, it is difficult to design a WPT system with the above functions. This manuscript proposes a S/S/P-compensated three-coil structure WPT system and its corresponding parameter tuning method to achieve CC and CV charging modes at two different ZPA operating frequencies. For the proposed three-coil structure WPT system, since only one compensation capacitor is required on the receiver, the compactness and portability of the receiver of the WPT system are guaranteed. Firstly, the comprehensive theoretical analysis for the CC and CV charging modes and ZPA operation is presented, and the detailed parameter design method of the proposed system is provided. Secondly, the sensitivity of variations in system parameters to CC and CV characteristics is analyzed, and the implementation of ZVS operation for further improving efficiency is introduced. Thirdly, a confirmatory experimental prototype with charging current of 4.6A and charging voltage of 56V is fabricated, and the experimental results are basically consistent with the theoretical analysis. Finally, a comprehensive comparison with previous WPT systems of the same type is carried out to highlight the superiority of the proposed three-coil structure WPT system.

A Comprehensive Survey of HVDC Protection System: Fault Analysis, Methodology, Issues, Challenges, and Future Perspective

The extensive application of power transfer through high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission links in smart grid scenarios is due to many factors such as high-power transfer efficiency, decoupled interconnection, control of AC networks, reliable and flexible operation, integration of large wind and photovoltaic (PV)-based off-shore and on-shore farms, cost-effectiveness, etc. However, it is vital to focus on many other aspects like control, protection, coordinated operation, and power management to acquire the above benefits and make them feasible in real-time applications. HVDC protection is needed to focus further on innovative and devoted research because the HVDC system is more vulnerable to system faults and changes in operational conditions in comparison to AC transmission because of the adverse effects of low DC-side impedances and sensitive semi-conductor-based integrated power electronics devices. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the techniques proposed in the last three decades for HVDC protection, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The review also examines critical findings and assesses future research prospects for the development of HVDC protection, particularly from the perspective of smart-grid-based power systems. The focus of the review is on bridging the gap between existing protection schemes and topology and addressing the associated challenges and issues. The aim is to inform power engineers and researchers about potential research avenues to tackle the challenges in HVDC protection in smart-grid-based power systems.

Non-Isolated Multiport Converter for Renewable Energy Sources: A Comprehensive Review

A key focus of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to harvest electricity from renewables. The fields of renewable energy sources (RES) and harvesting methods have seen tremendous growth. Multiport power electronic converter circuits integrate multiple energy sources. This integration aids in powering the load with different required voltage ratings. A simple and reliable control scheme for this system can maintain high power transfer efficiency and reliability. To integrate RES, non-isolated (NI) DC-DC multiport converters (MPC) are introduced; however, the main objective is to concentrate on NI MPC which provide a reliable output. In this paper non-isolated MPC topologies are reviewed and analyzed based on difference parameters considering circuit configuration; operating principal; number of components; complexity; and efficiency. This comprehensive review can be used as a guide for the suitable selection of converter topology to RES integration.

Analysis of Coil-Thickness-Variation Technique for Q-Factor Enhancement of Rectangular Planar Coils

For wireless power transfer (WPT) applications, such as battery charging, the attainment of a high coil quality factor ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) becomes prudent to ensure a high-power transfer efficiency (PTE). In this article, we demonstrate an effective method to enhance <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> by employing different thicknesses for each trace of the coil. The thickness of the inner turns of the coil, where high alternating current (ac) losses are concentrated, is relatively smaller compared to the outer coil turns. This technique realizes a reduction in the ohmic resistance, thereby increasing <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of the coil. Furthermore, we present the analysis on the performance of the conventional coils with the same turn thicknesses compared to the proposed coil. To validate this technique, the prototypes of both the proposed and conventional coil structures are fabricated, where good agreement is achieved between the simulation and measurement results. The proposed coil realizes an increment of about 11.54% in <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> compared to the conventional coil.

Analysis of Emissions Profiles of Hydraulic Fracturing Engine Technologies

Today, the oil and gas industry, and in particular hydraulic fracturing operations, have come under increasing pressure from regulators and the public to reduce emissions. As the industry evolves, oil and gas producers are in the position of evaluating alternative technologies which will support their objectives of reducing their overall emissions profile and carbon footprint. As a response, the deployment of technology and solutions to reduce emissions related to hydraulic fracturing applications has recently accelerated, creating various options to address these industry challenges. BJ Energy Solutions and West Virginia University have been working on the application and emissions characterization of various hydraulic fracturing technologies. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency and resultant emissions from various technologies, including natural gas reciprocating engines, diesel-natural gas dual-fuel engines, large (>24 MW) gas turbines, and direct drive turbines. The study involved the development of an emissions model with the purpose of estimating total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and exhaust methane (CH4) slip, all Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), and converted to tons of CO2 equivalent emissions per day of operation. The model inputs are the required Hydraulic Horsepower (HHP) based on pumping rate and pressure for various shale play scenarios. The model calculates emissions from the TITAN, which is a direct-drive turbine model fielded by BJ, using data collected following U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing protocols. The model also calculates and compares other hydraulic fracturing technologies utilizing published Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) data. Relevant EPA-regulated criteria emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Particulate Matter (PM) are also reported. Modeling results demonstrated that in most cases, the TITAN gas turbine system has lower total GHG emissions than conventional diesel and other next-generation technologies, and also has lower criteria emissions. The benefits of the TITAN gas turbine system compared to the other technologies stems from significantly lower methane slip, and the high-power transfer efficiency resulting from directly connecting a turbine to a reciprocating pump, despite the comparatively lower thermal efficiency.

Coil Parameter Analysis in Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging

The hassle of using plug-in charging for electric vehicles (EVs) such as connecting charger to the port of vehicles, risk of getting electrocuted during rain, dirty and oily charging cable etc. can be eliminated using wireless/induction power transfer (IPT). It can be made smart and automated. Hence, IPT can be considered the future of EV charging. However, the technology is just emerging and there are a lot of limitations at present. The major problems are less efficiency caused by coil misalignment and air gap, and the electro-magnetic field generated around the coils which possesses greater risk for human health. These can be improved by selecting the types of coils and shields which produce maximum magnetic flux between the coils whereas reduce the flux outside the coils. In this research, the strength of magnetic fields produced by various types of coils (circular, square and hexagonal) were simulated in Ansys Maxwell 3D to understand their features and to know which coil is the best for high power transfer efficiency. Similarly, the effects of using ferrite and aluminum shields for leakage reduction, by varying their thickness, were studied. Finally, the leakage flux values were simulated at very high currents to understand their behavior in such conditions.

5G Magnetic Resonance Coupling Planar Spiral Coil Wireless Power Transfer

Wireless Power Transfer in the 5G frequency band is the most promising technology to power up ubiquitous small electronic devices as well as IoT devices. A strongly coupled magnetic resonance WPT technique that focuses on near-field electromagnetic energy has been proposed in this paper. However, most Magnetic Resonance Coupling Wireless Power Transfer (MRC WPT) applications have been designed in kHz and MHz frequency spectrum. This paper demonstrates Planar Spiral Coil Magnetic Resonance Coupling (PSC MRC) WPT designs at 5G (GHz) frequencies. Also, the transformation technique of the low frequency (kHz and MHz) magnetic resonance circuit model equations to high frequency (GHz) circuit model equations to achieve a high-efficiency power transfer. PSC MRC WPT designs structure antennas are designed at 3.4 - 3.5 GHz in the form of circular and square shapes with 1 turn coil. The proposed antenna structures are firstly being optimized in a full-wave electromagnetic simulator, CST Microwave Studio to resonate at the 3.4 - 3.5 GHz band. Then, the close-loop equations to determine the efficiency of 5G Magnetic Resonance Coupling Planar Spiral Coil Wireless Power Transfer is designed. Lastly, the results are compared with the simulation and calculated parts. The highest efficiency of the PSC MRC circular antenna is 31.58 % when the distance is at 2 mm, and 31.26 and 31.02 % when the distance is at 3 and 4 mm, respectively. The efficiency of circular PSC MRC is found to be 25 % better than the efficiency of square shape design. HIGHLIGHTS IoT devices need to be charged and maintained as the network system has massive numbers of sensors. Wireless power transfer is a promising technology to power up IoT devices This paper proposed, a WPT technique based on strongly coupled magnetic resonance which focuses on the near-field electromagnetic energy. This technique can extend the distance of the power transfer between the transmitter and the receiver The transformation technique of the low frequency (kHz and MHz) magnetic resonance circuit model equations to high frequency (GHz) circuit model equations to achieve a high-efficiency PSC MRC WPT design structure is introduced in this paper This novel technique can be applied to effectively design PSC MRC Antenna WPT for 5G applications. Most reported Magnetic Resonance Coupling Wireless Power Transfer (MRC WPT) applications have been designed in kHz and MHz frequency spectrum GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

EMI Reduction Method for Wireless Power Transfer Systems With High Power Transfer Efficiency Using Frequency Split Phenomena

This article describes a method to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) components at odd harmonic frequencies of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system. In a WPT system, a leakage magnetic field is generated, which may adversely affect the human body or other electronic devices. The previous reactive shielding method could reduce the magnetic field, but it has the disadvantage of reducing the power transfer efficiency (PTE). By using frequency split phenomena, the reactive shielding method can reduce the EMI components with increasing PTE. In this article, a reactive shielding method that can reduce the magnetic field while increasing PTE is proposed. Specifically, the method for designing resonant system of transmitting, receiving, and shielding for the WPT system is proposed. In addition, a method for obtaining a coupling coefficient between a shielding coil and a transmitting coil for designing structure in which magnetic field reduction can be maximized is also proposed. The theoretical analysis based on the impedance of each part is strongly correlated with the simulation and measurement result. As a result of the experiment, the PTE is increased by about 2.7%, and EMI components at odd harmonic frequency can be reduced by up to 6.81 dB in a 50 W-WPT system.

Wireless Powering and Telemetry of Deep-Body Ingestible Bioelectronic Capsule

In this article, a complete and efficient wireless power transfer (WPT) system, consisting of a full-duplex antenna, a half-wave rectifier, and a WPT transmitter (Tx), is designed and validated for deep-body ingestible biomedical capsules. A two-port full-duplex antenna is adopted to perform seamless telemetry and to act as a receiver for WPT Tx without using a multiplexer circuit. The full-duplex implantable antenna operates at 915 MHz (Port 1) and 1300 MHz (Port 2) and occupies compact dimensions of 8 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 8 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 0.13 mm 3. It maintains high isolation of >30 dB and peak realized gains of −19.3 dBi at 915 MHz and −17.7 dBi at 1300 MHz. The miniaturization of this antenna is achieved using semicircular slots on the patch and circular slots on the ground plane while mutual coupling between the ports is reduced by a series of metallic vias. Moreover, a low-profile and efficient rectifier is designed at 1300 MHz and integrated with port 2 of the antenna. The suggested rectifier achieves a radio frequency (RF) to direct current (dc) conversion efficiency of 80.4% at an input power of 1 dBm. Furthermore, a patterned patch antenna is designed that acts as a WPT Tx for the biomedical capsule. After examining the individual performance of the antenna, rectifier, and WPT Tx, the overall WPT system is then validated by placing the capsule (rectifier integrated antenna) inside minced pork meat and powered by the WPT Tx. This WPT system is suitable for modern capsule devices due to its features, such as compact size, high gains, high RF-dc conversion efficiency, simultaneous wireless powering and telemetry, and high-power transfer efficiency (PTE).